PROBLEM 2.

4-2

GIVEN:

= 0.40

= 24

REQUIRED:

a) =? If = 0.30 ; =?
2

b) If = 2.0 102 , = (), then, =? ; =?

SOLUTION:

a) =

=
=
=

=


From Table A.2 4, (24) = 0.9142 103


(0.9142 103 ) (0.40 )
= = 1.22 103

0.30 2


0.40
= = = 327.9 1
1.22 103

b) =

=
=
=

=


(2.0 102 ) (0.40 )
= = 6.56
1.22 10 3

0.40
= = = 327.9 1
1.22 103

Interpretation: Even at different viscosities, the shearing rate between the two plates is still
the same. If or is changed, then the shearing rate will also differ.
PROBLEM 2.5-1

GIVEN:

= 63.5
= 293

= 1030 3

= 2.12

= 0.605

REQUIRED:

a) =?
3
b) =? in ; =? in if = 2100

SOLUTION:

a) =


where =


0.605
= = 0.1855
2 2
63.5 1
() ( ) ( ) (1030 3 )
2 1000
1
(63.5 ) ( ) (0.1855 )
= 1000 = 5722.11; turbulent

2.12 103

b) =


(2100) (2.12 103 )

= = = 0.0681
1
(63.5 ) ( ) (1030 3 )
1000
=
2
=
4
2
1
()(63.5 )2 ( ) 3
= [ 1000 ] (0.0681 ) = 2.156 104
4

Interpretation: The velocity of a laminar flow almost approaches to zero given the same
conditions.
PROBLEM 2.6-1 z
GIVEN:

2 2
= [1 ( ) ]
2

x
REQUIRED:

a) =?
b) =?

SOLUTION:

a) Mass Balance:
( ) ( ) ( )
=

Momentum Balance:
( ) ( ) ( )
= + +

Assumptions:

System is at steady-state; = 0 and =0


Pressure drop is negligible, =0

Flow is laminar
Fluid is Newtonian, = constant
Viscous flow
Fluid is incompressible, = constant
Plates are smooth, = 0

+ = 0


=


=

=
=
=

Since the fluid is a Newtonian fluid,

=


=

 =
=
2
= + 1
2
2
= + 1
2

If = , then = 0 (BC1)
Applying BC1,

0= ()2 + 1
2
2
1 =
2
2 2
=
2 2
2 2 2 2
= (1 2 ) = [1 ( ) ]
2 2

If = 0, then =
2
=
2

1
b) =

1
=
0 0
1 2 2
= { [1 ( ) ]}
0 2

1 2 3
= ( ) [ 2 ]
2 3 0
1 2 3
= ( ) ( 2 )
2 3
2 2 2 2
= ( )= =
2 3 3 3
PROBLEM 2.7-1

REQUIRED:

=? for turbulent flow

SOLUTION:
1
7 1
Substituting, = ( ) to ( 3 ) = ( 3 )


1 3
1 7
( 3 ) = [ ( ) ]


3
2
1 7
( 3 ) = 3
( )
2 0 0
3
3
2 7
( 3 ) = ( )
2 0

Let = ; = (1 )


= ; =

3
2 3
( 3 ) = 2 2 7 (1 )
0
3 10
( 3 ) = 2
3 (7 7 )
0
7 10 7 17
( 3 ) = 2
3 [ 7 7 ]
10 17 0
10 17
7 7 7 7
( 3 ) 3
= 2 [ ( ) ( ) ]
10 17
0
7 7
( 3 ) 3
= 2 ( + )
10 17
49 3
( 3 ) =
85

1
7 1
Substituting = ( ) to =


1
1 7
= ( )


1
2
1 7
= 2 ( )
0 0
1
2 7
= ( )
2 0

Let = ; = (1 )


= ; =

2 1
= 2 2 7 (1 )
0
1 8
= 2 (7 7 )
0
7 8 7 15
= 2 [ 7 ]
7
8 15 0
8 15
7 7 7 7
= 2 [ ( ) ( ) ]
8 15
0
7 7
= 2 ( + )
8 15
49
=
60

3
49
3
( )
= = 60 = 0.9448
( 3 ) 49 3

85
PROBLEM 2.7-2

GIVEN:

2
= [1 ( ) ]
0

REQUIRED:

=? for laminar flow

SOLUTION:

2 1
Substituting = [1 ( ) ] to = ,
0

1 2
= [1 ( ) ]
0

2 0
1 2
= [1 ( ) ]
02 0 0 0
0
2 2
= [1 ( ) ]
02 0 0
2 0
= (02 2 )
04 0

2 0
= (02 3 )
04 0
0
2 2 02 4
= [ ]
04 2 4 0

04 04
= 2 [ ]
2 4

=
2

2 1
Substituting = [1 ( ) ] to (3 ) = 3
0

3
1 2
(3 ) = { [1 ( ) ]}
0

 2 0 3
1 2
(3 ) =
3
[1 ( ) ]
02 0 0
0
3
23 0
2
(3 ) = [1 ( ) ]
02 0 0

23 0
(3 ) = (02 2 )3
08 0

23 0
(3 ) = (06 304 2 + 302 4 6 )
08 0

23 0
(3 ) = (06 304 3 + 302 5 7 )
08 0

23 06 2 304 4 02 6 8 0
(3 ) = [ + ]
08 2 4 2 8 0

23 08 308 08 08
(3 ) = [ + ]
08 2 4 2 8

3
(3 ) =
4

3
3 () 1
= = 2 =
(3 ) 3
2
4
PROBLEM 2.9-1

GIVEN:

= 20

= 0.124

REQUIRED:

=? ; =?

SOLUTION:

From Appendix A. 2 4, (20) = 1.0050 103 ; (20) = 998.23 3

2
=
3
=

2 2 3
= ( )=
3 3

3
3 3 (3) (0.124 ) (1.0050 10 )
3
= 2 = = 3.369 104
2
(998.23 3 ) (9.81 2 )

4 2
2 (998.23 3 ) (9.81 2 ) (3.369 10 )
= = = 0.3687
3
(3) (1.0050 103 )

PROBLEM 2.9-2

REQUIRED:

=?

SOLUTION:

Mass Balance:

( ) ( ) ( )
=

Momentum Balance:

( ) ( )
= + +

Assumptions:

System is at steady-state; = 0 and =0

No gravitational force along x-axis, = 0
Flow is laminar

Fluid is Newtonian, =

Viscous flow
Fluid is incompressible, = constant
Plates are smooth, = 0

( )
=


( ) =


( ) =

2
= + 0
2
0
= +
2

Since the fluid is a Newtonian fluid, =

0
= +
2
 1
= + 0
2
1 2
= ( ) + 0 ln + 1
4
1 1
= ( ) 2 0 ln + 1
4

If = 0 ; = 0 (BC1)
If = 20 ; = 0 (BC2)

At BC1,
1 1
0= ( ) 02 0 ln 0 + 1
4
1 2 1
1 = ( ) 0 + 0 ln 0
4

At BC2,
1 1 1 1
0 = ( ) 02 0 ln 20 + ( ) 02 + 0 ln 0
4
3 2 1
0 = ( ) 0 0 ln 2
4
3 2
0 = ( ) 0 ln 2
4

1 3 1 3
= ( ) 2 + ( ) (02 ln 2)(ln ) + ( ) 02 ( ) (02 ln 2)(ln 0 )
4 4 4 4
1 1 3 3
= ( ) 2 + ( ) 02 + ( ) 02 ln 2 ( ) 02 ln 20
4 4 4 4
1 2 2
= ( ) 0 (1 2 + 3 ln 2 3 ln 20 )
4 0
1 2
= ( ) 02 (1 2 + 3 ln )
4 0 0

If = 0 ,
1 2
= ( ) 02 [1 ( ) ]
4 0
PROBLEM 2.9-3

GIVEN:

For non Newtonian fluid, = ( )

REQUIRED:

=? if fluid is non Newtonian fluid

SOLUTION:

Momentum Balance:
( ) ( )
= + +

Assumptions:

System is at steady-state; = 0 and =0

No gravitational force along x-axis, = 0
Flow is laminar

Fluid is non-Newtonian, = ( )

Viscous flow
Fluid is incompressible, = constant
Plates are smooth, = 0

( )
=


( ) =

2
= + 0
2
0
= +
2
C0 = 0 if momentum flux is not infinite at r = 0. Since fluid is non Newtonian,

= ( )


( ) =
2
1
1
( ) = ( )
2
1
1
= 1 ( )
2

1
1 1
= [( ) ( )]
2
 1
1 +1
= [( ) ( )] ( ) + 1
2 +1

If = 0 , = 0 (BC1)
1
+1
1
0 = [( ) ( )] ( ) 0 + 1
2 +1
1
+1
1
1 = [( ) ( )] ( )
2 +1 0
1 1
+1
1 +1 1
= [( ) ( )] ( ) + [( ) ( )] ( ) 0
2 +1 2 +1
1 +1
+1
= ( ) (0 ) (1 +1 )
+1 2
0
1 +1
+1
= ( ) (0 ) [1 ( )
+1 2 0
PROBLEM 2.9-4

GIVEN:

REQUIRED:

=?

