MARCH 2014/ BIO310

PART A
1. State another name of erythrocytes
A. Red Blood Cell
B. White Blood Cell
C. Platelets
D. Lymph
2. Name the liquid portion of blood
A. Whole blood
B. Haematocrit
C. Plasma
D. Serum
3. Choose two heart chambers which pump oxygenated blood
A. Right and Left atria
B. Right and Left Ventricles
C. Right Atrium And Left Ventricles
D. Left atrium and Left ventricles
4. Identify the structure which delivers blood to the left atrium
A. Coronary sinus
B. Superior vena cava
C. Inferior vena cava
D. Pulmonary vein
5. Select the statement that is appropriate about the lymphatic system
A. In the spleen, reticular cells form a blood-splenic barrier
B. The thymus is an important filter for lymphatic fluid
C. The Tonsils are areas of diffuse lymphatic tissue that increase in size with age
D. The spleen filters blood, removes microorganisms and other foreign substances
6. Indicates the organ that belong to the lymphatic systems
A. Spleen and thymus
B. Pancreas and liver
C. Blood and brain
D. Kidney and lung

7. Identify substance that normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane.
A. Haemoglobin
B. Water
C. Sodium ions
D. Bicarbonate ions

8. Define the situation when plasma proteins decrease in glomerulus.

A. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
B. Increased colloid osmotic pressure
C. Increased glomerular capillary pressure
D. Decreased glomerular blood flow
9. Name the most important regulator for blood osmolarity.
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH
C. Atrial natriuretic hormone
D. Renin

10. Select the most abundant negatively charged ion in the extracellular fluid

A. Ammonium
B. Bicarbonate
C. Chloride
D. Sulphate

11. Indicate the mechanism that is not related to heart promotion body.

A. Vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

B. Shivering
C. Sweating
D. Enhance thyroxine release

12. Select from the following that are not heat exchange mechanism

A. radiation
B. conduction
C. evaporation
D. shivering

13. Hyperpnea means breathing more

A. rapidly and vigorously

B. deeply and vigorously
C. rapidly and deeply
D. slowly and shallowly

14. Identify the factor that increase respiratory rate

A. Increase blood PCO2

B. Increase blood pH
C. Increase blood PO2
D. Increase pH of cerebrospinal fluid

15. Name the type of disease which a persons immune system attacks the person owns
normal tissues

A. Secondary immune disease

B. Autoimmune disease
C. Antigen shifting disease
D. Primary immune disease

16. Select the total number of spinal nerves.

 A) 12 pairs
B) 21 pairs
C) 31 pairs
D) 43 pairs
17. Name the transparent anterior portion of the outer eye coat which allows light rays
to enter the interior of the eye.
A) Lens
B) Cornea
C) Iris
D) Sclera
18. Indicate the hormone that is responsible for ovulation.
A) FSH
B) HCG
C) GnRH
D) LH
19. Identify the genetic disorder mostly found in Africa which can reduce oxygen
uptake.
A) Phenylketonuria - increases the levels of a substance called phenylalanine in the
blood.
B) Haemophilia blood does not clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-
clotting proteins
C) Colour blindness - colour vision deficiency
D) Sickle cell disease
20. Identify the condition in human when a cell contains three copies of the same
chromosome.
A) Translocation - transfer of part of a chromosome to a different position especially
on a non-homologous chromosome
B) Karyotyping - a test to examine chromosomes in a sample of cells. This test can
help identify genetic problems as the cause of a disorder or disease
c) Haemophilia - blood does not clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-
clotting proteins
D) Trisomy
PART B
QUESTION 1

a) Describe anemia (4m)

Anemia is diagnosed as any condition in which our body does not
produce enough healthy Red Blood Cells. Anemia also can occur if
Red Blood Cell does not contain enough haemoglobin. Hemoglobin
is an iron-rich protein that give blood its red color. This protein help
Red Blood Cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of body.
Anemia will lead to feel tired or weak and also may lead to
shortness of breath, dizziness or headaches. Severe or long-lasting
anemia can damage heart, brain and other organs in body. Very
severe anemia may even cause death.
b) Name the three layers of the heart and describe the function of each layer (6m)
The heart consists of 3 layers which are:
- Epicardium: the thin outer layer of the heart consists of connective tissues and fat
that serve as an additional layer protection under the pericardium.
- Myocardium: composed of cardiac muscle arranged in spiral bundle known as
cardiomyocytes which cause contraction and relaxation of heart and also conduct
electricity for coordinate contraction.
- Endocardium: inner layers of heart composed of endothelial cells which provide
a smooth, on-adherent surface for blood collection and pumping.

