ABSTRACT

A Substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming

transmission line and delivers electrical power through feeders and this is used for
controlling the power on different routes. Substations are integral part of a power
system and form important part of transmission and distribution network of electrical
power system.

Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the
generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution and
provide facilities for switching some sub-station are simply switching stations
different connections between various transmission lines are made, others are
converting sub-stations which either convert AC into DC or vice-versa or convert
frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa.

The various circuits are joined together through these components to a bus-bar at
substation. Basically, Sub-station consists of power transformers, circuit breakers,
relays, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers,
synchronous condensers/ Capacitor banks etc.

This mini project covers the important equipments & their function in a Sub-Station.
And also an attempt is made to cover the general maintenance of Substation and
Checks the observations to be made by Shift Engineer. As a part of case study we are
going to visit a 220/132Kv TRANSCO substation in Warangal.
i

CONTENTS

Chapter No
TITLE
Page no.

List of Abbreviations
iii

List of Symbols
iv

List of Figures
v

List of Tables
vi
1
INTRODUCTION
1

1.1
Introduction
1

1.2
Construction of a substation
1
2
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
3
2.1
According to the requirement
3

2.2
According to the constructional features
4
3
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
6

3.1
Feeder Circuit
6

3.2
Transformer Circuit
6

3.3
Auxiliary supply
7
4
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE

SUBSTATION
8

4.1
Lightening Arrestors
8

4.2
Earthing
12

4.3
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
13

4.4
Wave Trap
15
4.5
Isolator with ES (Earth Switches)
16

4.6
Instrument Transformers
17

4.7
Circuit Breakers
26
Chapter No
TITLE
Page no.
4

4.8
Bus

31

4.9
Transformers

31

4.10
Capacitor Bank attached to the bus

35
5
TYPES OF CONTROL

37

5.1
Capacitors

38

5.2
Bus bar systems

38

5.3
Station battery

38
5.4
Insulators

40
6
PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS

43

6.1
Transformer

43

6.2
Feeder

43
7
220/132KV SUBSTATION AT WARANGAL

44

7.1
Substation at Warangal

45

7.2
Salient Features of 220/132KV Substation
46

7.3
Important points to be kept in view while

48

laying out the substation

8
CONCLUSION

50

REFERENCES
51

ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EHVExtra high voltage SLD Single line diagram PT Potential

transformer CT Current transformer HVCT- High voltage CT LVCT
Low voltage CT

CVT Capacitor voltage transformer LA Lightening arrestors

ES - Earth switches CB Circuit breaker

HV side High voltage side LV side Low voltage side

PLCC - Power Line Carrier Communication OLTC On load tap

changer

HG Fuse - -Horn gap fuse

OTI Oil temperature indicator

WTI Winding temperature indicator

IDMT Characteristics Inverse definite minimum time characteristics

iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS

X0 Zero sequence reactance

X1- Positive sequence reactance

R0- Zero sequence resistance

Ip Primary current

Np Primary Winding Turns

Is Secondary Current

Ns Secondary Winding Turns Vp Primary

voltage

Vs Secondary voltage

Zs Impedance attached at the secondary side coil

iv
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No
Title
Page No.
2.1
Construction of the substation
5
3.1
Single line dig of a 220/132kv substation
7
4.1(i)
Surge diverter
9
4.1(ii)
Characteristics of Non linear resistor
9
4.2
Lightening arrestors
9
4.3.1
Circuit diagram of CVT
14
4.3.2
Capacitor voltage transformer
14
4.4.1
Wave trap
15
4.5.1
Isolator with earth switch
17
4.6.1
Line diagram of CT
19
4.6.2.1
Line diagram of VT
24
4.6.2.2
Potential transformer
25
4.7.1
SF6 Circuit breaker
29
4.9.1.1
Electrical transformer
31
4.9.1.2
Ideal transformer
32
4.9.1.3
Mutual induction
33
4.9.3
Three phase 100MVA Auto transformer
34
4.10.1
Capacitor bank in the Distribution system
35
4.10.2
Reactive Losses
36
5.1
Types of control
37
5.3
Station Batteries
41
5.4
Ball and socket type Disc insulator
43

v
LIST OF TABLES

Table No.
Title
Page No
4.1.3
LA voltage rating
11
4.1.4
The limits of LA and Transformers
11
4.6.1.5
The specifications of HVCT
22
4.6.1.6
The specifications of HVCT
23
5.4
Insulators
42
vi
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION :

The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated,
transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric power is
produced at the power stations which are located at favourable places, generally quite
away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of
transmission and distribution. At many places in the line of the power system, it may
be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, A.C. to D.C.,
frequency, Power factor etc.) of electric supply.

This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,

generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high
voltage (say 220KV or 132KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of
apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose is the sub-station. Similarly,
near the consumers localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization
level. This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called substation.

1.2 CONSTRUCTION OF A SUBSTATION

At the time of constructing a substation, we have to consider some factors which

affect the substation efficiency like selection of site.

1
1.2.1 SELECTION OF SITE:

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are

as follows:

The site chosen should be as near to the load centre as possible.

It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments.

Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.

The source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is
required for various construction activities;

(Especially civil works,), earthing and for drinking purposes etc.

The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public
places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.

The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation

equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards
and store sheds etc. with roads and space for future expansion.

Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways
should be observed as per the regulations in force.

While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to the Govt. land
over Private land.

The land should not have water logging problem.

The site should permit easy and safe approach to outlets for EHV lines.
2
CHAPTER 2

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS

There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most important
ways of classifying them are according to (1) service requirement and (2)
constructional features.

2.1 ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT:

A sub-station may be called upon to change voltage level or improve power factor or
convert A.C. power into D.C. power etc. According to the service requirement, sub-
stations may be classified into:

Transformer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the voltage level of

electric supply are called transformer sub-stations. These sub-stations receive power
at some voltage and deliver it at some other voltage. Obviously, transformer will be
the main component in such sub-stations. Most of the sub-stations in the power
system are of this type.

Switching sub-stations: These sub-stations do not change the voltage level i.e.
incoming and outgoing lines have the same voltage. However, they simply perform
the switching operations of power lines.

Power factor correction sub-stations: Those sub-stations which improve the power
factor of the system are called power factor correction sub-stations. Such sub-stations
are generally located at the receiving end of transmission lines. These sub-stations
generally use synchronous condensers as the power factor improvement equipment.

3
Frequency changer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the supply
frequency are known as frequency changer sub-stations. Such a frequency change
may be required for industrial utilization.

