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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

During recent years here awareness is increased regarding environmental

pollution due to domestic and industrial waste. Now pollution control board is formed
to regulate environmental degradation due to industrial waste. When once
environment is allowed to degrade, it will take huge amount of public exchequers to
clean it so in view of this, it is better to present than searching of solution for concrete.
Concrete is in general, cement-based concrete, which meets special
performance requirement with regard to workability, strength and durability, that
cannot always be obtained with techniques and materials adopted for producing
conventional cement concrete. Fine aggregate is important construction material,
which is widely used, in construction works. Nowadays the cost of concrete is
increased since the cost of fine aggregate is increased. To reduce the requirements and
cost of concrete some alternative materials are needed to replace the fine aggregate.

1.1. GENERAL:
Concrete is a widely used material in the world. Based on global usage it is
placed at second position after water. River sand is one of the constituents used in the
production of conventional concrete has become highly expensive and also scare. In
the backdrop of such a bleak atmosphere, there is a large demand for alternative
materials from industrial waste. Some alternative materials have already been used as
a part of natural sand. For example fly ash, slag, red mud, ponded ashes were used in
concrete mixtures as a partial replacement of natural sand.
Similarly the waste glass are collected from the shops are used. The collected
glasses are crushed to sand size and it could be used an alternate material for natural
sand as partial replacement. In brief, successful utilization of glass as fine aggregate
will turn this waste material into a valuable resource.
The utilization of glass powder which can be called as manufactured sand has
been accepted as a building material in the industrially advanced countries. As a result
of sustained research and developmental works undertaken with respect to increasing

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application of this industrial waste, the level of utilization of glass powder in the
industrialized nations has been reached more than 60% of its total production. The use
of manufactured sand in India has not been much popular, when compared to some
advanced countries.

1.2 GLASS:

Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material which is often

transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in things
like window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics. The most familiar, and historically
the oldest, types of glass are based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide),
the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer
only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass and in glass
bottles. Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container
glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of
approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium
carbonate(Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor
additives. A very clear and durable quartz glass can be made from pure silica; the
other compounds above are used to improve the temperature workability of the
product.

Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency,

which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will
both reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing
to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibres for high speed data
transmission by light. Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts, and can also be
painted. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art
objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is
extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-
making cultures. Because glass can be formed or molded into any shape, and also
because it is a sterile product, it has been traditionally used for
vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has

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also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass
fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating
material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic,
they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass.

In science, the term glass is often defined in a broader sense, encompassing

every solid that possesses a non-crystalline (i.e. amorphous) atomic-scale structure
and that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state.
Thus, porcelains and many polymer thermoplastics familiar from everyday use are
physically glasses also. These sorts of glasses can be made of quite different kinds of
materials: metallic alloys, ionic melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids,
and polymers. For many applications (bottles, eyewear) polymer glasses (acrylic
glass, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate) are a lighter alternative to
traditional silica glasses.
1.3BACKGROUND OF GLASS:

The term glass developed in the late Roman Empire. It was in the Roman
glassmaking centre at Trier, now in modern Germany, that the late-
Latin term glesum originated, probably from a Germanic word for
a transparent, lustrous substance.[13] Naturally occurring glass, especially the
volcanic obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the
production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively
traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was
made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt.[14] The earliest known
glass objects, of the mid third millennium BCE, were beads, perhaps initially created
as accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production
of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing.[15]

Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze
Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous
development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE.[16] In
ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics

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and metal work. In the Roman Empire, glass objects have been recovered across
the Roman Empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts.

Glass was used extensively during the middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has
been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and
cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a
range of objects including vessels, beads, and windows and was also used in
jewellery. From the 10th-century onwards, glass was employed in glass windows of
churches and cathedrals, with famous examples at Chartres Cathedral and the Basilica
of Saint Denis. By the 14th-century, architects were designing buildings with walls of
stained glass such as Sainte-Chappelle, Paris, (12031248)[17] and the East end
of Gloucester Cathedral.[18] Stained glass had a major revival with Gothic Revival
architecture in the 19th-century. With the Renaissance, and a change in architectural
style, the use of large stained glass windows became less prevalent. The use of
domestic stained glass increased until most substantial houses had glass windows.
These were initially small panes leaded together, but with the changes in technology,
glass could be manufactured relatively cheaply in increasingly larger sheets. This led
to larger window panes, and, in the 20th-century, to much larger windows in ordinary
domestic and commercial buildings.

In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass
and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in
new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed
with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated glass has been
widely applied to vehicles for windscreens. While glass containers have always been
used for storage and are valued for their hygienic properties, glass has been utilized
increasingly in industry. Optical glass for spectacles has been used since the late
middle Ages. The production of lenses has become increasingly proficient, aiding
astronomers as well as having other application in medicine and science. Glass is also
employed as the aperture cover in many solar energy systems.

From the 19th century, there was a revival in many ancient glass-making
techniques including Cameo glass, achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire

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and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art
Nouveau movement made great use of glass, with Ren Lalique, mile Gall,
and Daum of Nancy producing colored vases and similar pieces, often in cameo glass,
and also using lustre techniques. Louis Comfort Tiffany in America specialized in
stained glass, both secular and religious, and his famous lamps. The early 20th-
century saw the large-scale factory production of glass art by firms such as
Waterfords and Lalique. From about 1960 onwards there have been an increasing
number of small studios hand-producing glass artworks, and glass artists began to
class themselves as in effect sculptors working in glass, and their works as part fine
arts.

In the 21st century, scientists observing the properties of ancient stained glass
windows, in which suspended nanoparticles prevent UV light from causing chemical
reactions that change image colours, are developing photographic techniques that use
similar stained glass to capture true colour images of Mars for the 2019 ESA Mars
Rover mission.

