Section B

Bahagian B

[40 marks]
[40 markah]

Answer any two questions from this section.

Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini.

1. The diagram below shows tissue P and cell Q. P is found in a multicellular organism.
Q is found in a unicellular organism.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tisu P dan sel Q. P terdapat dalam organisma multisel.
Q terdapat dalam organisma unisel.

Diagram
Rajah

(a) Based on the diagram above, explain the cellular respiration process that occurs in P and
in Q.
[4 marks]
Berdasarkan rajah above, terangkan proses respirasi sel yang berlaku di P dan di Q.
[4 markah]
(b) The diagram below shows two individuals, M and N, in two different situations.
M is in a vigorous activity while N is at rest.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua individu, M dan N, dalam dua situasi yang berbeza.
 M sedang melakukan satu aktiviti cergas manakala N berada dalam keadaan rehat.

Diagram
Rajah

Based on the diagram above, explain the difference in the physiological process that
occurs in organs R, S
and T, for individual M and individual N.
[6 marks]
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, terangkan perbezaan proses fisiologi yang berlaku pada
organ R, S dan T bagi individu M dan individu N.
[6 markah]
(c) A pond contains a lot of aquatic plants. The diagram below is a graph which shows the
changes in the
percentages of dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide in the pond over a period
of 24 hours.
Sebuah kolam mengandungi banyak tumbuhan akuatik. Rajah di bawah ialah graf yang
menunjukkan perubahan peratusan kandungan oksigen terlarut dan karbon dioksida
terlarut dalam kolam itu bagi tempoh24 jam.
 Diagram
Rajah

Based on the graph in the diagram above, explain the differences in the percentages of
dissolved oxygen and
dissolved carbon dioxide in the pond during stage X, stage Y and stage Z.
[10 marks]
Berdasarkan graf pada rajah di atas, terangkan perbezaan perubahan peratusan
kandungan oksigen terlarut dan karbon dioksida terlarut dalam kolam itu di
peringkat X, peringkat Y dan peringkat Z.
[10 markah]

2. (a) Describe, with the help of a diagram, how oxygen is transported by the human
circulatory system from the lungs to the body cells.
Huraikan dengan bantuan satu rajah, bagaimana oksigen diangkut oleh sistem
peredaran manusia dari peparu ke sel badan.
[10 marks/10 markah]

(b) Describe, with the help of a flow chart, how the carbon dioxide content in the human
body is regulated by the respiratory centre in the human brain.
Huraikan dengan bantuan satu carta alir, bagaimana kandungan karbon dioksida dalam
badan manusia dikawal atur oleh pusat kawalan pernafasan dalam otak manusia.
[10 marks/10 markah]

Section B
 Bahagian B

[40 marks]
[40 markah]

Answer any two questions from this section.

Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini.

1. Diagram a and Diagram b shows two types of cell division in the human body which
produce somatic cells and reproductive cells respectively.
Rajah a dan Rajah b menunjukkan dua jenis pembahagian sel dalam badan manusia yang
masing-masing menghasilkan sel-sel soma dan sel-sel pembiakan.

Diagram a/Rajah a Diagram b/Rajah b

(a) Explain how the process shown in Diagram a maintains genetic stability and growth.
Terangkan bagaimana proses yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah a mengekalkan kestabilan
genetik dan pertumbuhan.
[8 marks/markah]
(b) Explain why the process shown in Diagram b is important in
Terangkan mengapa proses yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah b adalah penting dalam
(i) sexual reproduction,
pembiakan seks,
(ii) genetic variation.
 variasi genetik.
[12 marks/markah]

2. (a) Discuss briefly the importance of:

Bincangkan secara ringkas tentang kepentingan.
i. mitotic cell division
Pembahagian sel secara mitosis.
[5 marks/markah]
ii. meiotic cell division
Pembahagian sel secara meiosis
[5 marks/markah]
(b) Discuss the differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis.
Bincangkan perbezaan dan persamaan di antara mitosis dan meiosis.
[10 marks/markah]

3. Photograph below shows four stages in mitotic division.

Gambar di bawah menunjukkan empat peringkat pembahagian mitosis.