Converting sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change A.C. power into D.C.
power are called converting sub-stations. These sub-stations receive A.C. power and
convert it into D.C. power with suitable apparatus (e.g. ignitron) to supply for such
purposes as traction, electroplating, electric welding etc.

Industrial sub-stations:- Those sub-stations which supply power to individual

industrial concerns are known as industrial sub-stations.

2.2 ACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES:

A sub-station has many components (e.g. circuit breakers, switches, fuses,

instruments etc.) which must be housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable
service. According to constructional features, the sub-stations are classified as:

Indoor sub-station

Outdoor sub-station

Underground sub-station

Pole-mounted sub-station

Indoor sub-stations:- For voltages up to 11KV, the equipment of the sub-station is

installed indoor because of economic considerations. However, when the atmosphere
is contaminated with impurities, these sub-stations can be erected for voltages up to
66 KV.

4
(ii) Outdoor sub-stations:- For voltages beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably
installed out-door.

It is because for such voltages, the clearances between conductors and the space
required for switches, circuit breakers and other equipment becomes so great that it is
not economical to install the equipment indoor.

Underground sub-stations:- In thickly populated areas, the space available for

equipment and building is limited and the cost of land is high. Under such situations,
the sub-station is created underground.

Pole-Mounted sub-stations:- This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed

over-head on H-pole or 4-pole structure. It is the cheapest form of sub-station for
voltages not exceeding 11KV (or 33 KV in some cases). Electric power is almost
distributed in localities through such sub-station.

Fig: 2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUBSTATION.

5
CHAPTER 3

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the
concerned Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment
connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the
scope of the mentioned Work. As in the case of 132KV Substation, the SLD shall
show Lightening Arrestor, C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T &
C.T. Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer,
all protective devices/relays and other special equipment like CVT, GUARD RINGS,
etc as per design criteria. And the symbols are shown below. There are several feeders
enter into the substation and carrying out the power. As these feeders enter the station
they are to pass through various instruments.

3.1 FEEDER CERCUIT:

1. Lightening arrestors; 2. CVT; 3. Wave trap; 4. Isolators with earth switch 5.

Current transformer; 6. Circuit breaker; 7. Feeder Bus isolator

8. BUS; 9. Potential transformer in the bus with a bus isolator

3.2 TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT:

i) HV side:

1.
Transformer bus Isolator
3. Current transformer
2.
Circuit breaker
4. Lightning Arrestors

5. Auto Transformer 100MVA (220/132KV)

ii) LV side:

1. Lightening arrestors
5. Bus
2.
Current transformer
6. Potential transformer with a bus isolator
3.
Circuit breaker
7. A capacitor bank attached to the bus
4.
Bus Isolator.

6
3.3 AUXILIARY SUPPLY:

220V.Battery system: To control and protect the substation equipment the 220 volts
DC battery system is necessary. It is provided in the main control room. It will be
discussed below.
Fig: 3.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF A 220/132KV SUBSTATION

WARANGAL.

7
CHAPTER 4

BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE

SUBSTATION

4.1 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS:

4.1.1 Lightening Arrestors:

Lightening arrestors are the instruments that are used in the incoming feeders so that
to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very
dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very
costly, so to prevent any damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening
arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the
arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the main
important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The
lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the
ground.

These are located at the entrance of the transmission line in to the substation and as
near as possible to the transformer terminals.

LA will be provided on the support insulators to facilitate leakage current

measurement and to count the no of surges discharged through the LA.

LA bottom flange will be earthed via leakage ammeter and surge counter. Leakage
current is to be recorded periodically. If the leakage current enters into the red range
from the green range, the LA is prone for failure. Hence, it is to be replaced.

There should be independent earth pit for LA in each phase so as to facilitate fast
discharging and to raise the earth potential.

8
The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such surges. A
lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device, which conducts the high
voltage surges on the power system to the ground.

Fig.4.1 (i) Surge diverter

(ii)Characteristics of the non linear resister

Fig 4(i) shows the basic form of a surge diverter. It consists of a spark gap in series with a
non-linear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the equipment
to be protected and the other end is effectively grounded. The length of the gap is so set
that normal voltage is not enough to cause an arc but a dangerously high voltage will
break down the air insulation and form an arc. The property of the non-linear resistance is
that its resistance increases as the voltage (or current) increases and vice-versa. This is
clear from the volt/amp characteristic of the resistor shown in Fig 4 (ii).

Fig: 4.2 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS.

9
The action of the Lightning Arrester or surge diverter is as under:

Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts no current
to earth or the gap is non-conducting.

On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and
an arc is formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground. In this
way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through
the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over the line.

It is worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the operation of

arrester. As the gap sparks over due to over voltage, the arc would be a short circuit
on the power system and may cause power-follow current in the arrester. Since the
characteristic of the resistor is to offer low resistance to high voltage (or current), it
gives the effect of short circuit. After the surge is over, the resistor offers high
resistance to make the gap non conducting.

Guide for selection of LA:

Before selecting the LA it should be ascertained whether the system is effectively

earthed, non-effectively earthed or having isolated neutral.

The system neutrals are considered to be effectively earthed when the co-efficient of
earthing does not exceed 80%.

In this case, the reactance ratio X0/ X1 (zero sequence reactance/positive sequence
reactance) is positive and less than 3 and at the same time the resistance ratio RO/X1
(zero sequence resistance/positive sequence reactance) is less than 1 at any point on
the system. For this system the arrestor rating will be 80% of the highest phase to
phase system voltage.

10
(iii)The LA voltage rating corresponding to the system voltages normal are

indicated below :

Rated system
Highest system
Arrester rating in KV
Voltage (KV)
Voltage (KV)
Effectively earthed systems

11
12
9

33
36
30

66
72.5
60

132
145
120/132 (latex)

220
245
198/216 (latex)

400
420
336

Table: 4.1.3 LA voltage rating 4.1.4 LOCATION OF LIGHTING ARRESTORS:

The LAs employed for protecting transformers should be installed as close as possible
to the transformer. The electrical circuit length between LA and the transformer
bushing terminal should not exceed the limits given below:

Rated system
BIL
Max. distance between L.A and

Voltage
KV
Transformer bushing terminal

KV
Peak
(inclusive of lead length) (in metres)

Effectively earthed

11
75
12.0

33
200
18.0

66
325
24.0

132
550
35.0

650
43.0

220
900
Closes to

Transformer

1050

400
1425

1550

Table: 4.1.4 The limits of LA and Transformers

11
4.2 EARTHING:

The earthing practice adopted at generating stations, sub-stations and lines

should be in such a manner as to provide:

Safety to personnel

Minimum damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault currents

Improve reliability of power supply

4.2.1 The primary requirements are:

The impedance to ground (Resistance of the earthing system) should be as low as possible
and should not exceed,

Large sub-stations -1 ohm

Small sub-stations -2 ohms

Power stations -0.5 ohms

Distribution transformer stations- 5 ohms

All exposed steel earthing conductors should be protected with bituminous

paint.