1.4. GLASS CONCRETE:

Glass is a unique inert material that could be recycled many times without
changing its chemical properties. A major concern regarding the use of glass in
concrete is the chemical reaction that takes place between silica-rich glass particles
and the alkali in the pore solution of concrete, i.e., alkali-silica reaction. This reaction
can be very detrimental to the stability of concrete, unless appropriate precautions are
taken to minimize its effects. Such preventive actions could be achieved by
incorporating a suitable Pozzolanic material such as fly ash, silica fume, or ground
blast furnace slag in the concrete mix at appropriate proportions. Soda lime glass of <
100 mesh was effective against alkali-silica reaction. The most widely used fine
aggregate for the making of concrete is the natural sand mined from the riverbeds.
However the availability of river sand for the preparation of concrete is becoming
scarce due to the excessive non-scientific methods of mining from the riverbeds,
lowering of water table, sinking of the bridge piers, etc. are becoming common treats.
The present scenario demands identification of substitute materials for the river sand

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for making concrete. Recently, some attempts have been made to use ground glass as
a replacement in concrete. The objective of this paper is to present the results of
experimental investigations on physical and mechanical properties of concrete made
with sheet glass powder concrete. Natural fine aggregate is substituted by weight by
sheet glass powder at rates varying from 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 percentages.
Compressive, tension, and flexural strength are evaluate and compared up to 180 days
of ages.
Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet
glassware, glass, bottles, and vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling.
The use of recycled glass in new container helps save of energy. The amount of waste
glass is gradually increased over the recent years due to an ever growing use of glass
products. When waste glasses are reused in making concrete products, the production
cost of concrete will go down. Crushed glass or cullet, if properly sized and processed,
can exhibit characteristics application to that of gravel or sand.
However, deleterious alkali-silica reaction might occur in glass concrete due to
its high silica constituent. Some solutions have been formed to alleviate alkali-silica
reaction, but these solutions have some limitations which made it still particularly
important to investigate the utilization of glass in concrete. The limitations include the
long-term inspecting of the effectiveness of alkali-silica reaction suppressants.

Fig. 1.1. APPEARANCE OF GLASS POWDER

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1.5. Significance of the work:

The use of recycled glass as aggregate greatly enhances the aesthetic appeal of
the concrete. Recent research findings have shown that concrete made with recycled
glass aggregate have shown better long term strength and better thermal insulation due
to its better thermal properties of the glass aggregates(Samtur.H.R,1974, Seung Bum
Park and Bong-Chum Lee,2004). When tested for the compressive strength values at
the 10 %, 20%, and 30 % aggregate replacement by waste glass with 0 10mm
particle size were 3%, 8% and 5% above the value of conventional concrete. It has
been concluded that 30% glass powder could be incorporated as cement replacement
in concrete without any long-term detrimental effects. Upto 50% of both fine and
coarse aggregate could also be replaced in concrete of 32 MPa strength grade with
acceptable strength development properties. Used glass waste, which is cylindrical in
shape, prevents crack propagation in concrete structures. From the research carried out
on glass powder by the authors, it was found that glass of particle size 1.18 to 2.36
mm produced the highest expansion where as low expansion was observed at smaller
particle sizes(Idir.R,Cyr.M and Tagnit Hamou.A,2009). It was observed that with a
30% replacement of sand by amber waste glass content of particle size 75m, the
compressive strength of concrete increase 25% at 7 days and 35% when tested for 28
days strength (Pereira de Oliveira. L.A, J.P. Castro Gomes, P. Santos, 2008). This
effect provide ample evidence that waste glass sand can be used together to produce
concretes with relative high strength without any adverse reaction. Particle sizes under
that threshold had no effect on length variations
In fact, data reported in the literature show that if the waste glass is finely
ground, under 75 m. this effect does not occur and mortar durability is increased
(Mageswari.L.M and B.Vidivelli, 2010). The tensile and flexural strength are
adversely affected by the addition on waste to replace the virgin aggregate, at a
replacement level of 30 % for the fine aggregate, the tensile strength decreased by 3%,
in comparison to the control conventional concrete(Seung Bum Park and BongChum
Lee,2004).

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. GENERAL:
Concrete is most widely used man made construction material and its demand
is increasing day by day. The use of river sand as fine aggregate leads to exploitation
of natural resources, lowering of water table, sinking of bridge piers and erosion of
river bed. If fine aggregate is replaced by waste glass by specific percentage and in
specific size range, it will decrease fine aggregate content and thereby reducing the ill
effects of river dredging and thus making concrete manufacturing industry
sustainable. The amount of waste glass produced has gradually increased over the
recent years due to an ever growing use of glass products. Most waste glass has and is
being dumped into landfill sites. The land filling of waste glass is undesirable because
waste glass is non-biodegradable which makes them environmentally less friendly.
Utilization of this waste is the need of the hour. There is huge potential for using
waste glass in the concrete construction sector. When waste glasses are reused in
making concrete products, the production cost of concrete will go down. This move
will serve two purposes; first, it will be environment friendly; second, it will utilize
waste in place of precious and relatively costlier natural resources.

2.2. PAPERS REVIEWED:

Shayan and Xu reported fine glass powder for incorporation into concrete up
to 30% as a pozzolanic material suppressed the ASR. Hence the size of waste glass
used was in the range 0-1.18mm. In this research, fine aggregates were partially
replaced by waste glass as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. Concrete specimens
were tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, durability (water
absorption) and light weight nature for different waste glass percentages. The results
obtained were compared with results of normal M-25 concrete mix and it was found
that maximum increase in compressive strength occurred for the concrete mix
containing 20% waste glass as fine aggregate. With increase in waste glass content,
water absorption decreased indicating increase in durability. Density of concrete