SOLUTION:

Momentum Balance:
( ) ( )
= + +

Assumptions:

System is at steady-state; = 0 and =0


Pressure drop is negligible, =0

Flow is laminar

Fluid is Newtonian, =

Viscous flow
Fluid is incompressible, = constant
Plates are smooth, = 0

=

=
= + 0

Since the fluid is Newtonian, =


= + 0

= + 0
 2
= + 0 + 1
2
If = 0, = 0 (BC1)
If = , = 0 (BC2)

At BC1, 1 = 0
At BC2,
2
0= 0
2

0 =
2
2
= +
2 2

= (1 )
2

=
2

= ( )
2
If = 0, = . Assume constants = 1
=0

=
2
If r = L.
2
=
2
PROBLEM 2.10-1

GIVEN:

= 912 ; = 2.222 103
3
3
= 5.33 107 ; = 0.1585


= 131 103 ; = 996 3

REQUIRED:

=? in Pa s

SOLUTION:

Assume: flow is laminar

Using Hagen-Poiseuille Equation,

32
=
2
where =

= (996 3 ) (131 103 ) (9.81 2 )


= 1280 2

2
3
3 ) (2.222 10 )
2
2 (1280 ) (2.222 10
2 2
= = = 3
32 32
(32) (5.33 107 ) (0.1585 )

= 9.065 103
PROBLEM 2.10-2

GIVEN:

= 0.0525
= 293
= 76.2

= 1.22

REQUIRED:

=?

SOLUTION:

Finding Reynolds number to determine if flow is laminar or turbulent,

kg
= where: (293 K) = 919 3 ; (293 ) = 84 103
m

(0.0525 ) (1.22 ) (919 3 )

= = 700.74; laminar

84 103

Since, flow is laminar,

2 16
= 4 where =
2
64 76.2 2
64 2 (919 ) ( ) (1.22 )
700.74 3 0.0525
= =
2 2

= 90662.03 2

 PROBLEM 2.10-3

GIVEN:

= 801
3
= 1.49 103

= 4.57

= 61
1
: 1 .
2
40

REQUIRED:

a) =?
b) If tube is smooth, =? ; % =?

SOLUTION:

a) For the pipe,

1
Nominal pipe size: 1
2
Schedule: 40
2.54102
Internal diameter: 1.610 ( ) = 0.0409
1
Find Reynolds Number to determine if flow is laminar or turbulent,

(0.0409 ) (4.57 ) (801 3 )
= =
1.49 103
= 100466.7; turblent
For commercial steel, = 4.6 105
4.6 105
= = = 0.0011 0.001
2.54 102
(1.610 ) ( )
1
From Figure 2.10-3,
= 0.0056
2
= 4
2

61 2
(4)(0.0056) [ 2 ] (4.57 )
2.54 10
(1.610 ) ( )
1
=
2
2
= 348.92 2


= 348.92

b) If tube is smooth, from Figure 2.10-3,
= 0.0044
2
= 4
2

61 2
(4)(0.0044) [ 2 ] (4.57 )
2.54 10
(1.610 ) ( )
1
=
2
2
= 274.15 2


= 274.15

348.92 274.15
% = 100 = 21.43%
348.92
PROBLEM 2.10-4

GIVEN:

= 4.57
= 305
= 0.156
= 293

Assume: Physical properties of pure water

REQUIRED:

m3
=? in

SOLUTION:

From Appendix A.2-4,

(293 ) = 1.000 103 ; (293 ) = 998.23

Overall Energy Balance:

=
+ + + + +

Assumptions:

System is at steady-state; = 0 and = =

Change in elevation is negligible, 0
Flow is adiabatic, = 0
=0
Fluid is incompressible,
= 0
= ; = 0
No shaft work, = 0

=



=



=


2
= 4
2
2
4 = (1)
2

= (2)

Substituting (1) and (2) to:

1 1
4 2 0.885 4 2
( ) = 2.5 ln [0.27 ( ) + ( ) ] where = 2.6 104
8 8
2
4 = ; where =
2

= (998.23 3 ) (9.81 2 ) (4.57 ) = 44752.3 2


(2) (44752.3 ) (0.156 ) 0.04586
4 = 2 =
2
(998.23 3 ) (305 ) 2


=


(0.156 )() (998.23 )
3
= = 155723.88

1.000 103

1 1
0.04586 2 2.6 104 0.885 0.04586 2
( ) = 2.5 ln [0.27 ( ) + ( ) ]
8 2 0.156 155723.88 8 2

Using shift solve in the calculator,

= 1.429

=
2 ()(0.156 )2
= = (1.429 )
4 4
3
= 0.0273