PLATE EARTHING:

EHT Substation - 1.3 M x 13 M.Ms cast iron plates 25mm thick Plates are to be
buried vertically in pits and surrounded by finely divided coke, crushed coal or char
coal at least 155 mm all round the plates. Plates should not be less than 15 m apart
and should be buried to sufficient depth to ensure that they are always surrounded by
moist earth.

PIPE EARTHING:

a) EHT substations Cast iron pipes 125 mm in diameter 2.75 m long and not less than
9.5 mm thick pipes 50.8mm in dia and 3.05m long. Pipes are to be placed vertically at
intervals of not less than 12.2 m in large stations surrounded by finely broken coke
crushed coal and charcoal at least 150 mm around the pipe on the extra depth.

a)
Peripheral or main earth mat-
100 x 16 m MS flat
b)
Internal earth mat-
50 x 8m MS flat to be placed at 5m apart
c)

Branch connections-
Cross section not less than 64.5 square meters

12
Joints are to be kept down to the minimum number. All joints and connections in
earth grid are to be brazed, riveted, sweated, bolted or welded. For rust protection the
welds should be treated with barium chromate. Welded surfaces should be painted
with red lead and aluminium paint in turn and afterwards coated with bitumen. Joints
in the earthing conductor between the switch gear units and the cable sheaths, which
may require to subsequently broken should be bolted and the joint faces tinned. All
joints in steel earthing system should be made by welding except the points for
separating the earthing mat for testing purposes which should be bolted. These points
should be accessible and frequently supervised.

In all sub-stations there shall be provision for earthing the following:

The neutral point of earth separate system should have an independent earth, which in
turn should be interconnected with the station grounding mat

Equipment frame work and other non-current carrying parts (two connections)

All extraneous metallic frame work not associated with equipment (two connections)

Lightning arrestors should have independent earths which should in turn be connected
to the station grounding grid.

Over head lightning screen shall also be connected to the main ground mat.

The earth conductor of the mat could be buried under earth to economical depth of
burial of the mat 0.5 meters.

4.3 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT):

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to

step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for
measurement or to operate a protective relay.

13
These are high pass Filters (carrier frequency 50KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass carrier
frequency to carrier panels and power frequency parameters to switch yard. In its
most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device and a transformer
used to isolate and further step-down the voltage.

Fig: 4.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CVT.

The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the
high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for
connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase
devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred KV where the use of
voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is
often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large
voltage drop across the stack of capacitors, that replaced the first capacitor and a
comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the
secondary terminals.

Fig: 4.3.2 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER.

14
4.3.1 Specifications of CVT:

CVT type
: CVEB/245/1050
Weight
: 665 kg

Total output simultaneous

: 250 VA

Output maximum
O
: 750 VA at 50 C
Rated voltage
: A-N, 220/3

Highest system voltage

: A-N, 245/3

Insulation level
: 460/1050 KV

Rated frequency
: 50Hz

Nominal intermediate voltage

: A1-N, 20/3 KV
Voltage factor
: 1.2Cont. 1.5/30 sec
HF capacitance
: 4400pF +10% -5%
Primary capacitance C1
: 4840pF +10% -5%
Secondary capacitance C2
: 48400 pF +10%-5%
Voltage ratio
: 220000/3/ 110/3/110-110/3
Voltage
: 110/3
110-110/3
Burden
: 150
100
Class
: 0.5
3P
4.4 WAVE TRAP:
Wave trap is an instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of this wave
trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its shape is like a drum. It is

connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be
dangerous to the instruments in the substation. Generally it is used to exclude
unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a wave.
Note: Traps are usually unable to permit selection of unwanted

or interfering signals. Fig: 4.4.1 WAVE TRAP.

15
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them
to the telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control room through coupling
capacitor.

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for

communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network. The signals are primarily tele protection signals and in addition,
voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high impedance to the
high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to
the substation bus bars. If these are not present in the substation, then signal loss is
more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.

4.5. ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCHES (ES):

Isolators are the no load switches and used to isolate the equipment. (Either line
equipment, power transformer equipment or power transformer). With the isolators,
we are able to see the isolation of the equipment with our naked eye. The line
isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the bus.
This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only needed
voltage and rest is earthed by itself.

Isolator is a type of switching device. It has non control devices. Isolator are operated
after the circuit breaker is opened. While closing the circuit, first close the isolator
and after the circuit breaker is closed. Strictly speaking Isolators are operated under
no current condition. In the following cases it is permissible to use isolator for
making and breaking of the circuits.

16
Fig: 4.5.1 ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCH.

Air break isolators or disconnecting switches are not intended to break load though
these are meant for transfer of load from one bus to another and also to isolate
equipment for maintenance. These are available mainly in two types vertical break
type and horizontal break type. The later type requires larger width. However the
space requirement can be reduced in the horizontal break isolators by having double
break with a centre rotating pillar.

Pantograph and semi-pantograph disconnects involve vertical movements of contact

arm and therefore require less separation between phases and thereby require less
separation between phases and thereby help in reducing the sub-station area to a
larger extent. The isolators could be operated mechanically or hydraulically or
pneumatically or by electric motor. Earthing facility shall be provided wherever
required.

4.6. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:

Instrument Transformers are defined as the instruments in which the secondary

current or voltage is substantially proportional to the primary current or voltage and
differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate
direction of connection.

Basic Function of Instrument Transformers:

17
Direct measurement of current or voltage in high voltage system is not possible
because of high values and insulation problems of measuring instruments they cannot
be directly used for protection purposes.

Therefore an instrument transformer serves the purpose and performs the following
function:

Converts the higher line voltages or line currents into proportionally reduced values
by means of electromagnetic circuit and thus these values can be

measured easily.

Protects measuring instruments and distribution systems by sensing the abnormalities

and signals to the protective relay to isolate the faulty system.

Types of Instrument Transformers: Instrument transformers are of two types:

Current Transformers

Voltage Transformers

Current transformers:

Current transformer is a current measuring device used to measure the currents in

high voltage lines directly by stepping down the currents to measurable values by
means of electromagnetic circuit.

4.6.1.1 Basic Design Principle of Current Transformers:

The basic principle induced in designing of current transformers is

Primary ampere turns = Secondary ampere turns

Ip Np = Is Ns

Where, Ip - Primary current

Np - Primary Winding Turns

Is - Secondary Current; Ns - Secondary Winding Turns

18
Ampere turns plays very important role in designing current transformers.

Current transformers must be connected in series only.

