EXP 2: FILTER DESIGN:

(i) AIM: To design a first order active Low pass filter for given specifications.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Breadboard, Op-amp IC 741, Multimeter, Resistors, Capacitors, DSO, DSO probes, Function
Generator, Dual power supply (0 30 V) ,Connecting wires.

THEORY:

A LPF allows only low frequency signals up to a certain break-point fH to pass through, while
suppressing high frequency components. The range of frequency from 0 to higher cut off
frequency fH is called pass band and the range of frequencies beyond fH is called stop band.

The following steps are used for the design of active first order LPF :
1. The value of Rf and Rin are chosen according to the given cut off frequency fL and gain.
2. The pass band gain is given by : (Af or K ) = - ( Rf / R1 ).
3. By knowing the values of fc and R1, the value of C can be calculated using:
fL = 1 / ( 2 RC )

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DESIGN:

Given : fc = ______ KHz ; Gain K = _____

If Rin = _____, then select Rf according to get the desired gain.

Thus , from frequency formula fc = 1 / ( 2 RC ) , find C = ____ F.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the designed circuit for 1st order LPF on breadboard and give Vin = ___V p-p sine
wave input from function generator.
2. Record the values of output voltage Vo for a wide range of frequencies from few Hz to around
100KHz .
3. Calculate the gain (Vo/ Vin) in dB and plot the values of Gain Vs Frequency in Semi log
Paper.

OUTPUT:

TABULATION:

Vin = ___ V p-p

S. no Frequency ( Hz) Output Voltage Vo Gain = Vo /Vin Gain in dB = 20 log ( Vo / Vin)

(ii) AIM: To design a first order active High pass filter for given specifications.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Breadboard, Op-amp IC 741, Multimeter, Resistors, Capacitors, DSO, DSO probes, Function
Generator, Dual power supply (0 30 V) ,Connecting wires.

THEORY:

The high pass filter is the complement of the low pass filter. Thus the high pass filter can be
obtained by interchanging R and C in the circuit of low pass configuration. A high pass filter
allows only frequencies above a certain bread point to pass through and at terminates the low
frequency components. The range of frequencies beyond its lower cut off frequency fL is called
stop band. The Design steps for HPF are similar to those of LPF .

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DESIGN: Same as LPF

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the designed circuit for 1st order HPF on breadboard and give Vin = __V p-p sine
wave input from function generator.
2. Record the values of output voltage Vo for a wide range of frequencies from few Hz to
around 100KHz .
3. Calculate the gain (Vo/ Vin) in dB and plot the values of Gain Vs Frequency in Semi log
Paper.
OUTPUT:

TABULATION:

Vin = ___ V p-p

S. no Frequency ( Hz) Output Voltage Vo Gain = Vo /Vin Gain in dB = 20 log ( Vo / Vin)

(iii) Specify suitable component values to design a bandpass filter with a gain of 20 dB over
audio range. (SIMULATION)

DESIGN:

Given Gain = ___

Select R1 and R2 according to the given gain.
Now find C1 from fH = 1 / ( 2 RC )
Similarly, find C2 from fL = 1 / ( 2 RC )

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OUTPUT:

RESULT: Thus the first order Low pass filter, High pass filter and Bandpass filter were
designed using Op-amp.