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decreased with increase in waste glass content thus making concrete light weight in
nature. This paper summarized the behaviour of concrete involving replacement of
fine aggregates by waste glass as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40 % by weight which may
help to reduce the disposal problems of waste glass and enhance properties of
concrete.
T.Sekar et al (2011) suggested that the compressive strength of concrete cubes
made with ceramic insulator and glass insulator were found to be 16% and 26.34%
lesser respectively than that of conventional concrete. Veera Reddy (2010) concluded
that replacement of coarse aggregate by ceramic scrap in excess of 20%, leads to
reduction of strength below conventional mix (MC). KamelK. Alzboon et al (2009)
indicated that the using of slurry sludge as a source of water in concrete production
has insignificant effect on compression strength, whereas it has a sharp effect on the
slump values. P. Turgutet al (2009) suggested that the replacement of Fine aggregate
by fine glass (FG) at level of 20% by weight had a significant effect on the
compression, tension and flexure properties of concrete paving block samples as
compared with the control sample.
F.A. Olutoge (2010) concluded that increase in percentage of sawdust or palm
kernel shells in concrete slabs led to a corresponding reduction in both flexural and
compressive strength values. A weight reduction of 14.5% and 17.9% was achieved
for sawdust and PKS replacement slabs respectively. It is also seen that the reduction
in cost up to 7.43% can be achieved for every cubic meter of slab production with use
of sawdust or palm kernel shell. Nima Farzadnia et al (2011) suggested that the
materials are characterized by improved mechanical and durability properties resulting
from the use of chemical and mineral admixtures as well as specialized production
processes and also it reviews the incorporation of mineral admixtures in binary,
ternary and quaternary blended mortars in concrete.
Chi sing lam, chi sun poon and Dixon Chan, 2007 has told that attempts has
been made in using crushed glass as fine aggregate in the replacement of river sand.
Christopher cheeseman, 2011 has suggested that the crushed glass was also used as
coarse aggregate in concrete production but due to its flat and elongated nature which
enhances the decrease in the workability and attributed the drop in compressive

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strength. Federio.L.M and Chidiac S.E, 2001, Jin.W, Meyer. C and Baxter. S, 2000
has concluded that glass is amorphous material with high silica content, thus making it
potentially pozzolanic when particle size is less than 75m. Studies have shown that
finely ground glass does not contribute to alkali silica reaction.
Christopher cheeseman, 2011, Mageswari.L.M and B.Vidivelli, 2010 has
suggested that a high amount of waste glass as aggregate is known to decrease the
concrete unit weight. The fact that glass has high silica content has led to laboratory
studies on its feasibility as a raw material in cement manufacture. The use of finely
divided glass powder as a cement replacement material has yielded positive results
(Malik Batayneh, Iqbal Marie, Ibrahim Asi, 2007); Optimal dosage range of this glass
powder is chosen based on cement paste studies. Selected properties of the glass
powder modified mixtures are compared with the properties of conventional concrete
(C. Meyer, S. Baxter and W. Jin, 1996, Narayanan Neithalath and Nathan Schwarz,
2009). The ultimate aim of this work is to ascertain the performance of concretes
containing glass powder and compare it with the performance of conventional
concretes.
Hanle et al. 2012 has reproduced an information that the energy and carbon-
intensity of cement production (embodied energy 5.3 MJ/kg; CO2 footprint 0.97
kg/kg) () has been a subject of emphasis recently to make concrete a more
environmentally friendly product. Greener concretes can be produced by
incorporating recycled or industrial waste materials instead of the virgin aggregates
and Portland cement. One such technology that was explored in this project is based
on utilizing post-consumer glass cullet (i.e., crushed bottle glass) as fine aggregates in
concrete along with the use of fly ash (a by-product of coal-based electricity
production) as partial Portland cement replacement.
Information gathered by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) in 2010 states that only 27.1% (3.13 million tons) of the 11.53
million tons of post-consumer glass (i.e., glass bottles and window plates) generated
annually in the United States is currently recycled (Municipal 2011). The remaining
72.9% of post-consumer glass is discarded along with other household wastes into
landfills. Of the 3.13 million tons of glass collected for recycling, 80% is recycled into

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new glass (Reindl 2003). The other 20% (approximately 600,000 tons/year) is
subsequently stockpiled or sent back to landfills. The main reason behind imperfect
recycling of the collected glass is the transportation costs associated with shipping
glass from collection points to glass melting facilities. This problem is specifically
acute in densely populated areas (e.g., North-eastern States) as well as remote areas
(e.g., Hawaii and Rocky Mountain States). Other factors contributing to lowering the
recycling rate of glass includes mixed glass colours in waste streams and deleterious
organics (Reindl 2003). This research is focused on developing durable concrete
materials that can allow incorporation of those 600,000 tons/yr. of glass cullet as fine
aggregates into concrete. Such concrete mixtures will be termed Glass Crete in this
report.
According to findings published by the University of Dundee in 2005, 1.85
million tonnes of glass cullet, derived from Waste Glass (WG), are collected in the
UK each year. The biggest proportion of glass cullet is returned for new glass
production but the remaining surplus of WG needs alternative markets. Waste glass is
not bio-degradable and therefore rational consideration for alternative utilization
dictates a diversion of waste glass away from landfill disposal sites. Currently, the use
of waste glass in the construction industry is in the form of fibreglass, abrasives, or as
low-value filler, but its applications are constantly being revised in an effort to achieve
most sustainable solutions. The reuse of WG in concrete has recently captured
attention not only as secondary aggregate, but also as a substitute for Portland cement
in concrete, Bignozzi, M. C., et al. Extensive research funded by Waste and Resources
Action Programme (WRAP) has been carried out on WG inclusion in Portland cement
concrete by Byars, E. A. et al . The research findings indicate that WG can be used as
aggregate or as partial Portland cement substitute in concrete.
Poutos et al, found that glass has an accelerating effect on the strength
development of concrete when glass is used as an aggregate due to the thermal
properties of glass. However, Byars, E. A. et al, has pointed out that the main
deficiency of incorporating WG aggregates, either in form of coarse or fine fraction, is
the resultant Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) which undermines strength of concrete.
Although mineral additives such as PFA or GGBS are also used in concrete mix to

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suppress Alkalis Silica reaction, the feasibility of long-term use of glass aggregates is
questionable.
As pointed out by Neville, A. M., Glass is too valuable to be thrown away
as aggregate: glass should be recycled as glass. Closed-loop recycling is thought to be
a more viable option in terms of sustainability and cost. Meanwhile demand for waste
glass aggregate largely depends on location, transport costs and scarcity of natural
aggregates. The application of waste glass as finely ground additive (FGMA) in
concrete represents a potential option for waste glass recycling. Use of powdered glass
in concrete as alternative binder would help to decrease consumption of Portland
cement. According to Neville, A. M., carbon dioxide emissions caused by production
of Portland cement comprise 7% of global anthropogenic pollution.
Work carried out on Glass concrete by Anderson, J. E.; suggest that for
every ton of cement clinker produced, 579 kg of CO2 gas is emitted solely from
chemical reaction, regardless of the process used or the fuel efficiency. Replacement
of Portland cement with powdered glass in concrete would substantially reduce carbon
dioxide emissions.
Furthermore, research findings by Perkins, G. D., and glass powder possess
analogous technical characteristics to Portland cement. Glass is rich in silica and if
finely ground it exhibits pozzolanic properties. His work confirmed earlier works by
Shayan, A., Xu, A., who found that 30 - 70 % of cement in concrete mixtures can be
replaced by glass powder without compromising the technical properties of the
concrete.
Other findings by Pereira de Oliveira, L. A., et al, indicate that by reducing
glass particle size, pozzolanic reactivity is enhanced and attacks like ASR reduces
until risk of ASR is totally eliminated. The main aim of the research presented is to
assess the pozzolanic and sustainability potential of WG through a range of tests using
finely ground waste glass as partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete.
T R Naik and Reni Mullukattil Lukose by their research work give the
necessary suggestions for use of foundry sand and GP as an aggregate replacement
through the Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering and Journal
of Research in Modern Engineering and Emerging Technology. However detailed