Current transformer has less no of turns in primary and more no of turns in secondary.

The secondary current is directly proportional to primary current.

The standards applicable to CT's are IEC-60044-1 and IS 2705.

Simple Line Diagram of Current Transformer:

The line diagram of a current transformer contains different components:

Fig: 4.6.1 LINE DIAGRAM OF CT.

Primary Winding: It is the winding which is connected in series with the circuit, the
current of which is to be transformed.

These are of two types:

1. Single turn primary winding 2. Multi-turn primary winding

Magnetic Core: Performance of any current transformer depends on its accuracy of

transformation and characteristics of the core material used.

Design of a current transformer depends on the frequency of excitation.

Secondary Winding: The winding which supplies the current to the measuring
instruments, meters, relays, etc.

Burden: The relay, instrument or other device connected to the secondary winding is
termed as 'burden' of a current transformer.

Ex. Burden for Metering is CT 20 VA, 15 VA.

19
4.6.1.3 Tests generally to be conducted on CT:

Insulation resistance values (IR values): Primary to earth, primary to secondary core1,
primary to secondary core2, core1 to earth, core2 to earth and core1 to core2. Primary
to earth and primary to secondary cores are to be checked with 5KV motor operated
insulation tester (megger) and secondary to earth values are to be checked with
1000V insulation tester or preferably with 500V insulation tester.

Ratio test: Primary injection test is to be conducted for this purpose

TAN-DELTA test: on 132KV CTs and above

Polarity test at the time of commissioning (at least on the CTs connected to revenue
meters)

Excitation (saturation) characteristic check

Secondary and lead resistance check

Secondary injection check

Primary injection check

4.6.1.4 The accuracy of a CT is directly related to a number of factors including:

Burden

Burden class/saturation class

Rating factor

Load

External electromagnetic fields

Temperature and

Physical configuration.

The selected tap, for multi-ratio CTs

Number of secondary cores in the current transformer is based on its usage. CTs used
for 11KV and 33KV feeder will have 2 secondary cores. Core 1 is generally for Over
current and earth fault protection. Core 2 is for metering. Usage of core is decided by
the accuracy class of the CT .Core material decides the accuracy class

Core with accuracy class 1.0, 0.5 and latest is 2.0 is used for metering. Allowable
errors are +/-1.0% in case of 1.0 accuracy class CTs.
20
CT secondary current is proportionate upto120% of the rated primary current with +/-
1% error in case of 1.0 accuracy class CTs. This indicates that 0.2 accuracy class CTs
are expensive than 0.5 and 1.0 accuracy class CTs. Beyond 120% of the rated primary
current, the metering core get saturated.

Core with accuracy class 5P10, 5P15 and 5P20 is used for o/c & e/f protection. In
5p10, the 5 denotes allowable errors i.e. +/-5%, P denotes protection and 10 denotes
accuracy limit factor. CT secondary current is proportionate upto10 times the rated
primary current with +/-5% errors in case of 5P10 accuracy class CTs. This indicates
that 5P20 accuracy class CTs are expensive than 5P15 and 5P10 accuracy class CTs.
CT with 2cores (protection core and metering) is used for 11KV& 33KV feeders and
capacitor bank protection. CT with 3cores (protection, special protection and
metering) is used for 132/11, 132/33KV ptrs&132KV feeders protection 220/132KV
PTR LV CT is also having 3 cores.

CT with 4 cores (protection, special protection, special protection and metering) is

used for 220KV Bus couplers for the twin bus substations. CT with 5 cores (4 cores
for special protection, and metering) is used for 220KV feeder protection, In all the
above cases, protection means O/L &E/L protection, special protection means
differential protection and REF protection in case of power transformers, bus bar
protection (bus differential protection) in case of bus, and distance protection in case
of feeders. At the rate of 220KV level we should use 1:5 cores Current transformer.

4.6.1.5 Specifications of HVCT:

Type : IT-245

Frequency : 50 Hz

H.S.V : 245 KV

BIL : 460/1050KV

Oil weight : 360kgs

Total weight : 1250kgs

Lth : 40/1 KA/sec

21
RATIO

800-600-400/1-1-1-1-1

CORE NUMBER

1
2
3
4
5

RATED PRIMARY

800

CURRENT (A)

RATED
SECONDARY

1
1
1
1
1

CURRENT(A)

OUTPUT(VA)

--------
----------
--------
------- -
30

-----

ACCURACY CLASS

PS
PS
PS
PS
0.5

I.S.F/A.L.F

----
---
---
---
<=5

TURN RATIO

2/1600
1200
800

RCT at 75 C AT 800/1

6
6
---

(ohms)
Table: 4.6.1.5 Specifications of HVCT.

At the rate of LV (132KV) side we can use 1:3 core CT. The specifications of LVCT

are given below:

4.6.1.6 Specifications of LVCT:

Type : IT-145

Frequency : 50 Hz

HSV/NSV : 145/132 KV

BIL : 650/275 KV

Oil weight : 75Kg

Total weight : 550Kg

Lth : 31.5/1 kA/sec.

Ldyn : 78.75kAp
22
RATIO

500/1-1,
0.66-1

CORE NUMBER
1
2

RATED PRIMARY

500

CURRENT (A)
PRIMARY &
500/1
500/1

500/0.66
500/1

SECONDARY

1s1-1s2
2s1-2s2

2s1-2s3
3s1-3s2

CONNECTION
RATED SECONDARY
1
1

0.66
1

CURRENT(A)

OUTPUT(VA)
20
-------

------------
20

ACCURACY CLASS
5p
PS

0.2
I.S.F/A.L.F
20
--------

---------
<=5

o
Rct at 75 C (Ohms)
--------
<=5

---------
-------------

Table: 4.6.1.6 Specifications of LVCT

Important:

CT secondary circuit and PT primary should never be open circuited. It is vulnerable to

the CT/PT

CT primary circuit and PT secondary should never be short circuited.

NOTE:-Loose connections should not be allowed in the electrical circuit. It increases

the contact resistance which in turn the rises the temperature in that area due to load
current. It damages the oil seals in CTs and transformers bushings causing oil leak and
in term entry of moisture in to the equipment causing falling of IR values and damages
O rings in circuit breaker causing SF6 gas leakage. Entry of moisture in to the VCB
insulator chamber cause vacuum interrupter failure and pull rod failure due to electrical
break down. Hence loose connections should not be allowed.

23
4.6.2 Potential Transformers (PT):

An instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage, in normal conditions of

use, is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by
an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections.

