05 18th&19th - 20th Century

18th-20th Century Architecture
Arch. Josephine Sandy R. Lu

UM CAFAE
HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
Revival Modern
Near East Islamic
ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C:

Revival
Near East Islamic

18TH & 19TH ARCHITECTURE
Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life
The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new machines and
innovative processes helped change nations from agricultural to
industrial ones
Spread to continental Europe and to North America
Created a new type of worker the wage laborer or proletarian

Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete by the
invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
Goods could be made more cheaply
Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was available to
fuel the engines, other countries followed suit

Social and Political Changes:
Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic institutions
American Declaration of Independence (1776) and French
Revolution (1789)
Urbanization and rise in population
Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class
Professionals and businessmen

Technological Innovations:
Railways to easily transport
people and goods
Improved drainage and sanitation
Coal-gas and gas lamps, later
electricity
Lift or elevator
Growth of communications
Ship-building and the Suez Canal
International exhibitions of
science and industry
New Building Types:
town halls department stores
hospitals fire and police stations
public banks exhibition halls
industrial buildings art galleries
warehouses university buildings
transport buildings

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
The need to create an imposing effect research into old
styles
Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun
Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, the
Renaissance, the Baroque
Age of revivals - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
Age of innovation - use of newly available materials
Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Due to inventions in metallurgy and
construction, new materials became
available for building:
structural iron and cast-iron
iron and glass
zinc
steel
reinforced concrete first used by
Auguste Perret

18TH & 19TH ARCHITECTURE: EXAMPLES
The Clifton Suspension
Bridge, Bristol, UK
(Isambard Brunel)
Pylons of Egyptian
character

Westminster New Palace (Houses of
Parliament), London
(Sir Charles Barry)
Designed by Sir Charles Barry
Non-classical design: Gothic detail
by Pugin
Kings tower, Victoria tower, Clock
tower Big Ben
First major public building of
Gothic revival
Crystal Palace, London
(Sir Joseph Paxton)
One of the most remarkable
buildings in 19th century
Britain free of any
traditional precedent
Housed the Great
Exhibition of 1851, erected
in Hyde Park, moved to
Sydenham in 1852 to 1854

The University Museum, Oxford
(Benjamin Woodward)
Landmark of High Victorian
Gothic

Crystal Palace, London
(Sir Joseph Paxton)

The Entrance Pavilion,
International
Exhibition, Paris, 1878
(Gustav Eiffel)

The Entrance Pavilion, International
Exhibition, Paris, 1878
(Gustav Eiffel)
an iron lattice tower
most prominent symbol of both Paris and France
tower has three levels for visitors.
The walk from ground level to the first level is
over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the
second level.
The first and second levels have restaurants

ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT
Britain
New emerging style
in the tradition of craft guilds in the
Middle Ages
led by artist-craftsman William
Morris, architect Philip Webb and
writer John Ruskin
furniture, glassware, fabrics,
wallpaper, etc. decorated with
repeating stylized floral patterns
an international design movement that flourished
between 1860 and 1910, especially in the second half
of that period, continuing its influence until the 1930s
largely a reaction against the impoverished state of
the decorative arts at the time and the conditions in
which they were produced

stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms
and often applied medieval, romantic or folk styles of
decoration
advocated economic and social reform and has been
said to be essentially anti-industrial

ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT: EXAMPLES
The Red House, London
designed for Morris in
1859 by architect Philip
Webb,
well-proportioned solid
forms, wide porches,
steep roof, pointed
window arches, brick
fireplaces and wooden
fittings.
ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT: EXAMPLES
The Red House, London
Webb rejected the
grand classical style and
based the design on
British vernacular
architecture expressing
the texture of ordinary
materials, such as stone
and tiles, with an
asymmetrical and quaint
building composition.
VICTORIAN STYLE
PERIODS IN BRITAIN
Early Victorian(1830 to 1850 AD)
High Victorian (1850 to 1870 AD)
Late Victorian & Edwardian (1870 to 1914 AD)
Aftermath (after World War I)

VICTORIAN STYLE
the time when Queen
Victoria ruled Britain
The styles often included
interpretations
and eclectic revivals of
historic styles mixed with
the introduction of middle
east and Asian influences

VICTORIAN STYLE: FEATURES
Bay windows
Iron Railings
Flemish brick
bonding
Patterns in the
brickwork made
from coloured
bricks

Stained glass in
doorways and
windows.
Roofs made of slate.
No garage
Sash windows


ART NOUVEAU (1893 TO 1906 AD)
Derived from the Arts and Crafts Movement in
Britain
An art free of any historical style
Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
buildings and interiors, handmade objects and
furniture
Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms

