FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

BAR AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

1-D SYSTEM OF SPRINGS

F2 F3

1 2 3 4
k1 k2 k3

Bodies move only in horizontal direction

External forces, F2 and F3 are applied
No need to discretize the system (it is already discretized!)
Rigid body (including walls) NODE
Spring ELEMENT

1
 SPRING ELEMENT
Element e
Consist of Nodes i and j
ui , fi(e ) e
u j , fj(e )
Spring constant k(e)
i j
Force applied to the nodes: fi e , f j e
e
P (e ) P (e )
Displacement ui and uj
i j
Elongation: ( e ) u j ui
Force in the spring: P k k u j ui
e e e e

(P(e) > 0: tensile force, P(e) < 0: compressive force)
e
P
e
Relation b/w spring force and nodal forces: f j
Equilibrium: fi e f j e 0 or fi f j P ( e )
e e

SPRING ELEMENT
Spring Element e
Relation between nodal forces and displacements
fi k
e
u u
e
i j
k e
e
k ui fi ( e )
e

(e)
f k u u k k u j f j
e e e
j i j

Matrix notation:
ui fi ( e ) e 1 1 ui fi ( e )
k ( e )
(e)
or k 1 1 u f ( e )
u j f j j j
[k ( e ) ]d ( e ) f ( e )
k d f

k: element stiffness matrix

d: vector of element DOFs
f: vector of element forces
4

2
 ENERGY PRINCIPLE: SPRING ELEMENT
1 (e)
U (e) k (u j ui ) 2 ui , fi(e ) e
u j , fj(e )
2
V (e) fi ( e )ui f j( e )u j i j

1 (e)
(e) U (e) V (e)
k (u j ui )2 f i ( e )ui f j( e )u j
2
Principle of minimum potential energy:
( e )
u 0 k (u j ui ) f i 0
(e) (e)

i
(e)
0 k ( e ) (u u ) f ( e ) 0

u j
j i j

e 1 1 ui
fi
(e)

k (e) k ( e ) d ( e ) f ( e )
1 1 u j
fj
5

SPRING ELEMENT
Element stiffness matrix
It is square as it relates to the same number of forces as the
displacements.
It is symmetric.
It is singular, i.e., determinant is equal to zero and it cannot be
inverted.
Observation
For given nodal displacements, nodal forces can be calculated by
[k ( e ) ]d( e ) f ( e )
For given nodal forces, nodal displacements cannot be determined uniquely
(Why?)

3
 RULES OF ASSEMBLY

Compatibility: The joint displacements of all members

meeting at a joint must be the same
Equilibrium: The sum of forces exerted by all members that
meet at a node must balance the external force applied to
that node.

At each node, the summation of element forces is equal to

the applied external force.

SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
Expand element equation to system size
k1 k1 0 0 u1 f1(1)
k1 k1 u1 f1(1) k
0 0 u2 f 2(1)
(1)
k1
k 1
1 k1 u2 f 2 0 0 0 0 u3 0

0 0 0 0 u4 0

0 0 0 0 u1 0
k2 k2 u2 f 2(2) 0 k k2 0 u2 f 2(2)
k
k2 u3 f3(2)
2

2 0 k2 k2 0 u3 f3(2)

0 0 0 0 u4 0

0 0 0 0 u1 0
k3 u3 f3(3) 0 0 u2 0
k3
0 0

k
3 k3 u4 f 4(3) 0 0 k3 k3 u3 f 3(3)
(3)
0 0 k3 k3 u4 f 4

4
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
Element equation
F2 F3
assembly
1 2 3 4
k1 k2 k3

k1 k1 0 0 u1 f1(1)
k k k
k2 0 u2 f 2(1) f 2(2)
1 1 2
0 k2 k 2 k3 k3 u3 f3(2) f3(3)

0 0 k3 k3 u4 f 4(3)

SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
Relation b/w element F2 F3
forces and external force 2 4
1 3
k1 k2
Nodal force equilibrium k3

equations
ie
Fi fi 0 F3
e

e 1
ie 3
Fi fi , i 1,...ND f3(2)
e
f3(3)
e 1

At each node, the summation of f1(1) FR1

element forces is equal to (1) (2)
f 2 f 2 F2
the applied external force (2) (3)

f 3 f 3 F3
f 4(3) FR 4

10

5
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
Assembled System of Matrix Equation:
k1 k1 0 0 0 FR1
k k k k2 0 u2 F2
1 1 2
0 k2 k 2 k3 k3 u3 F3
0 k3 k3 0 FR 4
0
[K s ]{Ds } {Fs } (nodal force equilibrium equations)
[Ks] is square, symmetric and singular.
When displacement is known, force is unknown
u1 u4 0 FR1 and FR4 are unknown reaction forces

11

SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
Imposing Boundary Conditions
Ignore the equations for which the RHS forces are unknown and strike
out the corresponding rows in [Ks].
Eliminate the columns in [Ks] that multiply into zero values of
displacements of the boundary nodes.

k1 k1 0 0 0 FR1
k k k k2 0 u2 F2
1 1 2
0 k2 k 2 k3 k3 u3 F3
0 k3 k3 0 FR 4
0

12

6
 EXAMPLE: 3-SPRING SYSTEM
Reduced System Matrix Equation
k1 k2 k2 u2 F2
k
2 k2 k3 u3 F3
[K ]{D} {F}
Global Reduced System Stiffness Matrix [K]
square, symmetric and positive definite and hence non-singular
Solution:
{D} [K ]1{F}
Once nodal displacements are obtained, the reaction forces:
FR1 k1u2 , FR 4 k3u3
The spring forces can be calculated from
P k k
e e e e
u (e)
2 u1( e )

13

EXAMPLE: 3-SPRING SYSTEM

F2 F3

1 2 3 4
k1 k2 k3

Geometric constraints: u1 = 0, u4 = 0
Assume k1 = k2 = k3 = k, F2 = P, F3 = 2P

14

7
 EXAMPLE: 3-SPRING SYSTEM

k k 0 0 0 FR1 (1)
k 2k k 0 u P (2)
2
0 k 2k k u3 2 P (3)
0 0 k k 0 FR 4 (4)

2k k u2 P
k 2k u 2 P
3
2ku2 ku3 P u3 2u2 P k

ku2 2ku3 2 P
ku2 2k (2u2 P k ) 2 P u2 4 P 3k u3 5P 3k
(1) FR1 ku1 ku2 ku2 4 P 3
(4) FR 4 ku3 ku4 ku3 5P 3

15

NON-ZERO BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

u1 u4

Assume non-fixed BC: u1 u1 , u4 u4

k1 k1 0 0 u1 R1
k k k k2 0 u2 F2
1 1 2
0 k2 k2 k3 k3 u3 F3

0 0 k3 k3 u4 R4
k1 k2 k2 u2 F2 k1u1
k
2 k2 k3 u3 F3 k3u4
solve u2 , u3
R1 k1u1 k1u2 , R4 k3u3 k3u4
16

8
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
F2
F4
1 2
2 6
3
4 5
1 5
3
4 F3

Assembled System of Matrix Equation:

k1 k4 k1 k4 0 0 u1 R1
k k1 k2 k3 k3 k2 0 u2 F2
1
k4 k3 k3 k5 k 4 k5 0 u3 F3

0 k2 k5 k 2 k5 k 6 k6 u4 F4

0 0 0 k6 k6 u5 R5
[K s ]{Ds } {Fs }
17

SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
Imposing Boundary Conditions
Eliminate the columns in [Ks] that multiply into zero values of
displacements of the boundary nodes.

k1 k4 k1 k4 0 0 u1 R1
k k1 k2 k3 k3 k2 0 u2 F2
1
k4 k3 k3 k5 k 4 k5 0 u3 F3

0 k2 k5 k 2 k5 k 6 k6 u4 F4

0 0 0 k6 k6 u5 R5

18

9
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
Global Matrix Equation
k1 k2 k3 k3 k2 u2 F2
k k3 k4 k5 k5 u F
3 3 3
k2 k5 k2 k5 k6 u4 F4

[K ]{D} {F}

Solution
{D} [K ]1{F}
Once nodal displacements are obtained, spring forces can be
calculated from
P k k
e e e e
u j ui