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quantitative data on the various beneficial applications of foundry sand and glass
powder have not been well documented in the past.
. From the research carried out on glass powder by Idir.R,Cyr.M and
Tagnit Hamou.A,2009, it was found that glass of particle size 1.18 to 2.36 mm
produced the highest expansion where as low expansion was observed at smaller
particle sizes (). It was observed that with a 30% replacement of cement by amber
waste glass content of particle size 75m along with fly ash, the compressive strength
of concrete increase 25% at 7 days and 35% when tested for 28 days strength (Pereira
de Oliveira. L.A, J.P. Castro Gomes, P. Santos, 2008).
Multon et al 2008, Newes and Zsuzsanna 2006, Xie and Xiang 2003,
Zdenek et al 2000, Crais Polley et al 1998, Johnston 1974, Schmidt and Sain 1963
has investigated the effect of using the waste glass on mechanical properties of
concrete. Their results indicated that the waste glass aggregate generally reduced
strength. They attributed this behaviour to that the silica in glass can be highly
reactive with the alkalis in cement paste. This reaction can lead to expansion and
cracking of concrete (Alkali-Silica reaction or ASR).
Recently, an experimental work has been studied by AL-Rubaie 2007 to
evaluate the properties of concrete mixes containing waste glass as partial replacement
up to 20% by volume of sand. The results indicate that the concrete mixes containing
waste glass show slightly reduction in compressive and tensile strength as compared
with reference mixes. In this experimental study, the effect of using locally available
waste windows glass as fine aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete was
investigated. The specimens of concrete and mortar were tested for compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture and expansion for various ages
and glass proportions ranging from 0 to 40 % by weight of sand.

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CHAPTER-3
AIM AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION

3.1 GENERAL:
In recent years, there is a growing interest for using waste glass in concrete.
This interest has been aggravated by the large amount of waste glass available from
empty bottles, waste windows glass and containers. If such glass could be consumed
in concrete, it would significantly decrease the disposal of waste glass and solve some
of environmental problems. The use of waste glass as aggregate in concrete has been
attempted recently. Using such glass as a construction material is among the most
strictly choice because of the potentially reducing the cost of glass disposal and
concrete production.
3.2. AIM:

To evaluate the utility of glass powder as a partial replacement of fine

aggregate in concrete.
To study and compare the performance conventional concrete and glass powder
concrete.
To understand the effectiveness of glass powder in strength enhancement.
The main parameter studied is compressive strength and their results are
studied.
Compare the values obtained in conventional concrete and GP as a fine
aggregate replacement and results are plotted.
The utilization of glass powder which can be called as manufactured sand has
been accepted as a building material in the industrially advanced countries. As a result
of sustained research and developmental works undertaken with respect to increasing
application of this industrial waste, the level of utilization of glass powder in the
industrialized nations has been reached more than 60% of its total production. The use
of manufactured sand in India has not been much popular, when compared to some
advanced countries.

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3.3 SCOPE
The government of India has targeted the year 2010 and 2011 for providing
housing for all. Such large scale housing construction activities require huge amount
of money. Out of the total cost of house construction, building materials contribute to
about 70 percent costs in developing countries like India. Therefore the need of hour
is replacement of costly and scarce conventional building materials by innovative, cost
effective and environment friend by alternate building materials. Since glass mixed
concrete showed an enhanced mechanical performance and also has non substance
deemed as toxic was leached, it can be used as a building raw materials. Therefore in
this investigation, possibilities of using glass powder for various purposes were
examined and reported.

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CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS INVESTIGATION

4.1 GENERAL
The materials used in the present investigation and their properties are briefly
discussed below.
4.2 CEMENT
OPC 43 Grade Sankar cement was used in this investigation. The quantity
required for this work was assessed and the entire quantity was purchased and stored
properly in casting yard. The following tests were conducted in accordance with IS
codes.
1. Specific gravity (Le Chatelier flask) (IS: 1727-1967)
2. Standard consistency (IS: 4031 1988 Part 4)
3. Initial setting time (IS: 4031 1988 Part 5)
4. Final setting time (IS: 4031 1988 Part 5)

Fig 4.1 CEMENT

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4.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY (LE CHATELIER FLASK) (IS: 1727-1967):

PROCEDURE:
Specific gravity of pozzolanic shall be determined on the material as received,
unless otherwise specified.
Fill the flask with kerosene or naphtha to a point on the stem between the zero
and the 1 ml mark and replace the stopper. Then immerse the flask in a constant
temperature water bath, maintained at about room temperature for sufficient interval
to avoid greater than 0.2C in the temperature of the liquid in the flask. Take the
reading of the liquid in the flask.
Introduce a weighed quantity of pozzolanic into flask, taking care that no
portion of it adheres to the inside of the flask above the liquid, by slightly vibrating
the flask. Replace the stopper and roll the flask in an inclined position to expel any
bubble in the pozzolanic, the level of the liquid will be in its final position at some
point of the upper series of graduations. The reading shall be taken after the flasks
immersed in the eater bath.
Note 1 A rubber pad on the table may be used when filling or rolling the flask.
The flask may be held in a vertical position in the water bath by means of a
burette clamp.
Calculation: The difference between the first and final readings represents the volume
of liquid displaced by the weight of cement used in the test. Specific gravity shall be
calculated as follows:

Specific gravity =

4.2.2 STANDARD CONSISTENCY (IS: 4031 1988 PART 4):

PROCEDURE:
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which
will permit the Vicat plunger G shown in IS : 5513-l 976*to penetrate to a point 5 to 7
mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould when the cement paste is tested as described
in 5.2 to 5.4.

