Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
Revival Modern
Egyptian
Near East
EARLY CHRISTIAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
Christianity had its
birth in Judea,
Eastern provinces of
the Roman Empire.
Early Christian
Architecture was
influenced by the
existing Roman art
EARLY CHRISTIAN: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
Ruins of the Roman
buildings provided quarry
where materials were
obtained
Basilica of
Constantine, Germany
Aula Palatina
contains the largest
extant hall from
antiquity
World Heritage Site
EARLY CHRISTIAN: EXAMPLES
1.) BASILICAN
CHURCHES
Basilica of Constantine,
Germany
EARLY CHRISTIAN: EXAMPLES
1.) BASILICAN
CHURCHES
Catacomb of Domitilla
oldest
one of the two largest of
Romes 40 or so secret
underground Christian
burial networks.
EARLY CHRISTIAN: EXAMPLES
3.) TOMBS & CATACOMBS
Egyptian Byzantine
Near East
BYZANTINE
BYZANTINE: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
Byzantium, renamed Constantinople after its Imperial
founder, and also called New Rome, now as
Istanbul
Has a commanding and central position for the
government of the expanding Roman Empire.
at the intersection of two great highways of
commerce: the water highway between the Black Sea
and Mediterranean, and the trade route between
Europe and Asia
BYZANTINE: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
no good building stone
local materials such as clay for bricks and rubble
for concrete were employed
Other materials more monumental in character had
to be imported
BYZANTINE: CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
Semi tropical climate: flat roofs used & combined
w/ oriental domes, with small windows often high
up in unbroken walls, sheltering arcades
surrounded the open courts
Adapted old methods of building to the climate of
new capital
BYZANTINE: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Christianity was established as the state religion of
the Roman Empire - chief buildings erected in
Byzantium, were churches: basilican Early Christian
type of church was merged in the domical
Byzantine type
BYZANTINE: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Political Division between
East and West, followed by
the division of Churches,
due to ICONOCLASTIC
MOVEMENT (decree to
ban the use of statues as
means of representations
either of human or animal
forms) & this made painting
figures in decoration a
substitute.
BYZANTINE: SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
Ways of life and corrupt conditions contributed
greatly to the fall of Roman Empire.
Egyptian Byzantine
Near East
ROMANESQUE
ROMANESQUE: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
On the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romanesque
style grew up in those countries of Western Europe
which had been under the rule of Rome, and
geographical position determined many of the
peculiarities of the style in each country.
combination of Roman & Byzantine Architecture
basically roman in style
ROMANESQUE: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
The use of local materials, whether stone or brick,
marble or terra-cotta, as well as of ready-made
columns and other features from old Roman buildings
ROMANESQUE: CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
Northern Portion: Dull climate contributed to the use of:
Large windows to admit light
High pitch roof to throw off rain & snow
Southern Portion:
Small windows to minimize sun shading
Flat roof
ROMANESQUE: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Christianity, the chief source of education and culture
and the erection of a church often resulted in the
foundation of a city ; for the Papacy had been rising to
great power and influence
ROMANESQUE: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Monastic Orders: promoted new methods in
agriculture, and exercised its influence on
architecture; science letters, art, and culture were the
monopoly of the religious Orders. The schools
attached to monasteries trained youths for the service
of religion; monks and their pupils were often the
designers of cathedrals, and architecture was almost
regarded as a sacred science
ROMANESQUE: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
CHIEF MONASTIC ORDERS:
The Benedictine Order
The Cluniac Order
The Cistercian Order
The Augustinian Order
The Premonstratensian Order
The Carthusian Order
The Military Orders: Knights Templars and Knights Hospitallers
The Friars
The Jesuits
ROMANESQUE: SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
Establishment of Feudal System: Landlord build
castle to separate them & protect them from the
peasants. These castle was made with man made
canals.
2.) BAPTISTERIES
Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and
connected to the cathedral by the atrium
Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
3.) CAMPANILES
Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone
Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch towers
4.) CASTLES
5.) FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS
6.) MONASTIC BUILDINGS
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
PISA CATHEDRAL
The building depends
for its artistic effect
upon the beauty and
interest of its
ornamental features
rather than the promise
of logical development
into a new style which a
northern example
possesses
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
PISA CATHEDRAL
The building depends
for its artistic effect
upon the beauty and
interest of its
ornamental features
rather than the promise
of logical development
into a new style which a
northern example
possesses
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
PISA CATHEDRAL
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
BAPTISTERY
designed by Dioti Salvi
39.3 m circular plan in diameter
Built of marble
largest Baptistery in Italy
The lower part is 12th century
Romanesque (with round
arches) and the upper parts are
predominantly 13th century
Gothic (with pointed arches)
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
BAPTISTERY
dome is covered in red tiles on
the west side and in lead slabs
on the east side
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
BAPTISTERY
Inside it is rather sombre and
plain
attractive stained glass and a
magnificent pulpit carved by
Nicola Pisano
renowned for its perfect
acoustics
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
BAPTISTERY
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
CAMPANILE
a circular structure 52 feet in
diameter
ornamented with eight stories of
arcades
During its erection the
foundations gave way, thus
causing the tower to lean about
11 feet from the vertical
Architect: Bonanno Pisano
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
CAMPANILE
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
Britain's largest monastic ruin and
most complete Cistercian abbey is
a World Heritage site
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
Fountains Abbey,
Yorkshire
The oldest part is
everything west of
the transept,
including the long
nave with large
cylindrical pillars
and round
Romanesque arches.