Photograph/Gambar

(a) Discuss briefly each of the process as shown in Photograph above.

Bincangkan secara ringkas bagi setiap proses yang ditunjukkan di dalam Gambar di
atas.
[10 marks/markah]
(b) What is meant by mitosis?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan sebagai mitosis?
[2 marks/markah]
(c) Discuss the significance of mitosis in organisms.
Bincangkan kepentingan mitosis pada organisma.
[8 marks/markah]

4. (a) Explain the application of mitosis in the cloning of animals. Give a suitable example in
your explanation.
Jelaskan aplikasi mitosis dalam proses pengklonan haiwan. Berikan contoh yang sesuai
dalam penerangan anda.
 [10 marks/10 markah]
(b) Discuss some ethical issues concerning cloning.
Bincangkan beberapa isu etika berkaitan pengklonan.
[5 marks/5 markah]
(c) Discuss the advantages of plant tissue culture.
Bincangkan kebaikan-kebaikan kultur tisu tumbuhan.
[5 marks/5 markah]

Section B
Bahagian B

[40 marks]
[40 markah]

Answer any two questions from this section.

Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini.

1. Diagram A shows the biochemical pathway of photosynthesis.

Rajah A menunjukkan laluan biokimia fotosintesis.

Diagram A/Rajah A

(a) Starting with water and carbon dioxide as raw materials, explain how a green plant
produces starch molecules.
Bermula dengan air dan karbon dioksida sebagai bahan mentah, terangkan bagaimana
tumbuhan hijau menghasilkan molekul kanji.
[10 marks/10 markah]

(b) The graphs in Diagram B show the effects of carbon dioxide concentration, light
intensity and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis of a plant.
Graf-graf pada Rajah B menunjukkan kesan kepekatan karbon dioksida, keamatan
 cahaya, dan suhu terhadap kadar fotosintesis tumbuhan.

Diagram B/Rajah B

Using the information shown in the graphs, describe how the structure and arrangement
of the leaves of a plant maximize the rate of photosynthesis.
Dengan menggunakan maklumat yang ditunjukkan dalam graf, huraikan bagaimana
struktur dan susunan pada suatu tumbuhan memaksimumkan kadar fotosintesis.
[10 marks/10 markah]

2 (a (i) After absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, the undigested substances in the colon
. ) result in the formation of faeces.
Explain the formation of faeces in a human.
[4 marks]
Selepas penyerapan nutrien dalam usus kecil, bahan-bahan yang tidak tercerna dalam
usus besar akan membentuk tinja.
Terangkan pembentukan tinja dalam manusia.
[4 markah]
(ii) Malnutrition is a condition due to taking an unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are
lacking,
in excess or in the wrong proportions.
Explain the effect on a child who is given insufficient amounts of any two nutrients of
food for a long period of time.
[6 marks]
Malnutrisi adalah keadaan yang timbul akibat pengambilan gizi yang tidak seimbang di
mana ada
nutrien tertentu yang kurang, berlebihan atau dalam nisbah yang salah.
Terangkan kesan kepada seorang kanak-kanak yang diberi mana-mana dua nutrien
makanan dalam amaun yang tidak mencukupi untuk satu tempoh masa yang panjang.
[6 markah]
(b The table below shows the food intake by a boy aged 15 years in his daily menu. The daily
) energy equirement for him is 12 500 kJ.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan makanan yang diambil oleh seorang budak lelaki
berumur 15 tahun dalam menu hariannya. Keperluan tenaga harian budak itu ialah 12 500
kJ.
 Table
Jadual

(i) Based on the table above, state the value of energy contained in this daily food intake.
Does the food intake satisfy his daily energy requirement?
[2 marks]
Berdasarkan jadual di atas, nyatakan nilai tenaga yang terkandung dalam pemakanan
hariannya.
Adakah pengambilan makanan itu memenuhi keperluan tenaga hariannya?
[2 markah]
(ii) This boy takes this menu continuously for a long time.
Explain the consequences to his health.
[8 marks]
Budak lelaki ini mengambil menu ini secara berterusan dalam jangka masa yang
panjang.
Terangkan akibatnya terhadap kesihatan budak ini.
[8 markah]

3. An ecosystem is made up of biotic and abiotic components.

Satu ekosistem terdiri daripada komponen biotik dan komponen abiotik.