19

Node Numbering & Matrix Sparsity

20

10
SYSTEM OF SPRINGS

u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6
u1
u2
u3
u4
u5
u6

21

Bar Member

22

11
 1D BAR ELEMENT
L A
Two-force member
Only constant f1 f2
cross-section
Element force is x
proportional to
relative displ fi(e ) Node i K=EA/L
Node j fj(e )
First node: i ui uj
second code: j
Force-displacement relation
(e)
AE
fi ( e ) (ui u j )
L Similar to the spring element
(e)
AE
f j( e ) fi ( e ) (u j ui )
L
23

1D BAR ELEMENT
fi(e ) Node i K=EA/L
Node j fj(e )

ui uj
Matrix notation
fi ( e ) AE ( e ) 1 1 ui
(e) {f ( e ) } [k ( e ) ]{d( e ) }
f j L 1 1 u j
Nodal equilibrium Fi
In general
fi(e) fi(e+1)
ie
Element e Element e+1
Fi fi ( e )
e 1 Node i

24

12
 1D BAR ELEMENT
[K s ]{Ds } {Fs }
[K ]{D} {F}
Element forces
After solving nodal displacements, the element force can be calculated
(e)
AE
P(e)
L
u j ui f j( e )

P ( e ) fi ( e ) AE 1 1 ui
(e)

(e) (e)
P f j L 1 1 u j Note fj = -fi = P(e)

Element stress P(e)

A( e )
fi ( e )
P ( e ) AE ( e ) 1 1 ui
(e) (e)
P fj L 1 1 u j
25

Energy Approach Bar Elements

x ui
u [ N ]{d} 1
x

l l u j
1 1 ui
[ N ]{d} [ N]{d}
du d
x [B]{d}
dx dx l l u j

where [B] [ N]
1 1
l l
E
x E x E [B]{d} (u ui )
l j

1 1 L
U (e) x x dV ( E x ) x Adx
2 2 0
V (e)
1
{d}T
2
[B] EA[B]dx {d} 12 {d} [k]{d}
L
0
T T

EA 1 1 EA 1 1
L
l
[k ] 0 2 1 1 dx L 1 1
T
[ B ] EA[ B ]dx
0 L
26

13
 Energy Approach Bar Elements
l l l N
V ( e ) pudx {d}T [ N]T pdx {d}T p 1 dx
0 0 0
N2
l 1 x l
{d}T p( x ) dx {d}T {f p }
0
x l
l 1 x l p const
pl 1
{f p } p( x ) dx , {f p }
0
x l 2 1
1 1
U U ( e ) {d}T [k ]{d} {D s }T [K s ]{D s }
e e 2 2
V V ( e ) Pd
i i {d} {f ext } {D s } {P} {D s } {Fs }
T T T

e i e

1
U V {D s }T [K s ]{D s } {D s }T {Fs }
2
0 [K s ]{D s } {Fs }
27

EXAMPLE 2.2
Statically indeterminate bars A B C
E = 100 GPa
RL F RR
F = 10,000 N
A1 = 104 m2, A2 = 2104 m2 0.25 m 0.4 m
Element stiffness matrices:
1011 104 1 1 7 4 4 u1
[k (1) ] 1 1 10 4 4 u
0.25 2
1011 2 104 1 1 7 5 5 u2
[k (2) ] 1 1 10 5 5 u
0.4 3
Assembly
4 4 0 u1 F1

10 4 9 5 u2 10,000
7

0 5 5 u3 F3
28

14
 EXAMPLE 2.2
Applying BC
107 9u2 10,000 u2 1.11104 m

Element forces or Element stresses

P
AE
L
u j ui
P (1) 4 107 u 2 u1 4, 444 N
P (2) 5 107 u3 u2 5,556 N
A B C
Reaction forces 4444 10000 5556

RL P (1) 4, 444 N , 0.25 m 0.4 m

RR P (2)
5,556 N

29

FEADLAB: 2-ROD BAR (INPUT)