Versions Art Nouveau Architects
France Le Modern Style Victor Horta in Brussels
Germany Jugendstil Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
Austria Sezessione Raimondo DAronco in
Italy Stile Liberty Constantinople and Turin
Spain - Modernismo Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
Charles Rennie
Mackintosh in Glasgow
Versions Art Nouveau Architects
France Le Modern Style Victor Horta in Brussels
Germany Jugendstil Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
Austria Sezessione Raimondo DAronco in
Italy Stile Liberty Constantinople and Turin
Spain - Modernismo Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
Charles Rennie
Mackintosh in Glasgow
ART NOUVEAU: EXAMPLES
Paris Metro Entrance
(Hector Guimard)
iron and glass
roofed variety, known as
dicules (kiosks) feature a
fan-shaped glass awning and
an enclosure of opaque
panelling decorated in floral
motifs
EXAMPLES
The Victor Emanuel II
Monument, Rome
(Giuseppe Sacconi)
Neo-Classical

EXAMPLES
The Schauspielhaus, Berlin
(KF von Schinkel)
Greek-revival style

EXAMPLES
The Church of Sacre-
Coeur, Paris
(Paul Abadie)
Neo-Byzantine

EXAMPLES
The Votivkirche,Vienna
(Heinrich von Ferstel)
Neo-Gothic

EXAMPLES
The Opera House, Paris
(Charles Garnier)
Neo-Baroque

EXAMPLES
The Opera House, Paris
(Charles Garnier)
Neo-Baroque

EXAMPLES
The Palau Guell, Barcelona
(Antoni Gaudi)
Seems to presage Art
Nouveau in its forms

EXAMPLES
Casa Mila, Barcelona
(Antoni Gaudi)
bold forms of the
undulating stone facade
and wrought iron
decoration of the
balconies and windows

EXAMPLES
Casa Mila, Barcelona (Antoni Gaudi)
Architecturally it is considered an
innovative work for its steel structure
and curtain walls the faade is self-
supporting.
Other innovative elements were the
construction of underground car
parking and separate lifts and stairs
for the owners and their servants.

EXAMPLES
Casa Batlo, Barcelona
(Antoni Gaudi)
local name is Casa dels
ossos (House of Bones), as
it has a visceral, skeletal
organic quality
roof is arched and was
likened to the back of a
dragon or dinosaur
EXAMPLES
Casa Batlo, Barcelona
(Antoni Gaudi)

EXAMPLES
Basilica and Expiatory Church
of the Holy Family, Barcelona
(Sagrada Familia)
(Antoni Gaudi)

EXAMPLES
(Sagrada Familia)
(Antoni Gaudi)
Combination of Gothic and
curvilinear Art Nouveau forms
Capacity: 9000
90 m long, 60 m wide &170 m
high

EXAMPLES
(Sagrada Familia)
(Antoni Gaudi)

18TH 19TH CENTURY: PERIODS IN USA
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD)
Neo-Classic elements
FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)

Greek-revival style, also Gothic and Egyptian styles

SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860
to 1930 AD)
1st Stream:
Romanesque and Gothic
inspiration
Influenced by Arts and Crafts
movement in England
Henry Hobson Richardson, Louis
Henry Sullivan and Frank Lloyd
Wright
SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)
2nd Stream:
Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Roman,
late Gothic inspiration
Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes
Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame
construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators
Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
contribution to architecture

18TH 19TH CENTURY: EXAMPLES
The White House,
Washington DC
Presidents official
residence
Designed by James
Hoban, Irish architect
English Palladian
style

Monticello, near
Charlottesville, Virginia
Designed by Thomas
Jefferson, 3rd
American president
Palladian style

Robie House, Chicago
(Frank Lloyd Wright)
Prairie style houses usually
have these features:
Low-pitched roof
Overhanging eaves
Horizontal lines
Central chimney
Open floor plan
Clerestory windows

Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois
(Frank Lloyd Wright)

The United States Capitol,
Washington DC
First designed by Dr.
William Thorton along
Palladian lines
Numerous modifications
after the war
Crowning dome
One of the world's best
known buildings
The State Capitol,
Richmond, Virginia
(Thomas Jefferson)
First neo-classical
monument in America,
based on Maison Caree,
Nimes
Ionic order

Lincoln Memorial,
Washington DC
(Henry Bacon)
Greek Doric style

The Auditorium
Building, Chicago,
Illinois
(Dankmar Adler
and Louis Sullivan)
Neo-Byzantine
interior

The Reliance Building, Chicago
(Daniel Burnham & Root)
from 4 to 16 storeys

The Woolworth Building, NY
(Cass Gilbert)
Gothic style

The Wainwright Building, St. Louis
(Adler and Sullivan)
10 storeys

Empire State Building
(Shreve, Lamb and Harmon)
85 storeys

ART DECO
a popular design movement from 1920 until 1939
Celebrates the Machine Age - distinguishes it from
the organic motifs favored by its predecessor Art
Nouveau
an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs
with Machine Age imagery and materials. The style is
often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric
shapes, and lavish ornamentation.