(a) Name the main biotic components in the mangrove swamp ecosystem and explain how
they adapt themselves to the harsh living conditions.
Namakan komponen biotik utama di ekosistem paya bakau dan terangkan bagaimana
 komponen biotik ini
menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan hidup yang sukar.
[6 marks/markah]
(b) Explain briefly how the biotic and abiotic components of a pond ecosystem interact
during colonisation and succession.
Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana komponen biotik dan komponen abiotik bagi satu
ekosistem kolam berinteraksi semasa proses kolonisasi dan sesaran.
[14 marks/markah]

(a) Photosynthesis is a process in which glucose is produced from carbon dioxide

and water in thepresence of chlorophyll and sunlight
Fotosintesis ialah proses dimana glukosa dihasilkan daripada karbon dioksida
dan air dengan kehadiran klorofi l dan cahaya matahari. [1 m]
The fi rst stage of photosynthesis is called light reaction
Peringkat pertama fotosintesis dipanggil tindak balas cahaya [1 m]
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to produce ATP and electrons
Klorofi l menyerap tenaga cahaya untuk menghasilkan ATP dan elektron [1 m]
Light energy is also used to split water molecules into hydrogen ions (H+) and
hydroxyl ions (OH-).
Tenaga cahaya juga digunakan untuk memecahkan molekul air kepada ion
hidrogen (H+) dan ion hidroksil (OH-). [1 m]
This reaction is known as photolysis of water
Tindak balas ini dikenal sebagai fotolisis air [1 m]
The hydrogen ions then combine with the electrons released by the
chlorophylls to form hydrogen atoms
Ion hidrogen kemudiannya bergabung dengan elektron yang dibebaskan oleh
klorofi l untuk membentuk atom hidrogen [1 m]
Each hydroxyl ion loses an electron to form hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl
groups then combine to form water andoxygen
Setiap ion hidroksil kehilangan satu elektron untuk membentuk kumpulan
hidroksil. Kumpulan hidroksil kemudiannya bergabung untuk membentuk air dan
oksigen [1 m]
Hydrogen atoms and ATP are used in the dark reaction
Atom hidrogen dan ATP digunakan dalam tindak balas gelap [1 m]
The second stage in photosynthesis is called dark reaction stage
Peringkat kedua dalam fotosintesis dipanggil peringkat tindak balas
gelap [1 m]
This process takes place in the absence of light
Proses ini berlaku dengan ketiadaan ketiadaan cahaya [1 m]
Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen to form glucose and water
Karbon dioksida bergabung dengan hidrogen untuk membentuk glukosa dan
air [1 m]
 Glucose molecules are converted to starch for storage
Molekul-molekul glukosa ditukar kepada kanji untuk simpanan [1 m]

(b) Transparent cuticle/epidermal cell

Kutikel/sel epidermis yang lut sinar [1 m]
Allows light to penetrate the leaf
Membenarkan cahaya menembusi daun [1 m]
Reach the light trapping chloroplasts
Mendapatkan cahaya memerangkap kloroplas [1 m]
Palisade cells are packed tightly in an upright arrangement near upper surface
Receive the maximum amount of light
Sel-sel palisad tersusun padat pada susunan yang tegak berdekatan dengan
permukaan atas Menerima jumlah cahaya yang maksimum [1 m]
Spongy and palisade mesophyll have abundant chloroplasts To absorb
maximum sunlight
Mesofil berspan dan mesofil palisad mempunyai taburan kloroplas yang banyak
Untuk menyerap
cahaya matahari dengan maksimum [1 m]
Carbon dioxide concentration becomes the limiting factor although the light
intensity increases
Kepekatan karbon dioksida menjadi faktor penghad walaupun keamatan
cahaya meningkat [1 m]

(a) (i) The contents in the small intestine that are not absorbed enter the colon.
Kandungan dalam usus kecil yang tidak diserap akan memasuki kolon.
The intestinal content consist of a mixture of water, indigestible food, bacteria, dead cells and
pigments.
Kandungan usus terdiri daripada campuran air, bahan makanan tidak terhadam, bakteria, sel-
sel mati, dan pigmen.
The contents move slowly along the colon by peristalsis.
Isi kandungan itu bergerak perlahan di sepanjang kolon secara peristalsis.
Water is reabsorbed and faeces is formed.
Air diserap semula dan membentuk tinja.

