TAXONOMY
What is taxonomy?
Kingdom Monera
Prokaryotes
First types of cells to evolve 3.5
billion years
Characteristics of prokaryotes
- Nuclear materials not enclosed by
nuclear membrane (nucleoid)
- Lack other organelles that are found
in cell of higher organisms
- With cell membrane and enclosed by
cell wall
- Some move by means of flagella
- Reproduce by means of fission
- Some forms endospores
Monerans can be classified based
on the following:
Nutritional requirements
1. Photoautotrophs blue-green algae
- produce
energy from light
2. Heterotrophs some are parasitic
bacteria, pathogens,
saprophytes
3. Chemoautotrophs produce energy
from inorganic substances
Oxygen requirements
1. Obligate aerobes require oxygen
to grow
2. Obligate anaerobes do not require
oxygen to grow
3. Facultative anaerobes can live
with or without oxygen
Two groups of prokaryotes/bacteria
Archaebacteria
Earliest prokaryotes Some are colonial
Live in most extreme environments Take in food by simple diffusion and
phagocytosis
Reproduce asexually and sexually
Groups: Groups of Protozoa
1. Methanogens live in swamps and 1. Rhizopoda ( Sarcodina) amoeboids
marshes, and guts of organisms - unicellular and asexual organisms
including mammals - pseudopodia
- produce methane gas - phagocytic
2. Halophiles live in high salt content - Amoeba
environment Entamoeba hystolitica
3. Thermophiles live in high 2. Zoomastigina (Mastigophora)
temperature zooflagellates
4. Acidophiles acidic environment - with flagella
Eubacteria - phagocytic
True bacteria - Trypanosoma gambiense
Classified according to their mode of - Giardia lamblia
acquiring nutrients, mechanism of 3. Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)
movement and their shape. sporozoans
Photosynthetic bacteria - no locomotory organelles
A. Cyanobacteria photosynthetic - parasitic
bacteria - Plasmodium malariae
and Nostoc 4. Ciliophora
Gleocapsa ciliates
Spirogyra - cilia
Shapes of bacteria: - macronucleus and micronucleus
bacillus (bacillus anthracis, bacillus - Paramecium, Balantidium coli
subtilis, Mycobacterium Plant-like Protists - Algae
tuberculosis ) 1. Dinoflagellates Pyrrophyta
coccus ( streptococcus pneumonia , - two flagella
nesseria gonorrhoeae ) - red tide
Spirillus ( Treponema pallidum ) 2. Golden brown Chrysophyta
Protozoa animal-like protists (diatoms)
Unicellular organisms - unicellular; cell wall contains
Motile silica
3. Green algae Chlorophyta
- with chlorophyll a and b
- ancestors of present plants
- multicellular
- Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa lentellifera
Ulva
4. Brown algae Phaeophyta
- marine; multicellular
- Kelp and Sargassum
5. Red algae Rhodophyta
- multicellular; aquatic; mostly
marine
Kappaphycus alvarezii
Euglenoids - Euglenophyta
KINGDOM FUNGI
-Saprophytic
-Unicellular and filamentous
-Some are parasitic, causing diseases
in plants and animals
-Body composed of filaments called
hyphae collectively called
mycelium
-Bread mold (Rhizopus nigricans)
Candida albicans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Unicellular fungi
-Yeasts
-Bakers yeast
-Candida albicans
Filamentous fungi
-Bread mold
-Penicillium notatum -Cells are specialized to perform
-Aspergillus specific function
Kingdom Plantae Phylum Cnidaria/Coelenterata
Animals Karaoke players can order -Aquatic ; radially symmetrical; with
free grade soda tentacles around the mouth
Plants Karaoke dancers can order -Jelly fish, sea anemones, corals
free grape soda Phylum Platyhelminthes
Division Bryophyta- mosses -Flatworms; bilaterally symmetrical
-Grow in moist places -Flukes, planaria, tapeworms
-No true roots -Liver fluke (Cestoda) * Tapeworm
-No vascular tissue (Trematoda)
Phylum Echinodermata
Division Lycophyta - Selaginella -Marine; sea stars; water vascular
Division Sphenophyta - horsetails system
Division Pterophyta - ferns Phylum Nematoda
-Seedless vascular plants -Round worms with tough
-True roots impermeable cuticle
-Vascular tissue
-Survive in dryer environment
Division Cycadophyta - cycads Phylum Annelida
Division Coniferophyta cone -Segmented worms; with parapodia or
bearing plants setae for movement
-Naked-seeded plants Phylum Mollusca
-Pinus -Calcareous shell; aquatic and
Division Anthophyta flowering terrestrial
plants Phylum Arthropoda
Class Liliopsida monocot -Segmented; exoskeleton
- flowers parts in threes Phylum Chordata
Class Magnoliopsida dicot -Fish
- flowers in fours or fives -Amphibians
KINGDOM ANIMALIA -Reptiles
Phylum Porifera -Birds
-No true tissue no organs -Mammals