ART DECO
Chrysler Building, NYC
(William Van Alen)
319 meters tall
the structure was the
world's tallest building for
11 months before it was
surpassed by the Empire
State Building in 1931

ART DECO
(William Van Alen)
constructed of masonry, with
a steel frame, and metal
cladding. In total, the
building currently contains
3,862 windows on its facade
and 4 banks of 8 elevators
designed by the Otis
Elevator Corp.
ART DECO
(William Van Alen)
renowned and recognized for its terraced crown -
seven radiating terraced arches, a cruciform groin
vault constructed into seven concentric members
with transitioning setbacks, mounted up one behind

Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
Revival Modern
Near East Islamic

20TH CENTURY - MODERN ARCHITECTURE
More innovations:
Curtain wall
Steel and plate-glass
Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
Flat slab by Robert Maillart
Laminated timber
Functionalism in design

CHARLES-EDOUARD
JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)
Notre Dame du
Haut, France
CHARLES-EDOUARD
JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)
Villa Savoye,
France

CHARLES-EDOUARD JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)
Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls
2. Free-standing faade - the free facade, the
corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered
by the house
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls
subdividing the space
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises
elevating the mass off the ground

MARCEL BREUER
Architect and designer
Best known for the
design of tubular steel
Wassily Chair
Studied at the Bauhaus -
become director of the
school's furniture
department in 1924

MARCEL BREUER
UNESCO Secretariat
Building, Paris Whitney Museum of Art
EERO SAARINEN
TWA Terminal, JFK
Airport
Undulating shape was meant
to evoke the excitement of
high speed flight
Even interior details:
lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths
harmonized with the curving
gull winged shell

EERO SAARINEN
Dulles Airport Gateway Arch, Missouri

OSCAR NIEMEYER
Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to
conceive and build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a
record time of just four years
Functionality and the use of pre-stressed
concrete dominate his designs

OSCAR NIEMEYER
Parliament Building, Cathedral, Brasilia

Brasilia
ERICH MENDELSOHN
Einstein Tower, Potsdam

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
organic architecture
Falling Water, Pennsylvania

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum,
New York City
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
Johnson Wax Building

BUCKMINSTER
FULLER
Created the
Dymaxion House,
the first machine
for living - a
portable home
inside from metal
alloys and plastics

BUCKMINSTER FULLER
Geodesic Dome
WALTER GROPIUS
Created prototype of modern architecture:
free-standing glass sheath suspended on a
structural framework - aka curtain wall
First used this on Hallidie Building, San
Francisco in 1918
Established Bauhaus, a school or training
intended to relate art and architecture to
technology and the practical needs of
modern life

WALTER GROPIUS
Bauhaus School, Germany

FREI OTTO
The seminal figure in the development of
tensile architecture
Veered away from the simple geometric
solutions and built organic free forms that
could respond to complex planning and
structural requirements

FREI OTTO

IEOH MING PEI
Entrance to Louvre Museum,

Paris
IEOH MING PEI
Bank of China, Hongkong

IEOH MING PEI
Rock & Roll Hall of

Fame & Museum,
Ohio
LOUIS ISADORE KAHN
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, California

LOUIS ISADORE KAHN
Kimbell Art Museum, Texas

LOUIS ISADORE KAHN
National Parliament House,

Bangladesh
MICHAEL GRAVES
Portland Building, Oregon

MICHAEL GRAVES
Disney World Dolphin Resort

MOSHE SAFDIE
Habitat 67, Montreal

NORMAN FOSTER
HSBC Building, Hongkong

NORMAN FOSTER
London City Hall

NORMAN FOSTER
30 St. Mary Axe, London


05 18th&amp;19th - 20th Century

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18th-20th Century Architecture

Arch. Josephine Sandy R. Lu

Near East Islamic

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C:

Near East Islamic

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

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FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)

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Near East Islamic

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05 18th&19th - 20th Century

05 18th&19th - 20th Century