QUESTION 2

a) Name and describe the functions of the structures outside the kidney that
involves in collecting and delivering the urine (6m)
The structures that involves in collecting and delivering urine are ureter, urethra and
urinary bladder. Ureter is one of the two urine tubes that carry urine from the kidney
to the bladder. The functions of urinary bladder is an organ that collects urine excreted
by the kidneys before disposal by urination. Then urine exits the urinary bladder by
urethra.
b) Define electrolytes and non-electrolytes (4m)
Electrolyte is a substance that are charged particles, chemicals that dissolve in water
and dissociate into positive and negative ions (including inorganic salts, acids and
bases), such as sodium ion (Na+) or chloride ion (Cl-).
 Non-electrolytes are substance that does not have charged and does not ionized in
solution. Example of non-electrolytes are glucose and lipids.

QUESTION 3

a) Describe asthma (5m)

Asthma is the difficulty in breathing, wheezing and chest tightness. It is caused by
inflammation, mucus secretion and constriction of bronchioles. The airways thickened
with inflammatory exudates magnify the effects of bronchospasms. It is often called
airway hyper responsiveness. Allergic asthma is triggered by an allergens stimulating
T lymphocytes to secrete cytokines and recruit eosinophils and mast cells which leads
to inflammation. It is also can be triggered by cold or dry air.
b) Explain physiology of hearing in human (5m)
The physiology of human ear can be divided into three parts which are:
- The external part: Sound waves are funnelled by the pinna or auricle, into the
external auditory meatus which channels them to the tympanic membrane, eardrum.
- Middle ear: the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the bony wall of two
openings. Consists of 3 bones called ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) where
vibrations are transmitted and amplified along the bones. Eustachian tube in the
middle ear is linked to the nasopharynx to maintain air balance.
- The inner part: consists of two different sensory system which are the cochlea,
receptors for conversion of sound waves ito nerve impulse and vestibular apparatus
which function in sense of equilibrium.

QUESTION 4
Explain why the human nervous system (including the brain) can be considered an
information-processing system and identify the parts of the nervous system that
perform the major functions of an information processing system. (10m)
The three functions of any information-processing system are receiving information from the
environment, processing the information and producing outputs based on information. The PNS
which contains the sensory and motor systems is responsible for the inputs and the outputs by relaying
information to the CNS. The CNS which consists of the brain and spinal cord and the brain for
processing functions. With the exception of reflexes it would work lie this, our sensory organs convert
signals from the environment into nerve impulses. These are transmitted electrochemically from one
neuron to another neuron to the spinal cord and the brain for processing. The brain interprets these
inputs, then sends the outputs signals via motor neurons.
QUESTION 5

Explain the process involved in semen production from the starting of sperm formation
to ejaculation. (10m)

- Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm cells which begins at puberty and continuous
throughout life. It occurs in the seminiferous tubules.
- In the seminiferous tubules, spermatogonia (sperm forming cells) undergoes rapid mitosis to
produce more stem cells before puberty. During puberty, Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) initiates spermatogenesis and testosterone production by Leydig Cells.
- In seminiferous tubules, primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to form secondary
spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes undergoes meiosis again to form four haploid
spermatids which then undergoes cell differentiation to form matured sperm cells. Sertoli
cells are located within the tubules support, nourish and stimulate cells that form sperm.
- Later on, spermiogenesis occurred where maturation of spermatids into functioning
spermatozoa in the epididymis (site for sperm storage and maturation)
- If sexual intercourse happen, ductus or vas deferens caries sperm from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct where sperm moves by peristalsis and unites with the urethra. Urethra both
carries urine and sperm.
- Semen which is produced in the seminal vesicles (accessory gland) enhance the sperm
motility and inhibits the bacterial multiplication.

QUESTION 6
a) Differentiate between dominant and recessive allele. (6m)
Dominant allele Recessive allele
Dominant allele also known as Recessive allele also known as
heterozygous homozygous
Dominant allele an allele whose trait Recessive Allele an allele that is masked
always shows up in the organism when the when a dominant allele is present.
allele is present.
A single copies of genes enough to express Two copies of the gene is necessary to
it characters. Ususally denoted by capital express it characters.
Often denoted by small letter.
letters
Eg: Tall in pea plant (T) TT and Tt both are Eg: Dwarf/short in pea plant only tt is
tall. short.
 b) Determine and explain the genotypes of these three persons. Normal man
marries an albino woman and their first child is an albino. (4m)
Genotype of the normal man is (XAY) and albino woman genotype carries (XaXa)
allele. The cross section between the normal man and an albino woman will get 1:1,
which is carrier daughter, affected son. The first child carries (XaY), which is an
albino son.

QUESTION 7
A man with blood type B marries a woman with blood type A. Both of them have one of their
parents with blood type O.

Genotype : B O A O

B O A O
Gamete :

F1 Genotype : AB BO AO OO
a) Analyse the above situation
i) State the genotype of the man (1m)
B and O
ii) Sate the genotype of the woman (1m)
A and O
b) Determine whether it is possible for this to have a child with
i) Blood type AB (1m)
 Yes
ii) Blood type O (1m)
Yes
c) Show your answer in b(i) and b(ii) by using the Punnett square (4m)

DAD
B O
MOM

A AB AO

O OB OO

d) From your Punnett square calculate the probability for this couple to have a
child with
i) Blood type A (1m)
25%
ii) Blood type B (1m)
25%