%---------------------------
% problem parameters setting
%---------------------------
fea.param.simpleFEM = 1;
%--------------
% analysis type
%--------------
fea.analysis = 'statics'; A B C
%------------------
% nodal coordinates
%------------------ 4444 10000 5556
% fea.node = [NID,x,y]
fea.node = [1 0;2 0.25;3 0.65]; % m 0.25 m 0.4 m
%--------------------
% nodal connectivity
%--------------------
% fea.element.rod2 = [eid,pid,nid1,nid2]
fea.element.rod2 = [1 1 1 2;2 2 2 3];
%---------------------
% section properties
%---------------------
% for rod2: fea.property{pid}.mid = mid, fea.property{pid}.A = A
fea.property{1}.mid = 1;
fea.property{1}.A = 1e-4; % m^2
fea.property{2}.mid = 1;
fea.property{2}.A = 2e-4; % m^2 30

15
 FEADLAB: 2-ROD BAR (INPUT)
%----------------------
% material properties
%----------------------
% material{mid}.E = E
fea.material{1}.E = 100e9; % N/m^2
%---------------------
% applied constraints
%---------------------
% fea.boundary = [nid ndid value]
fea.boundary = [1 1 0;3 1 0];
%---------------------
% applied nodal force
%---------------------
% fea.cload = [nid ndid value]
fea.cload = [2 1 10000];
%-------------------------
% run FEA
%-------------------------
result = feadlab(fea)

31

FEADLAB: 2-ROD BAR (OUTPUT)

===================
NODAL DISPLACEMENTS
===================
---------------------------------------------
NID u v w
---------------------------------------------
1 0 0 0
2 0.00011111 0 0
3 0 0 0
---------------------------------------------
================================
ROD2 ELEMENT FORCES AND STRESSES
================================
EID F sx
1 4444.4 4.4444e+007
2 -5555.6 -2.7778e+007
============================================
REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BOUNDARY CONDITION
============================================
------------------------------
NID DOF R
------------------------------
1 1 -4444.4
3 1 -5555.6
------------------------------ 32

16
 Example: Non-uniform Bar

A non-uniform cross section bar is subjected to a load as shown in the figure.

Assume E = 10106 psi, L = 40 in, A0 = 1.2 in2 and P = 1000 lb. Solve the
problem by using two elements. A constant cross sectional area for each
element is assumed and is approximated by the algebraic mean of the end areas
of the element A( e) ( A1( e) A2( e) ) 2 .
(a) Express the system matrix equation [Ks]{Ds}={Fs}.
(b) Express the reduced system matrix equation [K]{D}={F} and determine
the nodal displacements.
(c) Determine the element internal stresses and the wall reaction.
(d) If the support at left end is not fixed but forced to displace 0.01 in to the
right, what is the reduced system matrix equation [K]{D}={F}?
41

Example: Non-uniform Bar

1 1
A(1) ( Anode _1 Anode _ 2 ) (1.2 0.4) 0.8
2 2
1 1
A(2) ( Anode _ 2 Anode _ 3 ) (0.4 0.6) 0.5
2 2
1 1 (2) 1 1
[k (1) ] 2 105 , [k ] 1.25 105
1 1 1 1
2 2 0 0 R1

(a) [ K s ]{Ds } {Fs } 10 2 3.25 1.25 u2 0
5

0 1.25 1.25 u3 1000

3.25 1.25 u2 0
(b) [ K ]{D} {F } 105
1.25 1.25 u3 1000
u2 0.005, u3 0.013 in.

42

17
 Example: Non-uniform Bar

EA1 (10 106 )(0.8)

(c)
1
u2 u1 (0.005 0) 1250 psi
L 40
EA (10 106 )(0.4)
2 2 u3 u2 (0 0.013) 2000 psi
L 40
R1 2 105 u2 (2 105 )(0.005) 1000 lb
2 2 0 0.01 R1

(d) [ K s ]{Ds } {Fs } 10 2 3.25 1.25 u2 0
5
0 1.25 1.25 u3 1000
3.25 1.25 u2 2000
[ K ]{D} {F } 105
1.25 1.25 u3 1000

43

Example: Gap

E = 20103 N/mm2
P = 60103 N
u, , R = ?

How to solve the problem?