(ii) A child who is deficient in protein may suffer from kwashiorkor.

Seorang kanak-kanak yang kekurangan protein akan menghidap kwashiorkor.
Protein is needed for normal growth. Lack of protein causes growth of the child to be stunted.
Protein diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan normal. Kekurangan protein menyebabkan pertumbuhan
kanak-kanak terbantut.
A child who is deficient in vitamin C may suffer from scurvy.
Kanak-kanak yang kekurangan vitamin C akan menghidap skurvi.
Vitamin C is needed for healthy gums and skin. Lack of vitamin C causes swollen and bleeding
gums.
Vitamin C diperlukan untuk gusi dan kulit yang sihat. Kekurangan vitamin C menyebabkan gusi
bengkak dan berdarah.
A child who is deficient in roughage may suffer from constipation.
Kanak-kanak yang kekurangan serabut akan menghidap sembelit.
Roughage is needed to stimulate peristalsis.
 Serabut diperlukan untuk menggalakkan peristalsis.
Lack of roughage causes difficulty in defaecation.
Kekurangan serabut menyebabkan sukar untuk menyahtinja.

(b) (i) 8230 kJ

The energy produced from the food taken daily is insufficient.
Tenaga yang dihasilkan daripada makanan yang dimakan setiap hari tidak mencukupi.

(ii) The consequences of continuous intake of this menu:

Kesan pengambilan berpanjangan menu ini:

(a) Mangrove plants

They have long and highly branched underground cable roots which provide support to the plants in
soft
ground and allow them to withstand strong coastal winds. [1 m]
Mangrove species have pneumatophores or breathing roots which protrude out of the ground. [1 m]
These breathing roots have pores through which gaseous exchange can take place during low tides.
[1 m]
Lenticels found on the bark of the mangrove trees also enable gaseous exchange to take place. [1 m]
All of these help to overcome the problem of oxygen deficiency in the waterlogged conditions of the
soil.
[1 m]
Mangrove trees are constantly being exposed to strong sunlight which make the rate of transpiration
high.
[1 m]
To overcome this, the leaves of mangrove trees have thick cuticles and sunken stomata to reduce
transpiration and the leaves are thick enough to store water. [1 m]
Maximum: 6 m
(b) The biotic components of a pond are the plants which colonise the pond. [1 m]
The abiotic components refer to the soil, topography and intensity of light. [1 m]
Both components interact between themselves to enable the processes of colonisation and succession
to
happen in the ecosystem. [1 m]
Pond pioneer species are the microscopic algae and submerged plants. [1 m]
When the pioneer species die, they decompose and turn into humus, which then precipitates down to
the
bottom of the pond. [1 m]
Soil being washed off along the banks will also settle at the bottom of the pond. [1 m]
All of these will make the pond shallower, causing the pond to be unsuitable for submerged plants to
survive, but will now be suitable for the survival of floating species. [1 m]
The floating plants start to grow to replace the submerged plants. [1 m]
The floating plants block sunlight, preventing it from reaching the bottom of the pond. [1 m]
The submerged plants will not be able to carry out photosynthesis. They will die because of nutrient
deficiency. [1 m]
Humus continues to form to make the pond shallower. [1 m]
Succession will take place and the floating plants will be replaced by amphibious plants. [1 m]
Old amphibious plants die and decompose to further increase the amount of organic matter. [1 m]
Terrestrial plants will replace amphibious plants at the end. They become more dense and bushes are
formed. [1 m]
Acomplex community such as a tropical forest will then be formed. [1 m]