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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K.

Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Fundamentals

Pradeep K. Sinha
Priti Sinha

Chapter 1

Introduction
Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 1/17

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:

 Computer
 Data processing
 Characteristic features of computers
 Computers evolution to their present form
 Computer generations
 Characteristic features of each computer generation

Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 2/17

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer
 The word computer comes from the word compute,
which means, to calculate

 Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can


perform arithmetic operations at high speed

 A computer is also called a data processor because it can


store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired

Ref. Page 01 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 3/17

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Data Processing

The activity of processing data using a computer is called


data processing

Data Input Computer Output Information


(Raw material) (Data processor) (Finished product)

Data is raw material used as input to data processing and


information is processed data obtained as output

Ref. Page 01 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 4/17

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Characteristics of Computers
Sr.
Characteristics Description
No.

1 Automatic It carries out a job normally without any human intervention

It can perform several billion (109) simple arithmetic operations


2 Speed
per second

3 Accuracy It performs every calculation with the same accuracy

4 Diligence It is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration

5 Versatility It can perform a wide variety of tasks

It can store huge amount of information and can recall any piece
6 Memory
of this information whenever required

It cannot take its own decisions, and has to be instructed what


7 No I. Q.
to do and in what sequence

8 No Feelings It cannot make judgments based on feelings and instincts

Ref. Page 03 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 5/17

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Evolution of Computers

Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 6/17

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Evolution of Computers
 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding
machine in 1642
 Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first
calculator for multiplication in 1671
 Keyboard machines originated in the United States
around 1880
 Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept
of punched cards that were extensively used as input
media until late 1970s

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 03 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 7/17

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Evolution of Computers

 Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of


modern digital computers

 He designed Difference Engine in 1822

 He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in


1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions

 His efforts established a number of principles that


are fundamental to the design of any digital
computer

Ref. Page 03 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 8/17

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Some Well Known Early Computers

 The Mark I Computer (1937-44)


 The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)
 The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC)
(1943-46)
 The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC) (1946-52)
 The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)
(1947-49)
 Manchester Mark I (1948)
 The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) I (1951)
 IBM 701 (1952)
 IBM 650 (1953)

Ref. Page 05 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 9/17

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Generations

Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 10/17

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Generations
 Generation in computer talk is a step in technology. It
provides a framework for the growth of computer industry

 Originally it was used to distinguish between various


hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to
include both hardware and software

 Till today, there are five computer generations

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 04 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 11/17

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Generations

Key hardware Key software Key Some


Generation
representative
(Period) technologies technologies characteristics systems

First  Vacuum tubes  Machine and  Bulky in size  ENIAC


(1942-1955)  Electromagnetic assembly  Highly unreliable  EDVAC
relay memory languages  Limited commercial  EDSAC
 Punched cards  Stored program use and costly  UNIVAC I
secondary concept  Difficult commercial  IBM 701
storage  Mostly scientific production
applications  Difficult to use
Second  Transistors  Batch operating  Faster, smaller, more  Honeywell 400
(1955-1964)  Magnetic cores system reliable and easier to  IBM 7030
memory  High-level program than  CDC 1604
 Magnetic tapes programming previous generation
systems  UNIVAC LARC
 Disks for languages
secondary  Scientific and  Commercial
storage commercial production was still
applications difficult and costly

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 15 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 12/17

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Generations

Generation Key hardware Key software Key Some rep.


(Period) technologies technologies characteristics systems

Third  ICs with SSI and  Timesharing  Faster, smaller, more  IBM
(1964-1975) MSI technologies operating reliable, easier and 360/370
 Larger magnetic system cheaper to produce  PDP-8
cores memory  Standardization  Commercially, easier  PDP-11
 Larger capacity of high-level to use, and easier to  CDC 6600
disks and programming upgrade than
magnetic tapes languages previous generation
secondary storage  Unbundling of systems
 Minicomputers; software from  Scientific,
upward compatible hardware commercial and
family of interactive on-line
computers applications

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 15 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 13/17

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Generations
Generation Key hardware Key software Key Some rep.
(Period) technologies technologies characteristics systems
Fourth  ICs with VLSI  Operating systems  Small,  IBM PC
(1975-1989) technology for PCs with GUI and affordable, and its
 Microprocessors; multiple windows on reliable, and clones
semiconductor a single terminal easy to use PCs  Apple II
memory screen  More powerful  TRS-80
 Larger capacity hard  Multiprocessing OS and reliable  VAX 9000
disks as in-built with concurrent mainframe
programming systems and  CRAY-1
secondary storage
languages supercomputers  CRAY-2
 Magnetic tapes and
floppy disks as  UNIX operating  Totally general  CRAY-
portable storage media system purpose X/MP
 Personal computers  C and C++ machines
 Supercomputers based programming  Easier to
on parallel vector language produce
processing and  PC, Network-based, commercially
symmetric and supercomputing  Easier to
multiprocessing applications upgrade
technologies  Object-oriented  Rapid software
 Spread of high-speed design and development
computer networks programming possible

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 15 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 14/17

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Computer Generations

Generation Key hardware Key software Key Some rep.


(Period) technologies technologies characteristics systems
Fifth  ICs with ULSI  World Wide Web  Portable  IBM notebooks
(1989- technology  Multimedia, computers  Pentium PCs
Present)  Larger capacity Internet  Powerful,  SUN
main memory, applications cheaper, reliable, Workstations
hard disks with  Micro-kernel, and easier to use  IBM SP/2
RAID support multithreading, desktop machines
 SGI Origin 2000
 Optical disks as multicore OS  Very powerful
portable read-only mainframes  PARAM
 JAVA Supercomputers
storage media  MPI and PVM  High uptime due
 Notebooks, libraries for to hot-pluggable
powerful desktop parallel components
PCs and programming  General purpose
workstations machines
 Powerful servers,  Easier to produce
supercomputers commercially
 Internet
 Cluster computing

Ref. Page 15 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 15/17

Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha


Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different
Generations

(a) A Vacuum tube (b) A Transistor (c) An IC chip

Ref. Page 07 Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 16/17

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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Key Words/Phrases

 Computer  Integrated Circuit (IC)


 Computer generations  Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
 Computer Supported Cooperative  Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
Working (CSCW)  Microprocessor
 Data  Personal Computer (PC)
 Data processing  Second-generation computers
 Data processor  Small Scale Integration (SSI)
 First-generation computers  Stored program concept
 Fourth-generation computers  Third-generation computers
 Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO)  Transistor
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)  Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
 Groupware  Vacuum tubes
 Information

Chapter 01: Introduction Slide 17/17

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