Non-fixed BC

How about P = 30103 N

44

18
 Example: Gap Step 1

u1 = 0, P = 60103 N
[Ks](3x3 matrix) =
3.3333e+007 -3.3333e+007 0
-3.3333e+007 6.6667e+007 -3.3333e+007
0 -3.3333e+007 3.3333e+007

[K](2x2 matrix) =
6.6667e+007 -3.3333e+007
-3.3333e+007 3.3333e+007
u3 = 1.8 mm > gap of 1.2 mm
Therefore u3 = 1.2 mm

45

Example: Gap Step 2

33333 33333 0 u1 0 R1
33333 66667 33333 u
2 60,000
0 33333 33333 u3 1.2 R3
66667u2 60000 (33333)(1.2) 100000 u2 1.5 mm
20 103
(1) (1.5 0) 200 N mm 2
150
20 103
(1) (1.2 1.5) 40 N mm 2
150
R1 66667 1.5 33333 1.2 60000 N
R3 33333 1.5 33333 1.2 10000 N
46

19
 Non-Uniform Bar

E 30 106 psi, 0.2836 lb/in 3

t 1in, P 100 lb
47

EXAMPLE: MPC

E = 10106 psi
L = 40 in, A0 = 0.5 in2
P = 1000 lb

MPC: uD = uD uA = uD

feadlab:
fea.mpc{1} = [2 1 1;6 1 1];
fea.mpc{2} = [4 1 1;6 1 1];

49

20
 EXAMPLE: MPC

MPC: u2 u3 =

L1 = 300 mm, A1 = 2000 mm2, E1 = 75103 N/mm2

L2 = 200 mm, A2 = 1000 mm2, E2 = 200103 N/mm2
= 0.8 mm

P1 = 3105 N, P2 = 8105 N

50

PLANE TRUSS ELEMENT

What is the difference between 1D and 2D finite elements?
2D element can move in x- and y-direction (2 DOFs per node).
However, the stiffness exists only in axial direction.
Local Coordinate System 50 N
1D FE formulation can be used
if a body-fixed local coordinate system y x
is constructed along the length of 8 cm
the element
y
The global coordinate system
(x and y axes) is chosen to 12 cm
represent the entire structure x
The local coordinate system (x and y axes)
is selected to align the x axis along the length
of the element
f1x EA 1 1 u1

f 2 x L 1 1 u2
51

21
 PLANE TRUSS ELEMENT
Element Equation (Local Coordinate System)
Axial direction is the local x-axis.
2D element equation y
Local coordinates
v2 u2 f2x
f1x 1 0 1 0 u1
f
1 y EA 0 0 0 0 v1 y x
v1 2
u1 f
f 2 x L 1 0 1 0 u2
f 2 y
0 0 0 0 v2 1 Global coordinates
f1x
{f } [k ]{d} x

How to connect to the neighboring elements?

Cannot connect to other elements because LCS is different
Use coordinate transformation

52

COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
Transform to the global coord. and assemble

u1 cos f sin f u1 v

cos f v1
v
v1 sin f u
f
u2 cos f sin f u2
f
v2 sin f cos f v2 u

Transformation matrix
u1 cos f sin f 0 0 u1

v1 sin f cos f 0 0 v1
{d} [T]{d}
u2 0 0 cos f sin f u2

v2 0
0 sin f cos f v2
Transformation matrix
local global
53

22
 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
The same transformation for force vector
f1x cos f sin f 0 0 f1x
f
1 y sin f cos f 0 0 f1 y
{f } [T]{f }
f2 x 0 0 cos f sin f f 2 x
f
f2 y
0 0 sin f cos f
2y
local global

Property of transformation matrix

[T]1 [T]T {f } [T]{f } {f } [T]T {f }

54

ELEMENT STIFFNESS IN GLOBAL COORD.

