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Delta Modulation
1 Bandwidth
2 Data Formats
3 Quantization
5 Delta Modulation
Bandwidth
Important to know the bandwidth (BW) of a signal . The
signal BW decides the BW of amplifiers , filters and channel.
Yet there is no one acceptable definition of BW .
2
signal s(t) S(f) , S(f) = Gss ( f ) = spectrum
Gss ( f ) Gss ( f )
f f
0 fc 0 fl fc fu
Baseband or Lowpass Bandpass. It is also narrowband
if f c >> f u f l
One definition: half power BW.
This is the interval between half power points, i.e.,
3 db below the peak value.
Gss ( f )
A
0.5 A
f
0 fl fu
Another definition is null-to-null
Gss ( f )
T
t 1 1 f
T 0 0
2 2 T T
1
BW = , T = Pulse width
T
Gss ( f )
f
t
T 0 1 fc 1
T ( fc ) ( fc + )
2 T T
2
2
BW = Hz
fc T
Exercise
t
T T
2 2
Message (text) T
H N
I K
character encoding
6 bit ASCII 010
001 000
100
100
100
011
100
110
100
8-ary digit 1 2 0 4 4 4 3 4 6 4
(symbols)
8-ary Waveform S1 (t ) S2 (t ) S0 (t ) S4 (t ) S4 (t ) S4 (t ) S3 (t ) S4 (t ) S6 (t ) S4 (t )
Suppose we use 32-ary digits
T H I N K
0
00101 000100 100100 011100 110100
32-ary digits 5 1 4 17 25 20
(symbols)
s(t)
5 +5 +3 3 2
3
Quantizer 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 100 10
A/D 4 bit
3 2
PAM
Flat Top PCM
sampling
Vp
2V p
Suppose quantizer has L = 128 = 2 levels
7
X L
(i.e. n = 7) ,
and PAM signal limited to V p volts.
X 2V p
L=128 levels
Then each quantization step q = L
v.
q q
Quantization error e volts
2 2
Vp
Suppose s(t) has uniform distribution between V p . Then
f (e)
1
q
q
e
q 0
2 2
q
2
2
e2 q2 1 2V p
Variance of e is q q
de =
12
=
12
L
2
Ps = E {s 2 (t )}
Ps
Quantization SNR = 3L2 2
Vp
SNR increases with L or number of bits, n , in fact
SNR = 1010 22 + 1010 3
2
= + . if Ps Vp2
Tutorial
The dynamic range (DR) of a system is the ratio of the maximum input
power to the minimum input power that the system can process
without distortion. Thus, the minimum power must be above the
systems own noise level. In db, the DR is
Peak Signal Power
10 log
Noise Power
For a quantizer that has Vp peak, bits, the Q noise power is
2
Vp
, L = 2 .
3L2 2
Hence the DR is Vp
10 log 2
Vp
3L2
= 10 log 3 + 10 log 2 2 4.8 + 6
Exercise
Find the number of bits required for an A/D to give a DR of 80.
If the input signal has a maximum voltage of 5 V , how many
volts does the LSB represent ?
Nonuniform Quantization
Vp
Speech amplitudes mostly lie below 2 . Only 15% of speech
samples will exceed.
For the same number of bits, can have higher quantization
SNR if we use nonuniform quantization: more levels at
low voltages and less levels at high voltages.
output
input
Better to use uniform quantizer, therefore it is common to
compress the analog signals to produce same effects as
nonuniform quantization.
output,y The compressor amplifies low input
voltage and attenuates the high, called
compression. After quantization, an
x,input inverse compression, called
expansion, restores the compressed
signal.
s(t)
uniform
A/D D/A
Quantizer
compressor Expander
+1 for x 0
= 255 and sgn x =
1 for x < 0
PCM receiver
xq
Reconstructed
waveform
Transmission of PCM Signals
The T-1 Carrier System
1 8 KHz LPF 1
LPF
coder
8 bits/channel
decoder LPF 2
24
LPF
LPF 24
125 sec
One Frame
Notes. 1. An 8-bit codeword from each channel. The first
bit is the sign bit. The last 7 bits give the magnitude
of the sample.
2. A frame contains 8 bits from each channel, plus a
synchronizing bit at the end of a frame. Every 12
frames form a 12-bit synchronizing bit pattern which
the receiver detects to decide if there is synchronization.
3. There are 8 x 24+1=193 bits per frame or per 125 sec
since sampling at 8 KHz.
193
4. Bit rate is 6
= 1.544 Mbits / sec
125 10
5. For signaling purposes, a signaling bit is put in to
replace the LSB of each channel. This occurs once
every 6 frames.