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Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of Cement with a weighed quantity of

potable or distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3
minutes, nor more than 5 min, and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of
setting occurs. The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding water to the
dry cement until commencing to fill the mould. Fill the Vicat mould E with this paste,
the mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After completely filling the mould,
smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould. The
mould may be slightly shaken to expel the a.ir.
Clean appliances shall be used for In filling the mould, the operators hand on
the blade of the gauging trowel shall alone be used.
Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate,
under the rod bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the
test block, and quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste. This operation shah
be carried out immediately after filling the mould.
Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described
above until the amount of water necessary for making up the standard consistency as
defined in 5.1 is found.

4.2.3 INITIAL SETTING TIME (IS: 4031 1988 Part 5):

Determination of Initial Setting Time:
Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate,
under the rod bearing the needle ( C ); lower the needle gently until it comes in
contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate
into the test block. In. the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block.
Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and
released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond5.0 0.5 mm measured
from the bottom of the mould. The period elapsing between the time when water is
added to the cement and the time at which the needle fails to pierce the test block to a
point 5.0 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting
time.

18
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4.2.4 FINAL SETTING TIME (IS: 4031 1988 PART 5):

Determination of Final Setting Time:

Replace the needle (C) of the Vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular
attachment ( F ).The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the
needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon,
while the attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time when water
is added to the cement and the time at which the needle makes an impression on the
surface of test block while the attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.
In the event of a scum forming on the surface of the test block, use the underside of
the block for the determination.

TABLE 4.1
1 Specific Gravity 3.10

2 Standard consistency 31.5%

3 Setting time

(i) Initial setting time 57 min

(ii) Final setting time 4 hour

4 Soundness test (Le- Chateliers test) 0.95mm

19
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4.3 FINE AGGREGATE:

Fig 4.2 FINE AGGREGATE

The fine aggregate used in this investigation was clean river sand and the
following tests were carried out on sand as per IS: 2386- 1968 (III).

1. Sieve analysis and fineness modulus

2. Water absorption test on fine aggregate
3. Specific gravity of sand
4. Voids in sand

4.3.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS AND FINENESS MODULUS:

Sample Taken = 2000 g

IS Sieve Size Wt of fine Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative

aggregate Wt of fine Wt % of fine Wt % of fine
retained in aggregate aggregate aggregate
each sieve retained retained passing
4.75 43 43 2.15 97.85
2.36 56 99 4.95 95.05

20
`

1.16 232 331 16.55 83.45

600 579 910 45.5 54.5
300 704 1614 80.7 19.3
150 333 1947 97.35 2.65
90 36 1983 99.15 0.85
75 8 1991 99.55 0.45
Receiver 9 2000 - 100
Total 2000 445.9

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate =

= = 4.46

Fig 4.3 SIEVE ANALYSIS TESTING MACHINE

21
`

FIGURE 4.4
120

percentage Passing (%) 100 97.85

95.05

80 83.45

60
54.5
40

19.3 20

2.65 0
0.1 1
Sieves in (mm)

4.3.2 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE:

Sample Specimen = 200 g

Weight of Specimen + container = 470 g (W1)
Weight of Specimen water absorbed + container = 477 g (W2)

% of water absorption =( ) ( )

Water absorption of course aggregate = 1.5%

4.3.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND:

Sample = 200 g
Weight of pycnometer (W1 g) = 453 g
Weight of pycnometer + Dry sand (W2 g) = 0.653 g
Weight of pycnometer + sand + water (W3 g) = 1.33 g
Weight of pycnometer + water (W4g) = 1.210

Specific gravity of sand =

=2.632

22
`

4.3.4 VOIDS IN SAND:

Weight of pycnometer (W1 g) = 660 g

Weight of pycnometer + Dry sand (W2 g) = 2012 g
Weight of pycnometer + water (W3 g) = 1515 g
Weight of sand (W1-W2) g = 1352 g
Weight of water in pycnometer (W3-W1) g = 855 g

Bulk Density = g/cc

Specific gravity (G) = 2.6 for sand

% of Voids = ) x 100 = = 38.46%

TABLE 4.2
1 Sieve analysis and fineness modulus 4.46

2 Water absorption test on fine aggregate 1.5%

3 Specific gravity of sand 2.632

4 Voids in sand 38.46%

23
`

4.4 COARSE AGGREGATE:

Fig 4.5 COARSE AGGREGATE

In the present investigation, locally available crushed blue granite stone
aggregate of size 20 mm and down, was used and the various tests, carried out on the
aggregates, are given below.

1. Sieve analysis for course aggregate

2. Water absorption test on course aggregate
3. Specific gravity of course aggregate
4. Aggregate impact test

4.4.1 AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST:

Weight of the empty cup W1g = 1.714

Weight of the cup with aggregate W2g = 2.286
Weight of aggregate passing through sieve W3 g = 0.41

Aggregate impact test = =

= 71.6%

24
`

Fig 4.6 AGGREGATE IMPACT TESTING MACHINE

4.4.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE:

Sample Taken = 1000 g

IS Sieve Size Wt of course Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative

aggregate Wt of course Wt % of Wt % of
retained in aggregate course course
each sieve retained aggregate aggregate
retained passing
20 169 169 16.9 83.1
16 450 619 61.9 38.1
12.5 312 931 93.1 6.9
10 54 985 98.5 1.5
6.3 4 989 98.9 1.1

25
`

4.75 6 995 99.5 0.5

Receiver 5 1000 - -
Total 1000 g

Fineness modulus of course aggregate

= = = 4.7

FIGURE 4.7
90
83.1
80
70
% of passing

60
50 38.1
40
30
20
6.9
10 1.1 1.5
0.5
0
4.75 6.3 10 12.5 16 20
sieve size

4.4.3 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COURSE AGGREGATE:

Sample Specimen = 200 g

Weight of Specimen + container = 491 g (W1)
Weight of Specimen water absorbed + container = 494 g (W2)

% of water absorption =( ) ( )

Water absorption of course aggregate = 0.6%

26
`

4.4.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COURSE AGGREGATE:

Sample = 200 g
Weight of pycnometer (W1 g) =0. 453 g
Weight of pycnometer + Dry sand (W2 g) = 0.655 g
Weight of pycnometer + sand + water (W3 g) = 1.138 g
Weight of pycnometer + water (W4g) = 1.013 g

Specific gravity of sand =

=2.623

TABLE 4.3

1 Sieve analysis for course aggregate 4.7

2 Water absorption test on course aggregate 0.6%

3 Specific gravity of course aggregate 2.623

4 aggregate impact test 71.6%

5 Percentage of voids 39.02%

4.5 WATER:
Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and
rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. As a chemical
compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are
connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and
pressure, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice; and gaseous state,
steam (water vapour). It also exists as snow, fog, dew and cloud.