Element 1
y
v2
f1x 1 0 1 0 u1 u2 f2x
f
1 y EA 0 0 0 0 v1
v1
N2
L 1 0 1 0 u1 K
f2 x u2 f
f 2 y v2
0 0 0 0
f1x N1
element stiffness matrix
x
{f } [k ]{d}
Transform to the global coordinates
[T]{f } [k ][T]{d} {f } [T]1[k ][T] {d}
global global

[k ] [T]1[k ][T] {f } [k ]{d}

55

23
 ELEMENT STIFFNESS IN GLOBAL COORD.
Element stiffness matrix in global coordinates
[k ] T [k ]T
T

cos 2 f cos f sin f cos 2 f cos f sin f

EA cos f sin f sin f
2
cos f sin f sin 2 f
[k]
L cos 2 f cos f sin f cos 2 f cos f sin f

cos f sin f sin 2 f cos f sin f sin 2 f

Depends on Youngs modulus (E), cross-sectional area (A), length (L),

and angle of rotation (f)
Axial rigidity = EA

56

EXAMPLE: Two-Bar Truss N2

50 N

Two-bar truss
Diameter = 0.25 cm Element 1

E = 30106 N/cm2 8 cm

Element 2
Element 1 N1 N3
In local coordinate
12 cm
{f (1) } [k (1) ]{d (1) }

f1x 1 0 1 0 u1 y
f
0 0 0 v1
v2 u2 f2x
1 y EA 0

f 2 x L 1 0 1 0 u2 v1
u1 K N2
f 2 y f1 f = 33.7o
0 0 0 0 v2 1
E = 30 x 106 N/cm2
N1
f1x A = pr2 = 0.049 cm2
L = 14.4 cm x
57

24
 EXAMPLE
Element 1 cont.
Element equation in the global coordinates
f (1)
1x
0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u1
0.462
f
(1)
0.308 0.462 0.308 v1 (1)

1y
102150 {f } [k ]{d }
(1) (1)

f
(1)
2x 0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u2
f

(1)
2y 0.462 0.308 0.462 0.308
v2
y f2x

Element 2 N2 v2
f2 = 90o f2
f 2(2)
x
0 0 0 0 u2 E = 30 x 106 N/cm2 u2
(2) 0 1 A = pr2 = 0.049 cm2 K
f2 y 0 1 v2
(2) 184125 L = 8 cm
f3 x 0 0 0 0 u3
x
f3 y N3

(2)
0 1 0 1 v3 v3
f3x
u3
58

EXAMPLE
Assembly
After transforming to the global coordinates Element 1

F1x 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u1

F v
1 y 47193 31462 47193 31462 0 0
1
F2 x 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u2

F2 y 47193 31462 47193 215587 0 184125 v2
F3 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 u3

3y 0
F 0 0 184125 0 184125 v3
Element 2
Boundary Conditions
Nodes 1 and 3 are fixed.
Node 2 has known applied forces: F2x = 50 N, F2y = 0 N

59

25
 EXAMPLE cont.
Boundary conditions (striking-the-rows and columns)
50 70687 47193 u2

0 47193 215587 v2
Solve the global matrix equation
u2 8.28 104 cm
v2 1.81104 cm
Support reactions
F1x 50 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 0
F 33.33
47193 31462 47193 31462 0 0 0
1 y

50 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u2 4
8.28 10

0 47193 31462 47193 215587 0 184125 v2 1.81104
F3 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F3 y 33.33 0 0 0 184125 0 184125 0

60

EXAMPLE cont.
Element force and stress (Element 1)
Need to transform to the element local coordinates
(1)
u1 .832 .555 0 0 0 0
v .555 .832
1 0 0

0 0

u2 0 0 .832 .555 u2 5.89 104
v2
0 0 .555 .832 v2 6.11104

Element force and stress (Element 1) cont.

(1)
f1x 1 0 1 0 0 60.2
f
1y EA 0 0 0 0

0 0

N
f2 x L 1 0 1 0 5.89 104 60.2
f 2 y
0 0 0 0 6.11104 0

61

26
 ELEMENT FORCE AND STRESS CALCULATION
Element force for plane truss
(e) (e)
AE AE
P (e)

L

(e)

L
u j ui

Write in terms of global displacements

(e)
AE
P(e) lu j mv j lu i mvi
L l cos f
(e)
AE m sin f
l u j ui m v j vi
L
(e)
AE
P(e) u j ui cos f v j vi sin f
L
(e)
E
(e) u j ui cos f v j vi sin f
L
62