Basic Functions of Voltage Transformers are:

To reduce the line voltage to a value which is suitable for standard measuring
instruments relays etc.

To isolate the measuring instruments, meters, relays etc. from high voltage side an
installation.

To sense abnormalities in voltage and give signals to protective relays to isolate the
defective system.

4.6.2.1 Simple Line Diagram of Voltage Transformer:

Fig: 4.6.2.1 LINE DIAGRAM OF VT.

Basic Design Principle Involved in Voltage Transformers:

The basic principle involved in the designing of Voltage Transformer is

Voltage Ratio = Turns Ratio

VP / VS = NP / NS

Thus NS VP = NP VS

24
As heavy primary voltages will be reduced to low secondary voltages, it will have
more turns in the primary & less turns in the secondary. It must always be connected
in parallel only. Even if we connect it directly from high voltage to earth, it is not
going to be a short circuit as its primary winding has very high resistance. Its core is a
set of assembled laminations. It operates at constant flux density. The standards are
IEC 600044 2 and IS 3156.

Fig: 4.6.2.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER.

4.6.2.2 Tests generally to be conducted on the PTs:

Insulation resistance values (IR values): primary to earth, primary to secondary core-
1, primary to secondary core-2, core1 to earth, core 2 to earth and core-1 to core-2.
These values are to be checked with 1000V insulation tester (megger) or preferably
with 500V insulation tester.

Ratio Test: By applying single phase voltage across primary the voltage induced in
the secondary winding is to be measure. This is approximately equal to voltage
applied in the primary winding or voltage ratio of the PT.

Polarity test at the time of commissioning (at least on the PTs connected to revenue
meters)

PT secondary injection check

PT combined primary and secondary injection check

4.6.2.3 General checks for PT:

Mechanical alignment for PT power jaws

PT primary winding star earthing

25
Tightness of all connections

Primary/secondary fuse ratings

PT specifications

In PTs no of secondary cores is 1 or more than 1 based on the requirement. Generally

in 11KV or 33KV bus PTs, there is one secondary winding which is used both for
protection and metering and in 132KV and above, there are two secondary cores. First
core is of metering core with 1.0 or 0.5 or 0.2 accuracy classes. This will be used
metering, directional over current protection and distance protection.

The second core is protection core with 3P accuracy class. This will be used for the
directional earth fault protection (open delta voltage) of power transformers and
132KV feeders.

Accuracy class 0.5 means +/- 0.5% errors are allowable and 3P means +/- 3% errors
are allowable and P denotes protection.

Permissible load to be connected on PT secondary winding is decided by the burden

of the PT secondary winding. It is expressed in volt-amperes (VA). If more than rated
burden is connected then error will be increased.

4.7. CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the
instrument. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other
instrument in the station. For any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the
line current. This is only done automatically by the circuit breaker.

These are load switches. It is able to make or break the normal load current as well as
the fault currents. The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires the separation
of contacts in an insulating fluid, which serves two functions. It extinguishes the arc
drawn between contacts when the CB opens and it provides adequate insulation
between the contacts and from each contact to earth. For successful operation of the
circuit breaker, two functions are to be performed.

a) Operating mechanism function, b) Arc quenching function. There are

26
various operating mechanisms:

Spring charge mechanism, Pneumatic mechanism, Hydraulic Mechanism

Arc quenching medium:

Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit breakers-BOCB)

Minimum oil (called minimum oil circuit breakers-MOCB)

Natural air (called air circuit breakers-ACB) (415v)

Forced air (called air blast circuit breaker-ABCB)

Vacuum (called vacuum circuit breaker-VCB)

SF6 gas (called Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB)

The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas

circuit breakers are preferred.

VCB is to be meggered periodically to know the healthiness of the vacuum

interrupter and the insulating pull rod. Vacuum integrity test is the correct test to
know the healthiness of the vacuum interrupter.

SF6 gas pressure is to be noted in log sheets at least twice in a day. If it is reaching to
SF6 gas pressure low alarm stage, it is to be brought to the notice of the maintenance
personnel.SF6 gas circuit breaker goes to lockout conditions after falling to lockout
pressure close and trip circuits will be blocked and circuit breaker

operation cant be performed N<0 contacts of 63GLX were used in close and trip
circuits of the CB and 63GLX contactor is in picked up conditions when the gas
pressure is sufficient. Some of the SF6 gas circuit breaker automatically trips while
going to lockout stage N<C contacts of 63GLX contactor were used in close and trip
circuits and 63GLX is in drop off condition when the gas pressure is sufficient.

Oil condition in the air compressor is to be checked periodically. And it is to be

replaced based on condition of oil.

There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are

SF6 circuit breakers;

Vacuum circuit breakers.

27
4.7.1 SF6 circuit breakers:

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure
and is more than the dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely
used in electrical equipment like high voltage metal enclosed cables; high voltage
metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit breakers, current transformers, bushings,
etc. The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature, liquidification temperature
increases with the pressure.

Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in the
fluorine gas, in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing
about 4 kg of sulphur. The steel box is made gas tight.

The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high
input KV, say above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by
force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor
connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than
20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if
the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in
it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments
in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings.

Some of the properties of SF6 are,

Very high dielectric strength

High thermal and chemical inertia

Superior arc extinguishing capability

Low decomposition by arcing

28
Fig: 4.7.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS.

29
4.7.2 Vacuum circuit breakers:

Vacuum type of circuit breakers is used for small KV rated stations below 33KV. They
are only used in low distribution side.

Control Circuit of Circuit Breakers:-

In closing circuit of the Circuit Breaker there are no. of series inter locks we can say that
it is an AND Gate and tripping circuit there are no.of parallel paths it is an OR Gate.

For closing the Circuit Breaker following conditions are to be met.

Local/Remote selector shall be in Remote for closing the CB from remote and it shall be
in Local for closing the CB from Local.

Spring is in charged condition in spring type CBs, Air pressure shall be sufficient in
kinematic CBs and Hydraulic Pressure is sufficient in Aero shell fluid CBs.

SF6 Gas pressure is sufficient.

Master Trip is resettled.

For tripping the circuit breaker,

Local/Remote selector Switch shall be in Remote for tripping the CB from Remote and
it shall be in Local for tripping the CB from Local.

SF6 Gas pressure is sufficient.

Air Pressure is sufficient/Hydraulic Pressure is sufficient.

Protection trip bypasses the local/Remote selector switch.

Trip circuit healthiness is to be ensured immediately after closing the circuit breaker. It is
to be ensured at regular intervals at least once shift, as there is no trip circuit supervision
relay and annunciation relay for 33KV feeders and in case of old panels of 132KV
feeders If any deviation is found it is to be brought to the notice of maintenance
personnel.