Historical Notes
1. The T-1 carrier PCM system was an important product for AT&T
in the 1960s. Its main use was for phone service between high
density cities of less than 100 miles distance. Timing jitters
prohibit using T-1 for longer distances.
2. Repeaters at every 6000 ft. restore the PCM pulse shapes. This
permits the transmission of 1.544 Mbps over phone lines of only
3KHz BW. This is an examples of compensating small BW by high
SNR.
s(n) = a1s (n 1) + a2 s (n 2)
Instead of transmitting s(n), we transmit
d (n) = s (n) s(n)
The receiver will reconstruct using own prediction and
d(n) to get
s (n) = d (n) + s(n) .
If d(n) is small, can maintain same SNR by having a
smaller L, because Vp is now also smaller.
Quantizing d q ( n ) = d ( n ) + e( n )
quantization error
Transmit d q (n)
s (n) + d (n)
Quantizer d q (n)
+
DPCM +
Transmitter
s(n) ~
s ( n)
Predictor
+
d q (n) ~
s ( n)
+
s(n)
Predictor
s(n) = a1~
s (n 1) + a2 ~
s (n 2)
~
s (n) = d q (n) + s(n) = s (n) + e(n)
Example. In speech, a second order predictor is
s(n) = a1s (n 1) + a2 s (n 2) , a1 = 1.1314 , a2 = 0.3714
{ }
Pd = E d 2 (n) = (1 + a1 + a2 ) Ps + (2a1a2 2a1 ) R1 2a2 R2
2 2
Suppose we transmit
d (n) = S (n) - S (n)
instead of S(n). Show how the receiver produce the speech signals.
Calculate the reduction in transmitting power when sending d(n)
instead of S(n). Given : E{S(n)S(n - 1)} = 0.8
E{S(n)S(n - 2)} = 0.5
Delta Modulation
The closer are the samples s(n), s(n-1), s(n-2), the easier it
is to perform linear prediction. DM oversamples by 4
Nyquist rate and encodes signals using only 1-bit (2 level).
Thus DM is a 1-bit DPCM.
1-bit quantizer
s (n) ~
+ ~ s (t )
+
s (t ) d q (n)
LPF d q (n) s ( n)
LPF
+
+
+
Delay by T
~
s ( n)
Delay by T Receiver
a
Transmitter a
Delta Modulation
The closer are the samples s(n), s(n-1), s(n-2), the easier it
is to perform linear prediction. DM oversamples by 4
Nyquist rate and encodes signals using only 1-bit (2 level).
Thus DM is a 1-bit DPCM.
1-bit quantizer
s (n) ~
+ ~ s (t )
+
s (t ) d q (n)
LPF d q (n) s ( n)
LPF
+
+
+
Delay by T
~
s ( n)
Delay by T Receiver
a
Transmitter
a
A practical implementation is
comparator
s (t ) + d (t ) d q (n) s(t ) ~
s (t )
a LPF
s(t )
Receiver
a
integrator
Transmitter
The transmitter compares s(t) with s(t ) and the sign of the
error is multiplied by , sampled at 4 Nyquist rate,
and sent.
d q (n)is a train of narrow pulses of height either + or .
The integrator sums up ( integrates along time) the pulses,
multiplies by a, to produce s(t ) to try to follow s(t). This
is similar to a feedback control system.
0 t
s(t )
d q (n) s (t )
0 t
d (t )
0 t
s(t ) is a stair-case approximation of s(t) . The receiver
passes s(t ) through a LPF to give a smooth approximation
to s(t). d (n) s(n) s(n 1) , which is the derivative of s(n),
hence the name DM.
2
R(1)
1 1
R ( 0)
a =
The optimum gain R(1)
R(0)
Adaptive DM
Detects overload by sensing a long sequence of + or
pulses. When this occurs, increase . Detects granular noise
by a sequence of alternating + and pulses. When this occurs,
decrease .
Communication between space shuttle and ground control
used DM because of its simplicity.
Summary
1. PCM quantizes a digital number to one of L = 2l
levels and encodes it to be an l-bit word. Encoding
pulses are of equal amplitudes.
2. There are many formats to represent a binary sequence.
The choice of a particular format is dependent on
application.
3. Quantization error is a source of noise. It decreases
with increasing number of bits used.
4. The T-1 carrier is the first PCM system for speech
transmission.
5. DPCM can reduce the bit rate for the same SNR.
6. DM is a form of 1-bit DPCM. Its main advantage is
simplicity.
References
1. Digital Communications, B.Sklar, PTR Prentice Hall, 1988