27
`

Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms even though it provides
no calories or organic nutrients. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the
last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people
still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack accesses to
adequate sanitation. There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and gross
domestic product per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025
more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A
report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions
of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%. Water plays an important role
in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical
substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of
the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture.

TABLE 4.4 Properties of Water

Property Remarks Importance to the

environment

Physical state Only substance occurring Transfer of heat between

naturally in all three phases as ocean and atmosphere by
solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's phase change
surface

Dissolving Dissolves more substances in Important in chemical,

ability greater quantities than any other physical, and biological
common liquid processes

Density: mass Density is determined by (1) Controls oceanic vertical

per unit volume temperature, (2) salinity, and (3) circulation, aids in heat
pressure, in that order of distribution, and allows
importance. The temperature of seasonal stratification

28
`

maximum density for pure water

is 4 C. For seawater, the freezing
point decreases with increasing
salinity

Surface tension Highest of all common liquids Controls drop formation in

rain and clouds; important in
cell physiology

Conduction of Highest of all common liquids Important on the small scale,

heat especially on cellular level

Heat capacity Highest of all common solids and Prevents extreme range in
liquids Earth's temperatures (i.e.,
great heat moderator)

Latent heat of Highest of all common liquids Thermostatic heat-regulating

fusion and most solids effect due to the release of
heat on freezing and
absorption on melting

Latent heat of Highest of all common Immense importance: a major

vaporization substances factor in the transfer of heat in
and between ocean and
atmosphere, driving weather
and climate

Refractive index Increases with increasing salinity Objects appear closer than in
and decreases with increasing air
temperature

Transparency Relatively great for visible light; Important for photosynthesis

absorption high for infrared and
ultraviolet

29
`

Sound Good compared with other fluids Allows for sonar and precision
transmission depth recorders to rapidly
determine water depth, and to
detect subsurface features and
animals; sounds can be heard
great distances underwater

Compressibility Only slight Density changes only slightly

with pressure/depth

Boiling and Unusually high Allows water to exist as a

melting points liquid on most of Earth

4.6 GLASS POWDER:

The utilization of glass powder which can be called as manufactured sand has
been accepted as a building material in the industrially advanced countries. As a result
of sustained research and developmental works undertaken with respect to increasing
application of this industrial waste, the level of utilization of glass powder in the
industrialized nations has been reached more than 60% of its total production.
The use of manufactured sand in India has not been much popular, when
compared to some advanced countries.
The physical and chemical properties of foundry sand used in this project are
listed in Table 4.6 and 4.7 respectively.

30
`

Table 4.5 Physical Properties of Glass Powder

Property Glass Powder

Specific Gravity 2.4-2.8

Bulk Density 2.53

Moisture Content (%) Nil

Fine Particles less than 0.075mm (%) 12-15

Table 4.6 Chemical Properties of Glass Powder

Constituents Glass Powder (%)

Silica (SiO2) 72.5

Alumina (Al2O3) 01.06

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 0.36

Lime (CaO) 8

Magnesia(MgO) 4.18

Sodium Oxide (Na2O) 13.1

Potassium Oxide(K2O) 0.26

Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 0.18

4.6.1. Optical properties:

Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions

that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not
generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but
their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in diffuse reflection.

31
`

Glass does not contain the internal subdivisions associated with grain boundaries in
polycrystals and hence does not scatter light in the same manner as a polycrystalline
material. The surface of a glass is often smooth since during glass formation the
molecules of the super cooled liquid are not forced to dispose in rigid crystal
geometries and can follow surface tension, which imposes a microscopically smooth
surface. These properties, which give glass its clearness, can be retained even if glass
is partially light-absorbing.

Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical
optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows.
Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding
low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown
glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as
(classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic
oxides of zirconium, titanium, or barium. This high-index glasses (inaccurately known
as crystal when used in glass vessels cause more chromatic dispersion of light, and
are prized for their diamond-like optical properties.
4.6.2. Structure:

As in other amorphous solids, the atomic structure of a glass lacks any long-
range translational periodicity. Due to chemical bonding characteristics glasses do
possess a high degree of short-range order with respect to local atomic polyhedral.

Fig 4.8 STRUCTURE OF GLASS

32
`

The amorphous structure of glassy silica (SiO2) in two dimensions. No long-

range order is present, although there is local ordering with respect to
the tetrahedral arrangement of oxygen (O) atoms around the silicon (Si) atoms.

4.6.3. Formation from a super cooled liquid:

In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid

formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe
any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is
sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization
is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the cooled liquid is
frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while
quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity
theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its
crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in a tactic polymer,
there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase.

Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase
transition where certain thermodynamic variables such
as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range.
The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition
where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat
capacity are discontinuous. Despite this, the equilibrium theory of phase
transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot
be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids.

Glass is an amorphous solid. It exhibits an atomic structure close to that

observed in the super cooled liquid phase but displays all the mechanical properties of
a solid. The notion that glass flows to an appreciable extent over extended periods of
time is not supported by empirical research or theoretical analysis (see viscosity of
amorphous materials). Laboratory measurements of room temperature glass flow do
show a motion consistent with a material viscosity on the order of 10171018 Pa s.

33
`

Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in

a super cooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition
temperature. A super cooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing
point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is
added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting
transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude,
indicating that the change in active degrees is comparable as well. Both in a glass and
in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active,
whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both
crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time
scales.