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
Fortifications &
Townhalls
All over Europe - 1500
castles in England in 11th
and 12th centuries
Began as motte and bailey
earthworks
Later became citadels with
stone curtain walls
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
Fortifications & Townhalls
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
SPAIN
Use of both Basilican and
Greek-cross forms
Use of horseshoe arch
Santiago de Compostela
Finest achievement of
Romanesque in Spain
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
CENTRAL EUROPE
Worms Cathedral
Eastern and western apses
and octagons
2 circular towers flank each
Octagon at crossing, with
pointed roof
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
CENTRAL EUROPE
Worms Cathedral
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
ENGLAND
Durham Cathedral
Rib and panel vaulting
with pointed arches
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
ENGLAND
Durham Cathedral
Rib and panel vaulting
with pointed arches
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
FRANCE
Remains of old buildings were less abundant they
had greater freedom of developing new style
Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over
the nave and aisles
Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to
throw off snow
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
FRANCE
S. Madeleine,
Vezelay
Earliest pointed
cross-vault in
France
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
FRANCE
Abbey of St.
Denis, near Paris
ROMANESQUE: TERMINOLOGY
Motte a steep mound of earth surrounded by a ditch and
surmounted by a timber stockade and tower
Motte and Bailey a Norman castle of the 10th to 12th centuries,
consisting of a motte placed within a bailey
Bailey the outer wall of a castle or the courtyard enclosed by it
Palisade a fence of pales set firmly in the ground for enclosure or
defense
Pale a pointed stick of stake
Fortification a defensive military work constructed for the
purpose of strengthening a position
Bastion a projecting part of a rampart or other fortification,
typically forming an irregular pentagon attached at the base to the
main work
ROMANESQUE: TERMINOLOGY
Sally port a gateway in a fortification permitting a large number
of troops to move rapidly from the besieged position and attack the
besieges
Parapet a defensive wall or elevation of earth or stone protecting
soldiers from enemy fire
Castle a fortified group of buildings usually dominating the
surrounding country and held by a prince or noble in feudal times
Citadel a fortress in a commanding position in or near a city, used
in the control of the inhabitants and in defense during attack or
siege
Keep the innermost and strongest structure or tower of a
medieval castle, used as a place of residence, especially in times of
siege. Also called donjon
ROMANESQUE: TERMINOLOGY
Battlement - a parapet having a regular alternation of
merlons and crenels, originally for defense but later used as
a decorative motif. Also called embattlement
Merlon one of the solid parts between the crenels of a
battlement
Crenel any of the open spaces alternating with the merlons
of a battlement
Embrasure an opening, loophole or crenel, through which
missiles may be discharged
Drawbridge - a bridge that can be raised, let down, or drawn
aside to prevent access or to permit passage beneath it
ROMANESQUE: TERMINOLOGY
Moat a broad deep ditch, usually filled with water, surrounding
the rampart of a fortified town, fortress or castle as protection
against assault
Turret a small tower forming part of a larger structure, frequently
beginning some distance above the ground. Also called tourelle
Church - a building for public Christian worship
Bema a transverse open space separating the nave and the apse
of an early Christian church, later developing into the transept of
later cruciform churches
Nave the principal or central part of a church, extending from the
narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles
Narthex the portico before the nave of an early Christian or
Byzantine church, appropriated for penitents
ROMANESQUE: TERMINOLOGY
Baptistery a part of a church or a separate building in which
baptism is administered
Font a basin, usually of stone, holding the water used in
baptism
Campanile a bell tower, usually one near but not attached to
the body of a church
Wheel window a rose window having distinctly radiating
mullions or bars
Tympanum the space between an arch and the horizontal
head of a door or window below, often decorated with
sculpture
ROMANESQUE: TERMINOLOGY
Chevet the rounded east end of a Gothic cathedral,
including the apse and ambulatory
Apse a semi-circular of polygonal projection of a building,
usually vaulted and used especially at the sanctuary or east
end of a church
Cathedral the principal church of a diocese, containing the
bishops throne called the cathedra