EXAMPLE
2
Directly assembling global matrix equation
2 F
(applying BC in the element level)
45
Element property & direction cosine table
Elem AE/L i -> j f l = cosf m = sinf 3 1
1
1 206105 1 -> 3 -30 0.866 0.5
4 3
2 206105 1 -> 2 90 0 1
3 206105 1 -> 4 210 0.866 0.5

Since u3 and v3 will be deleted after assembly, it is not

necessary to keep them
u1 v1 u3 v3
l2 lm l 2lm u1 u1 v1

lm m 2 v1
(1)
EA
2
EA l lm u1
(1)
lm m 2
k (1) k (1)
L l
2
lm l2 lm u3 2
L lm m v1

lm m
2
lm m 2 v3

63

27
 EXAMPLE: Truss with Spring Support

64

Example: 4-Bar Truss

u2 0.027119 in, u3 0.0056497 in, v3 0.022246 in

65

28
 Example: 4-Bar Truss
================================
ROD2 ELEMENT FORCES AND STRESSES
================================
EID F sx
1 20000 20000
2 -21875 -21875
3 -5208.3 -5208.3
4 4166.7 4166.7
Undeformed Configuration

4
4 3

3 2

1
y 1 2

66

Example: 4-Bar Truss

%-----------------------------
% problem parameters setting
%-----------------------------
fea.param.simpleFEM = 2;
%--------------
% analysis type
%--------------
fea.analysis = 'statics';
%------------------
% nodal coordinates
%------------------
% fea.node = [NID,x,y]
fea.node = [1 0 0;2 40 0;3 40 30;4 0 30];
%--------------------
% nodal connectivity
%--------------------
fea.element.rod2 = [1 1 1 2;2 1 2 3;3 1 1 3;4 1 3 4];
%---------------------
% section properties
%---------------------
fea.property{1}.mid = 1;
fea.property{1}.A = 1; % in^2
67

29
 Example: 4-Bar Truss
%----------------------
% material properties
%----------------------
% material{mid}.E = E
fea.material{1}.E = 29.5e6; % psi
%---------------------
% applied constraints
%---------------------
% fea.boundary = [nid ndid value)
fea.boundary = [1 1 0;1 2 0;2 2 0;4 1 0;4 2 0];
%---------------------
% applied nodal force
%---------------------
fea.cload = [2 1 20000;3 2 -25000];
%-------------------------
% Output and plot requests
%-------------------------
plots.contourPlot = feaContourOptions('response',{'F','sx'});
feadlab(fea,plots);

68

Plane Truss with Inclined Support (MPC)

R1 v1 0
E = 30106 psi
A = 2 in2 L = 30 in
v u sin 45 v cos 45 0
1 1 1

v u tan 45 u
1 1 1

MPC: v1 = -u1
69

30
 Plane Truss with Inclined Support (MPC)
E = 30106 psi
A = 2 in2 L = 30 in
MPC: v1 = -u1
Slave DOF: v1
Master DOF: u1
fea.mpc{1} = [1 2 1;1 1 -1]
u1 = v1 = 0
R1 v1 0 v2 = -0.00283

2 0 0 u1 0.707 R1
4 0 u1 0
6
10 0 2 0 v1 u1 0.707 R1 106
0 0 0.707 v2 2000 0 0.707 v2 2000

70

ERROR in BC
AE = 106 N, L = 1 m
y
3
3
x

2 2
L 3 L 3

1 2 1 2
1 1
L L

1,000 N 1,000 N
(a) Improper case (b) Proper case

71

31
 ERROR in ELEMENT TYPE
The behavior of FE model is different from that of physics

1 0 1 0 0 0 u1 R1x
0 0 0 0 0 0 v1 R1y
EA 1 0 2 0 1 0 u2 0 EA 2 0 u2 0
L 0 0 0 0 0 0 v2 F L 0 0 v2 F
0 0 1 0 1 0 u3 R3 x
0 0 0 0 0 0 v3 R3 y

No stiffness in the vertical direction!

72

Problem 2.22

a = b = 10 mm

E = 210 GPa

73

32