4.6.4. Behaviour of antique glass:

The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the
bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass
flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass was once
uniform but has flowed to its new shape, which is a property of liquid. This
assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the
observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made
by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round,
mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was
then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk
became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the
glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to
prevent water accumulating in the lead camesat the bottom of the
window. Occasionally such glass has been found thinner side down or thicker on
either side of the window's edge.

Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a
similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table

34
 `

and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located
at the centre of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with
no uniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centred in one of the
panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for
windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness.

NUMBER OF SPECIMENS:

Concrete cube compressive strength - 24 Nos

.
NAME OF SPECIMEN:
CC - Control Concrete (0%)
S10 - 10% of sand replaced by glass powder
S30 - 30% of sand replaced by glass powder
S50 - 50% of sand replaced by glass powder

TABLE 4.7 Specifications of Materials

% of GLASS(gm.) WATER(l) CEMENT(gm.) FINE COARSE

glass AGGREGATE(gm.) AGGREGATE(gm.)

0% - 4.4 8800 12800 27800

10% 1280 4.4 8800 11520 27800

20% 2560 4.4 8800 10240 27800

30% 3840 4.4 8800 8960 27800

35
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CHAPTER-5
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURES

5.1 GENERAL
The experimental setup and procedures for conducting tests for concrete are
explained below.

5.2 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS:

The standard size of specimen
Cube
The mould is metal preferable.
The concrete is made in proper proportion and fill the cube in proper
layer.
Using manual mean the compaction is down.
After removed the specimen in the mould and stored in water for
specified (7, 14, 28) curing days.

5.3 TESTING PROCEDURE:

The compression testing machine is used for test
The cube specimen is placed horizontally between the loading surface
and applied load continuously up to the specimen get failed.
The maximum load is applied to the specimen is recorded.
The recorded value is the compressive strength of concrete
Test result

5.4 COMPACTING:
The test specimens are made as soon as neither practicable after mixing and in
such a way as to procedure full compaction of the concrete with neither segregation
nor excessive laitance. The concrete is filled in to the mould in layers approximately
5cm deep.

36
`

5.4.1 Compacting by variation:

When compacting by vibration, each layer is vibrated by means of an electric
or pneumatic hammer or vibration or by means of a suitable vibrating table until the
specified condition is attained. The mode and quantum of vibration of the laboratory
specimen shall be as nearly the same as those adopted in actual concerting operations.
Care must be taken while compacting the high slum concrete, which is
generally placed by pumping. If care is not taken severe segregation takes places in
the mould, which results in low strength when specimens are crushed. The specimen
would be crushing the strength of concrete.

5.5 CURING:
Because the cement requires time to fully hydrate before it acquires strength
and hardness, concrete must be cured once it has been placed. Curing is the process of
keeping concrete under a specific environmental condition until hydration is relatively
complete. Good curing typically considered to use a moist environment which
promotes hydration ,since increased to use a moist environment which promotes
hydration, since increased hydration lowers permeability and increase strength
,resulting in a higher quality material. Allowing the concrete surface to dry out
excessively can result in tensile stress, which the still-hydration interior cannot with
stand, causing the concrete to crack. Also the amount of heat generated by the
chemical process of hydration can be problematic for very large placements. Allowing
the concrete to freeze in cold climates before the curing is complete will interrupt the
hydration process, reducing the concrete strength and leading to scaling and other
damage of failure.

37
`

Fig.5.1. CURING OF CONCRETE

5.6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

5.6.1 Compressive Strength Test:

Concrete cubes of size 150mm150mm150mm were cast with and without

glass powder. During casting, the cubes were mechanically vibrated using a table
vibrator. After 24 hours, the specimens were demoulded and subjected to curing for
28 days in portable water. After curing, the specimens were tested for compressive
strength using compression testing machine of 2000KN capacity. The maximum load
at failure was taken. The average compressive strength of concrete and mortar
specimens was calculated by using the following equation 5.1.

Compressive strength (N/mm2) = (5.1)

The tests were carried out on a set of triplicate specimens and the average compressive
strength values were taken.

38
`

5.6.2 Split Tensile Strength Test:

Concrete cylinders of size 150 mm diameter and 300mm length were cast with
incorporating glass powder as partial replacement of sand and cement. During casting,
the cylinders were mechanically vibrated using a table vibrator. After 24 hours, the
specimens were demoulded and subjected to curing for 28 days in portable water.
After curing, the cylindrical specimens were tested for split tensile strength using
compression testing machine of 2000kN capacity. The ultimate load was taken and the
average split tensile strength was calculated using the equation 5.2.

Split tensile strength (N/mm2) = (5.2)

Where,

P=Ultimate load at failure (N),

L=Length of cylindrical specimen (mm),

D=Diameter of cylindrical specimen (mm).

The tests were carried out on a set of triplicate specimens and the average
tensile strength values were taken.

39
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CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1. GENERAL:
In the recent, various attempts and research have been made to use ground
glass as a replacement in conventional ingredients in concrete production as a part of
green house management. A major concern regarding the use of glass in concrete is
the chemical reaction that takes place between the silica rich glass particle and the
alkali in pore solution of concrete, which is called Alkali Silicate reaction can be
very detrimental to the stability of concrete, unless appropriate precautions are taken
to minimize its effects. ASR can be prevented or reduced by adding mineral
admixtures in the concrete mixture, common mineral admixtures used to minimize
ASR are pulverized fuel ash (PFA), silica fume(SF) and metkaolin (MK).A number of
studies have proven the suppressing ability of these materials on ASR. A high amount
of waste glass as aggregate is known to decrease the concrete unit weight (Christopher
cheeseman, 2011, Mageswari.L.M and B.Vidivelli, 2010). The fact that glass has high
silica content has led to laboratory studies on its feasibility as a raw material in cement
manufacture. The use of finely divided glass powder as a sand replacement material
has yielded positive results (Malek Batayneh, Iqbal Marie, Ibrahim ASI, 2007),
Optimal dosage range of this glass powder is chosen based on cement paste studies

6.2 GLASS POWDER REPLACEMENT FOR SAND

The following tests were conducted to examine the mechanical behaviours of
concrete incorporating glass powders as partial replacement of sand.
1. Compressive strength test on concrete specimens