30
4.8 BUS:

The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments
for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders
in la single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the
one the other can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in
the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having a connector between
them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is
having any fault.

4.9 TRANSFORMERS:

Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer

hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to
interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic
principles, although the range of designsis wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still
found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage.
Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long
distance transmission economically practical.

Fig: 4.9.1.1 ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER.

31
4.9.1 Basic Principle:

The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic
field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction).

Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed.
The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

Fig: 4.9.1.2 IDEAL TRANSFORMER.

An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure; Current passing through the
primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped
around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the
magnetic flux passes through both primary and secondary coils.

4.9.1.1 Induction law:

The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law
of induction, which states that, where VS is the instantaneous voltage,

NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and equals the magnetic flux
through one turn of the coil.
32
If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux
is the product of the magnetic field strength and the area A through which it cuts. The
area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core,
whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary.

Fig: 4.9.1.3 MUTUAL INDUCTION.

Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in
an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals
Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for
stepping up or stepping down the voltage Ideal power equation The ideal transformer
as a circuit element.

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power
is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the
transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the
primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is
met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power.

Giving the ideal transformer equation Transformers are efficient so this formula is a
reasonable approximation. If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by
the same factor. If an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary
coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of ZS = (VS/IS).

33
4.9.2 Detailed operation:

The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in particular the
primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution
to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.

Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with

two windings of zero resistance. When voltage is applied to the primary winding,
small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current
required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current; since the ideal core has
been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible,
although still required to create the magnetic field.

The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each
winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated
voltage drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the
transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it
does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF". This
is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such
that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.

There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are step
down at the same time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers
are used. While in case of lower KV line such as less than 132KV line double
winding transformers are used.

Fig: 4.9.3 THREE PHASE 100MVA AUTO TRANSFORMER.

34
4.9.3 Specifications of 220/132KV Auto transformer:

Rated MVA: 100MVA

Frequency: 50HZ

No of phases: 3

Insulation level:
HV
LI 900 AC 395

HVN
LI 95 AC 38

IV
LI 550 AC 230

LV
LI 170 AC 70
Type of cooling:

ONAN
DNAF
Rated MVA
:

75
100
Rated KV at no load: HV
220KV
--

IV
132KV
--

LV
11KV
--
Line Amperes
:
HV
196.8
262.4

IV
328.0
437.4

LV
1299.0
1732.1

o
Temperature Rise C: Top oil
o
- 50 C

O
Avg.WDG - 55 C

Impedance volts
HV-IV
7.667
10.222
Normal Tap conditions)
HV-LV
24.55
32.72

IV-LV
17.69
23.59

4.10 CAPACITOR BANK ATTACHED TO THE BUS:

The capacitor banks are used across the bus so that the voltage does not get down till
at the require place. A capacitor bank is used in the outgoing bus so that it can
maintain the voltage level same in the outgoing feeder.
Fig: 4.10.1 CAPACITOR BANK IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

35
Capacitor Control is usually done to achieve the following goals:

Reduce losses due to reactive load current; Reduce KVA demand, decrease customer
energy consumption, Improve voltage profile, and increase revenue.

Indirectly capacitor control also results in longer equipment lifetimes because of

reduced equipment stresses.

Experience shows that switched feeder capacitors produce some of the fastest returns
on equipment investment Sources of Energy Loss. Energy losses in transmission lines
and transformers are of two kinds: resistive and reactive. The former are caused by
resistive component of the load and cannot be avoided. The latter, coming from
reactive component of the load, can be avoided. Reactive losses come from circuit In
the case of concentrated industrial loads, there should be a bank, sized to almost equal
the reactive load current, located as close to each load as possible (Fig. 5.10).

Fig: 4.10.2 REACTIVE LOSSES.

36
CHAPTER 5

TYPES OF CONTROL

VAR control is the natural means to control capacitors because the latter adds a fixed
amount of leading VARs to the line regard less of other conditions, and loss reduction
depends only on reactive current. Since reactive current at any point along a feeder is
affected by downstream capacitor banks, this kind of control is susceptible to
interaction with downstream banks. Consequently, in multiple capacitor feeders, the
furthest downstream banks should go on-line first and off-line last. VAR controls
require current sensors.

Current control is not as efficient as VAR control because it responds to total line
current, and assumptions must be made about the load power factor. Current controls
require current sensors. Voltage control is used to regulate voltage profiles; however it
may actually increase losses and cause instability from highly leading currents.
Voltage control requires no current sensors.

Fig: 5.1 TYPES OF CONTROL

37
Temperature control is based on assumptions about load characteristics. Control
effectiveness depends on how well load characteristics are known. Not useful in cases
where those characteristics change often. Temperature control does not require any
current sensors. Time control is based on assumptions about load characteristics.
Control effectiveness depends on how well load characteristics are known. Not useful
in cases where those characteristics change often. Time control does not require any
current sensors.

Power factor control is not the best way to control capacitor banks because power
factor by itself is not a measure of reactive current. Current sensors are needed.

Combination control using various above methods is usually the best choice. If
enough current, and/or other sensors are available, a centrally managed computerized
capacitor control system taking into account the variety of available input parameters
can be most effective, though expensive to implement.

CAPACITORS:

Before commissioning a capacitor bank, capacitance of each capacitor shall be

measured with a capacitance meter. These shall be compared with the value obtained
by calculation using the formula,

9
C = KVAR x 10 Micro Farads

2
2 f (V)

Where V is the rated voltage of capacitor and KVAR is the rated KVAR of capacitor.
As per IS the tolerance in the capacitance value for a capacitor unit is + 10% to 5%.

In the event of failure of one capacitor unit (say in R-phase) it is observed that
balancing is done by removing one capacitor each from Y and B-phases.

It is therefore necessary that number of capacitor units connected in parallel in each

series group in all the three phases on one star bank shall be same.

38
5.2 BUS BAR SYSTEM:

5.2.1 Mesh (Ring) bus bar system:

Merits: 1. Busbars gave some operational flexibility

Demerits: 1. If fault occurs during bus maintenance, ring gets separated into two

sections.

Auto-reclosing and protection complex.

Requires VTs on all circuits because there is no definite voltage reference point.

These VTs may be required in all cases for synchronizing live line or voltage
indication.

4. Breaker failure: During fault on one circuit causes loss of additional circuit because
of breaker failure.

Remarks1.Most widely used for very large power stations having large no. of
incoming and outgoing lines and high power transfer.

5.2.2 Bus bar Isolator:

These can be used for the protection of the instruments in the substation by isolating
the buses at the required instant.

