ASSIGNMENT 01

Human Potential Management

Under Guidance of Prof. Bhakti Banwaskar

Subject : To study Industrial Revolution for its origin, mechanism and outcomes

Name : Rushiket Nishikant Joshi

Roll No. : MBA2316024

Divison : A Section
 Industrial Revolution

Origin

The Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries was revolutionary
because it changed revolutionized the productive capacity of England, Europe and
United States. But the revolution was something more than just new machines,
smoke-belching factories, increased productivity and an increased standard of living.
It was a revolution which transformed English, European, and American society down
to its very roots. Like the Reformation or the French Revolution, no one was left
unaffected.
Everyone was touched in one way or another peasant and noble, parent and child,
artisan and captain of industry.
The Industrial Revolution serves as a key to the origins of modern Western society.
Harold Perkin has observed, "the Industrial Revolution was no mere sequence of
changes in industrial techniques and production, but a social revolution with social
causes as well as profound social effects"
The industrial revolution can be said to have made the European working-class.
It made the European middle-class as well. In the wake of the Revolution, new social
relationships appeared.
Ben Franklin once said, "time is money." Man no longer treated men as men, but as a
commodity which could be bought and sold on the open market.
This "commodification" of man is what bothered Karl Marx his solution was to
transcend the profit motive by social revolution.
There is no denying the fact that the Industrial Revolution began in England sometime
after the middle of the 18th century.
England was the "First Industrial Nation." As one economic historian commented in
the 1960s, it was England which first executed "the take off into self-sustained
growth." And by 1850, England had become an economic titan.
Its goal was to supply two-thirds of the globe with cotton spun, dyed, and woven in
the industrial centers of northern England.
England proudly proclaimed itself to be the "Workshop of the World," a position that
country held until the end of the 19th century when Germany, Japan and United States
overtook it.
Engines and machines, the glorious products of science began to revolutionize the
idea of progress itself.
If a simple machine can do the work of twenty men in a quarter of the time formerly
required, then could the New Jerusalem be far behind? When you view the Industrial
Revolution alongside the democratic revolutions of 1776 and 1789, we cannot help
but be struck by the optimism so generated.
Heaven on Earth seemed reality and no one was untouched by the prospects. But, as
we will soon see, while the Industrial Revolution brought its blessings, there was also
much misery.
 Revolutions, political or otherwise, are always mixed blessings. If we can thank the
Industrial Revolution for giving us fluoride, internal combustion engines, and laser
guided radial arm saws, we can also damn it for the effect it has had on social
relationships.
We live in the legacy of the Industrial Revolution, the legacy of the "cash nexus," as
the mid-19th century Scottish critic Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) put it, where the
only connection between men is the one of money, profit and gain.
The result of these developments taken together was a period of high productivity and
low food prices. And this, in turn, meant that the typical English family did not have
to spend almost everything it earned on bread (1789) and instead could purchase
manufactured goods.
Steam power also promoted important changes in other industries. The use of steam-
driven bellows in blast furnaces helped iron makers switch over from charcoal to
coke, which is made from coal, in the smelting of pig iron.
In the 1780s, Henry Cort (1740-1800) developed the puddling furnace, which allowed
pig iron to be refined in turn with coke.
Skilled ironworkers could "stir" molten pig iron in a large vat, raking off refined iron
for further processing.
Cort also developed steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of producing
finished iron in a variety of shapes and forms.
 Mechanism

The invention of power looms at the time of the Industrial Revolution dramatically increased the productivity of
the textile industry.

The Mechanism included the following:

The use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel
The use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal,
the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine
The invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that
permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy
A new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed
increased division of labour and specialization of function
Important developments in transportation and communication, including the
steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio
The increasing application of science to industry. These technological changes made
possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources and the mass production of
manufactured goods
The working conditions were terrible during the Industrial Revolution. As factories
were being built, businesses were in need of workers.
With a long line of people willing to work, employers could set wages as low as they
wanted because people were willing to do work as long as they got paid.
People worked fourteen to sixteen hours a day for six days a week.
 However, the majority were unskilled workers, who only received about $8-$10
dollars a week, working at approximately 10 cents an hour.
Skilled workers earned a little more, but not significantly more. Women received one-
third or sometimes one-half the pay that men received. Children received even less.
Owners, who were only concerned with making a profit, were satisfied because labor
costed less.
Labor Unions formed because workers finally wanted to put a stop to long hours with
little pay. They demanded more pay and fairer treatment. They did not want children
to work in factories because of the danger involved. Labor unions organized strikes
and protests.
Most people lived in the "slum" .Five to nine people lived in a single room which was
as big as an apartment.
Not only was there not enough room, but more people got sick as well. Because
everyone lived in terrible conditions and so close to one another, diseases spread
rapidly and lack of medicine and medical care resulted in many deaths.
At the time, population was increasing rapidly because of more people moving in, so
apartments became more crowded and in worse condition. These were the people that
lived every lives that had to fight for jobs and competed to live.
As industrialization occurred, the middle class emerged. The middle class, skilled
workers, managers, clerks, accountants, and others, had the money they needed to
survive, and had money left over for other leisure goods.
Dirty streets and cramped living was a perfect breeding ground for diseases. More
than 31,000 people died during an outbreak of cholera in 1832 and lots more were
killed by typhus, smallpox and dysentery.
Public Health Act of 1875 banned open sewers, thanks to Joseph Bazalgettes sewage
system. Houses were made further apart, rubbish collection was introduced and public
health inspectors had to be provided by the local council. They basically had to go
round whatever town or city they were employed in and check that sanitation and
health of the people was alright.
In 1853, the tax on soap was taken off, meaning poor people could buy it and become
more hygienic by washing with it.
 Outcomes
Transcript of Positive and Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Negative Outcomes

Working in a factory was not something people wanted to do.

Pollution, unsafe, dirty, long working hours, never any breaks
All of the coal that was used for power became smoke after use.
Smoke was directed out of the factory and it would come out outside the factory. Many
people got sick from pollution.
Machinery very unsafe. Life threatening injuries.
Factory not kept clean so illness was easy to catch. With everyone working in the same
closed space, it was easy to contaminate others.
Everyone cramped into small, hot space to work.
The job did not pay well at all.
Unskilled Labor - No real training needed.
Child Labor. Cheaper to have children work and they were easier to control.
Some jobs needed a small individual.
They received no education. Stuck in factory for rest of life.
No guarantee on job. Since it was unskilled labor, bosses could hire anyone from off the
streets.
No workman's compensation. Factory didn't pay for you and they didn't keep job secure.

Positive Outcomes

Factories had positive impact on Industrial Revolution.

Assembly Line - Many people work on different task. When completed tasks are put
together, there is a finished product.
Made producing products a lot easier and faster.
Mass Production - Creation of a lot of products in a short amount of time.
Thanks to machinery, products can be made without as much money.
Causes retail price of products to go down.
Mass production also leads to an increased supply of goods.
Greater accessibility
Living Conditions of the Working Class
Tenement - small living quarters for the working class during the Industrial Revolution.
Extremely small and cramped. Up to 12 people living in tenement at one time.
Many rooms with no windows so it was pitch black at night. Led to many injuries.
Owners tried to make most out of tenements. Used attics and basements as living spaces.
Unsanitary. Outhouses rarely cleaned so disgusting odors go into tenements. Sewage and dirt
caused many diseases. Easily spread.
Many injuries. Stairs were steep and dark thanks to no windows. Easy to fall down.