40
`

Fig 6.1COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON CONCRTE CUBE

6.2.1. Compressive strength test on concrete cubes

The effect of glass powder substitution as a fine aggregate on the strength of
concrete is given in Table 6.2, which presents the 7, 14 and 28 day cube compressive
strength of concrete. A total number of 24 specimens were cast and tested shown in
graph. The unconfined compressive strength values of concrete mixtures with
different proportions of glass powder tested at 7, 14 and 28 days are also plotted in
Figure 6.1

41
`

TABLE 6.1
S.NO Mix Ultimate load (KN) Avg. Ultimate load Compressive
Identity ( KN) Strength N/mm2
7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28
Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days
1 CC 600 600 950 595 605 1030 26.45 26.89 45.78
590 610 1110
2 S10 450 390 650 450 420 720 20.00 18.67 32.00
450 450 790
3 S20 440 550 650 415 530 650 18.45 23.55 28.89
390 510 650
4 S30 430 550 660 470 555 715 20.89 24.67 31.78
510 560 770

FIGURE 6.2

30
Compressive strength at 7 days (N/mm2)

26.445
25 20.89
20
18.45
20

15

COMPRESSIVE
10 STRENGTH FOR 7
DAYS
5

0
0% 10% 20% 30%

Glass Powder replacement,%

42
`

FIGURE 6.3

Compressive strength at 14 days (N/mm2) 30

26.89 24.67
23.55
25
18.67

20

15
COMPRESSIVE
10 STRENGTH FOR 14
DAYS

0
0% 10% 20% 30%

Glass Powder replacement,%

FIGURE 6.3

50
45.78
Compressive strength at 28 days (N/mm2)

45

40
32
35 28.89 31.78
30

25
COMPRESSIVE
20 STRENGTH FOR 28
15 DAYS

10

0
0% 10% 20% 30%

Glass Powder replacement,%

43
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6.2.1.1 Results discussions

The test results indicate that for mixtures prepared using glass powder
replacement, the compressive strength of concrete has been decreased from control
specimen. However for mixtures with S10, S20 and S30 glass powder, the
compressive strength decreased rapidly. Mixture S10 yielded the 28 days compressive
strength of 32 N/mm2 compared with 45.78 N/mm2 for the control mixture. This
reduction in the compressive strength for concrete mixture with high glass powder
content is due to increase in free water content that result from the low water
absorption the characteristics of glass powder in comparison with fine aggregate. This
causes a considerable increase in the workability of the concrete and thus reduces
concrete strength.

44
`

Fig 6.5 FAILURES IN CONCRETE CUBES

45
`

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The paper presents the necessity of sustainable construction in present world

and the possibility of waste glass recycling and using into concrete production. The
study focuses on practical use of glass as coarse aggregate in concrete instead of stone
chips or brick chips. Stone chips are costly and needed to collect straight from natural
resource, brick chips are also expensive and its production causes environmental
pollution. In this context, it can be said that waste glass may open a new path of
economic and pollution free concrete construction if desired strength can be achieved.
During the study, maximum of 3889 psi compressive strength was found from several
mixes, which is quite acceptable; though rough textures in glass samples would have
provided better bond and better strength.
In recent future, the optimum mix will be cast for other W/C ratios and
different cement and fine aggregate ratios for achieving better strength. As glass
doesnt absorb water, it is expected that same mix will provide better strength in lower
W/C ratio. Admixtures like barium salts, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, lithium
hydroxide will be added further to reduce the ASR (alkali silica reaction). After
receiving the optimum combination, it will be required to do the durability test.

46
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APPENDIX I
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

For M20 Mix design was done by Indian Standard method.

i. Characteristic compressive strength = 20 N/mm2
ii. Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm
iii. Degree of workability = 0.9 (compaction factor)
iv. Degree of quality control = good
v. Type of exposure = mild
vi. Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
vii. Specific gravity of sand = 2.60
viii. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.62
ix. Sand confirms to Zone III

Step (1): Target Mean Strength of Concrete:

1. Target mean strength of concrete = 20+1.65 (4) (IS 456, IS 10262-1982)
= 26.6 N/mm2

Step (2): Selection of Water-Cement Ratio:

2. Water cement ratio for target mean strength = 0.50 (IS10262-1982, Fig-2)
(For W/C ratio = 0.5, Workability= 0.9 CF., Sand in Zone III)

Step (3): Selection of Water and Cement Content:

3. Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm
4. Water content per cubic meter of concrete=186 Kg (IS10262-198, Table 4)
5. Sand as percent of total aggregate by absolute volume = 35%
Adjustment as per table 6 in IS 102621982
Therefore, required sand as percentage of total by aggregate absolute
volume = 35-3.5 = 31.5%
Required water content = 189 litre/m3

47
`

Step (4): Determination of Cement Content:

6. Water / Cement ratio = 0.5
Water content = 189 l/m3
Cement = 378 Kg /m3

Step (5): Determination of Coarse and Fine Aggregate contents:

7. Fine Aggregate Calculation:
Percentage of entrapped air into the concrete for 20 mm size aggregate =
2%
The fine aggregate can be calculated by the following formula,
V = [W + (C/ SC) + (1/p)*(Fa / Sfa)] * (1/1000)
Where,
V - Absolute volume of fresh concrete
SC - Specific gravity of cement
W - Mass of water per cubic meter of concrete
P - Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume
Fa - Total mass of fine aggregate
Sfa - Specific gravity of fine aggregate
Ca - Total mass of coarse aggregate
Sca - Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
Therefore,
V = [W + (C/ SC) + (1/p)*( Fa / Sfa)] * (1/1000)
0.98 = [189+ (378 / 3.15) + (1/0.315) * (Fa / 2.60] * (1/1000)
Fa = 549.55 Kg/m3

8. To calculate coarse aggregate

Ca = [(1-P)/P x Fa x (Sca/ Sfa)
= [(1-0.315)/0.315 x 549.55 x (2.62/2.6)
= 1195.05 Kg/ m3

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Step (6): Mix Proportion:

9. Mix proportion by weight

Water: Cement: Sand: Coarse
189: 378: 549.55: 1195.05
0.5: 1: 1.45: 3.10

Fig 8.1 MIXING OF CONCRETE

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Fig 8.2 SLUMP CONE TEST

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