5.3 STATION BATTERY:

Observe me every day is a slogan mentioned on the batteries provided for the
vehicles. This holds good to battery at substations also. Battery is the heart of the
substation at control and protection side and this is the uninterrupted power source to
operate the switchgear and protection.

5.3.1 Periodical works on Batteries:

Pilot voltages and specific gravities are to be recorded by the shift personnel in the
morning shift by switching off the battery charger.

39
While switching off the battery charger, one should observe the battery for the sparks
if any due to loose connections. Once charger is switched off, entire DC load off the
station is to be met by the battery. Voltage of all the cells and their specific gravities,
are to be recorded once in a month by the maintenance personnel. If any deviation is
found either in cell voltages or specific gravities, the battery may be kept in boost
mode duly topping up the electrolyte levels with the distilled water and keeping the
cell caps in open position. Specific gravity of the healthy cell is 1200+/-20 i.e. it
ranges from 1180 to 1220 and the voltage is about 2.1v.

5.3.2 During Boost Charging:

Boost charger can be switched on duly keeping the coarse and fine selector switches
in position-1 to maintain the boost charger output voltage at minimum so that boost
charger current is minimum during starting. Later, coarse and fine selector switches
are to be adjusted as per the requirement,

th
Boost charging current should not exceed 1/10 of the battery Ampere Hour capacity
i.e. 8 Amperes for 80 AH battery. Cell temperature should not exceed 50

Deg.Cen. Boost charger voltage should not exceed 297V (i.e.2.7v/cell).

Float charger shall also be kept in service otherwise load will be connected across
first 84 cells and boost charger will be connected across 110 cells leading

th th
under charging of first 84 cells or over charging of 85 cell to 110 cell causing
damage to the cells. Once float charger is switched on, load will automatically

connects across the float charger as float charger output voltage is generally more
than the first 84 nos. cells voltage.

At the end of the boost charging, all the cells shall be thoroughly cleaned, caps shall
be kept back and petroleum jelly is to be applied at the cell terminals to avoid
exposing of electrodes direct to atmosphere which will cause formation of sulphation
on the terminals due to oxidation. Cell terminals shall be tightened periodically duly
keeping brass bolts & nuts as spares to meet the requirement. Battery shall be
discharged yearly once. It increases the battery life period. Earth leakage is to be
avoided as far as possible to discharging of 50% of the cells.

40
Fig: 5.3 STATION BATTERIES.

5.3.3 Specifications of VRLA (Valve Regulated Led Acid) batteries:-

System details:

Make
: AMARA RAJA
System voltage
: 220v
o
Capacity at 27 c
: 200AH
Cell type
: 2V
No. of cells
: 110
Charging Requirements:
Float voltage
: 2.45-3V
Boost voltage
: 2.53-3V
Maximum charging
: 40A
Maximum allowable ripple: 2.1 rms
Current in each cell
: 2A

5.4 INSULATORS:
Ball and socket type disc insulators are assembled to the 132 KV, 220 KV and 400
KV suspension and tension hardware, certain important design aspects and other
details are indicated below: in next page:

41
Sl.

Description

132 KV lines
220 KV lines
400 KV
No.

lines

1.
Type of insulators

Ball and socket

Ball and socket
Ball and

type disc insulator

type disc insulator
socket type
disc

insulator

2.
Dimensions
of
insulators
of
255mm x 145mm
280mm x 145mm
280mm x

suspensions string

145mm
3.
Dimensions
of
insulators
for
280mm x 145mm
280mm x 145mm
280mm x

tension string

170mm

4.
Number of insulator disc per single
9 nos.
13 nos.
23 nos.

suspension string

5.
Number of insulator disc per double
2 x 9 nos.
2 x 13 nos.
2 x 23 nos.

suspension string
6.
Number of insulator discs per
10 nos.
14 nos.
24 nos.

single tension string

7.
Number of insulator discs per each
2 x 10 nos.
2 x 14 nos.
2 x 24 nos.

double tension string

8.
Electro
Mechanical
strength
for
7000 Kgs.
7000 Kgs.
11,500 Kgs.

tension string insulator

9.
Electro
Mechanical
strength
for
11,500 Kgs.
11,500 Kgs.
16,500 Kgs.

suspension string insulator

10.
Total creapage distance of each disc
280 mm
280 mm
315 mm

insulator for suspension strings

11.
Total creapage distance of each disc
280 mm
280 mm
330 mm

insulator for tension string

12.
Minimum impulse

dry withstand
110 KV
110 KV
120 KV

voltage (wave of 1 x 50 Micro

second)
for
each

disc insulator
42
(I.E.C standard)

13.
One minute power frequency
70 KV (dry)
70 KV (dry)
70 KV

withstand voltage for each disc

40 KV (wet)
40 KV (wet)
(dry)

insulator

40 KV

(wet)

14.
Power frequency puncture voltage
110 KV
110 KV
140 KV

per each disc insulator

(Suspension
(Suspension
(Suspension

strings)
strings)
strings)

140 KV
140 KV
140 KV

(Tension Strings)
(Tension Strings)
(Tension

Strings)

15.
Size and designation of bal pin
16 mm
16 mm
20 mm

shank for suspension string discs

16.
Size and designation of bal pin
20 mm
20 mm
20 mm

shank for tension string discs

17.
Maximum Radio Influence Voltage
50 Micro Volts at
50 Micro Volts at
50 Micro

at 10 KV (RMS) for each disc

1 MHz
1 MHz
Volts at 1

insulator

MHz

18.
Corona
extinction
voltage
for
-
-
320 KV

complete
(RMS)
string
both

(RMS)

suspension and tension strings

Table: 5.4 Insulators

Fig: 5.4 BALL AND SOCKET TYPE DISC INSULATOR.

43
CHAPTER 6

PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:

Station Transformer: HG Fuse protection on HV side and fuse protection on LV side and
Vent pipe.

Power transformers up to 7.5MVA:

HV side: O/L & Directional E/L protection with highest element in O/L relays.

LV side: O/L & E/L protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI and WTI.

Power transformers from 8.0MVA and above: HV side O/L & Directional E/L protection
with high set element in O/L relays. LV side O/L & E/L protection: differential protection
Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI, WTI and PRV.

Power transformers from 31.5MVA and above: Over flux protection & LV WTI in
addition to protection.

220/132KV power transformers: Over flux protection on both HV & LV sides LBB
protection on HV side OLTC Buchholz phase wise in addition to protection.

FEEDER PROTECTION:

33KV feeders: Non directional O/L & E/L protection with highest and IDMT
characteristics.

132KV feeders: Main protection: Distance protection.

Backup protection: Directional O/L & E/L protection.

c) 220KV feeders: Main-1 protection: Distance protection

Main-2protection: Distance protection, LBB protection, pole discrepancy

Relay.
44
CHAPTER 7

220/132KV SUBSTATION AT WARANGAL

The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated,
transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric power is
produced at the power stations which are located at favourable places, generally quite
away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of
transmission and distribution. At many places in the line of the power system, it may
be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, A.C. to D.C.,
frequency, P.f. etc.) of electric supply.

This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,

generation voltage (11KV or 66KV) at the power station is stepped up to high
voltage (say 220KV or 132KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of
apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose is the sub-station. Similarly,
near the consumers localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization
level. This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called substation.

7.1 SUBSTATION AT WARANGAL:

The substation in Mulugu cross road, Warangal (dist.), Andhra Pradesh was
completed by the year 1969, under APTRANSCO; it is one of the largest substations
in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

This substation has the carrying capacity of 300MW at different voltage levels of
220KV and can step down to 132KV and again step down to 33KV, using four input
lines through the incoming feeders.

45
7.2 SAILENT FEATURES OF 220/132/33KV SS WARANGAL

The 220/132/33KV Substation Warangal has the following equipment and feeder bays

220KV Feeders 4 Nos.

220/132KV 100MVA PTRs 3 Nos.

132KV Feeders 6 Nos.

132/33KV 50MVA PTR 1 Nos.

132/33KV 80MVA PTR 1 Nos.

33KV Feeders 10 Nos.

33KV Capacitor Bank 2 Nos.

10MVAR

7.2MVAR

The 220KV supply is fed from either 220KV Nagaram I&II or 220KV Budidampadu
ckt I&II.

7.2.1 220KV Features:

20KV Bus Twin Zebra Bus

3 Nos 220/132KV PTRs Namely

i) 100MVA PTR-I Make-TELK

ii) 100MVA PTR-II Make-GEC ALSTHOM

iii) 100MVA PTR-III Make-TELK

7.2.2 132KV Features:

132KV Bus Twin Zebra Bus

6 Nos 132KV Feeders Namely

132KV Waddepally

132KV Jangaon
132KV Jammikunta

132KV RTS-B

132KV Narsampet

132KV Nekkonda

46
7.2.3 132/33KV PTRs:

2 Nos 132/33KV PTRs

i)
80MVA PTR-I
Make-BBL
ii)
50MVA PTR-II
Make-BBL

7.2.4 33KV Features:

Tubular Copper Bus with Bus Coupler

i. 33KV
Gorrekunta

ii. 33KV
Machapur

iii. 33KV
Atmakur

iv. 33KV
Pothana

v. 33KV
A.J.Mills

vi. 33KV
Parkal

vii. 33KV
Kamalapur

viii. 33KV Chintagattu

ix. 33KV KUC33KV

x. 33KVBalasamudram

xi. 10MVAR Capacitor Bank

Make-NGEF
xii. 7.2MVAR Capacitor Bank
Make-UNISTAR

7.2.5 DC SYSTEM
i.Battery Bank-A:

Make: STAR Batteries 220V DC, 200AH, Lead Batteries

Connected Battery Charger:

Make: HEE 220V Dc, 200AH

Float Current: 8 Amps, Boost Current: 16 Amps

ii.Battery Bank-B:

Make: AMARARAJA, 245V DC, 200AH, VLRA Batteries

Connected Battery Charger:

Make: HEE 220V DC, 200AH

Float Current: 8 Amps, Boost Current: 16 Amps

47
7.2.5.1 Chargers:

Main Input AC supply is fed from AC Distribution Board-I

33KV/415V, 250KVA Station Transformer on Bus-II side and it is connected to AC

Distribution Board-I.

Any Substation mainly consists of Transformers. These transformers are like the heart
of substation. These transformers are step down to the required voltage levels. And
the different types of equipments are used in the substation.

The assembly of apparatus used to measure and protect the require parameters of the
power transformer like (e.g. voltage, AC to DC, frequency, P.F. etc.) of electric supply
is called a substation.

EHV (Extra High Voltage) Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission
network and Distribution network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service.
Apart from ensuring efficient transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station
configuration should be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and
minimum interruptions in power supply.

Flexibility for future expansion in terms of number of circuits and transformer MVA
Capacity also needs to be considered while choosing the actual configuration of the
substation.

EHV Substation is constructed as near as possible to the load centre. The voltage
level of power transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to
the load centre. Generally, the relation between EHV Voltage level and the power to
be transmitted is as follows:

48
7.2.4 Power to be transmitted Voltage level:

Up to 80MVA to 132KV.

From 100MVA to 300MVA 2KV.

300 MVA to 1000 MVA 400 KV.

7.3 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN VIEW WHILE LAYING OUT

THE SUBSTATION:

Substations are important part of power system. The continuity of supply depends to a
considerable extent upon the successful operation of sub-stations. It is, therefore,
essential to exercise utmost care while designing and building a substation.

The following are the important points which must be kept in view while laying out a
substation:

It should be located at a proper site. As far as possible, it should be located at the

centre of gravity of load.

It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For safety, consideration must be
given to the maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs
and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire etc.

For reliability, consideration must be given for good design and construction, the
provision of suitable protective gear etc.

It should be easily operated and maintained.

It should involve minimum capital cost.

49
CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a power

system. In general, they represent an interface between different levels or sections of
the power system, with the capability to switch or reconfigure the connections among
various transmission and distribution lines.

The major stations include a control room from which operations are coordinated.
Smaller distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving power at
higher voltage on one side and sending out a number of distribution feeders at lower
voltage on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and are generally
unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the transformer, as it provides
the effective in enface between the high- and low-voltage parts of the system. Other
crucial components are circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as protective
devices that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a protective relay
indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches are control
devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a connection.
An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers are
designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very
situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches are
designed to be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on both the high-
and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also include capacitor
banks to provide voltage support.

50
REFERENCES

Principles of Power Systems by V.K. Mehtha

Electrical Power Systems by C.L. Wadhwa

Power System Engineering by ML. Soni

[4]www.littelfuse.com/.../Littelfuse-Protection-Relay-Transformer-
Protection [5]www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/.../substation.html.

[6]http://www.scribd.com/doc/13595703/Substation-Construction-and-
Commissioning.

[7]http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/marufdilse-881803-electrieal-
power-trasmission/

[8]http://skindustrialcorp.tradeindia.com/Exporters_Suppliers/Exporter17825.
277078/66-KV-Disc-Insulator-Ball-Socket-Type.html .

[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation.
51