TCP/IP and Networking Fundamentals: by Ed Liberman

TCP/IP and Networking
Fundamentals
By Ed Liberman
Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008
Introduction
In This Video
Series
What is a Protocol?
What is TCP/IP?
Configuring an IP Address
IP Address Planning
Binary Numbers
Internetworking
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Fundamentals of IPv6
1
Video 1
What is a Protocol?
In This Video
Definition of a Protocol
What is the OSI Model?
Definition of a
Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules and

procedures used for communication.
2
Example: USPS
Protocol
Example: USPS
Protocol
Example: Fedex
Protocol
3
Definition of a
Protocol
Computers on a network must agree upon a

common protocol in order to communicate.
Standards of
Communication
In this example:
Packaging
Addressing
Payment
Getting the package on the network
What is the OSI

Model?
In the 1970s the International

Standards Organization (ISO)
developed the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) reference model
to define the basic standards for
network communication.
4
What is the OSI
Model?
In the 1970s the International

Standards Organization (ISO)
developed the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) reference model
to define the basic standards for
network communication.
What is the OSI

Model?
The OSI Model is made up of 7 layers.

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
What is the OSI

Model?
The OSI Model is made up of 7 layers.

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
5
6
Review
After watching this video you should be

able to:
Explain what a protocol is and how we use
it to communicate on a network.
Define the 7 layers of the OSI Model and
explain its significance within a network.
Video 2
What is TCP/IP?
7
In This Video
What is TCP/IP?
TCP/IP Architecture
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Types of TCP/IP Communication
What is TCP/IP?
TCP/IP stands for the Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is
the basic communication protocol of
the Internet.
Although it was designed to be an
Internet protocol, it can also be used as
a communication protocol in a private
network.
TCP/IP
Architecture
The TCP/IP architecture is based off the

4 layer DARPA model. Each layer of
the DARPA model corresponds to one
or more of the layers of the 7 layer OSI
model.
Each of the 4 layers have individual
protocols which all work together to
form a protocol stack.
8
What is the
TCP/IP (DARPA)
Model?
What is the
TCP/IP (DARPA)
Model?
What is the
TCP/IP (DARPA)
Model?
9
The TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Transport Layer
Protocols
TCP Transmission Control Protocol

One to One
Connection-oriented
Reliable Communication
UDP User Datagram Protocol
Connectionless
Unreliable Communications
What makes
TCP connection-
oriented?
Connection-oriented communication
means that a connection must be
established before data can be
exchanged.
TCP uses a three-way handshake to
establish this connection.
10
Three-way
Handshake
Three-way
Handshake
Three-way
Handshake
11
Transport Layer
Protocols
TCP Transmission Control Protocol

One to One
Connection-oriented
Reliable Communication
UDP User Datagram Protocol
Connectionless
Unreliable Communications
Internet Layer
Protocols
IP Internet Protocol
Addressing
Routing
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
Resolves an IP address to hardware
address
Internet Layer
Protocols
ICMP Internet Control Message

Protocol
Diagnostic and error reporting
IGMP Internet Group Management
Protocol
Manages IP multicast group membership
12
Types of TCP/IP
Communication
Unicast (One to One)

Multicast (One to Many)
Broadcast (One to All)
Anycast IPv6 only (One to One of
Many)
Unicast (One to
One)
Multicast (One
to Many)
13
Broadcast (One
to All)
Anycast (One to
One of Many)
Review
After watching this video you should

understand:
The TCP/IP protocol architecture.
The different protocols that make up the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
The 4 different types of TCP/IP
communication.
14
Video 3
Configuring an IP Address
In This Video
What is an IP Address?
Network ID
Host ID
What is the purpose of a Subnet Mask?
How to configure a computer with an IP address
Static
Dynamic
How to view a computers IP configuration
How to check for connectivity
What is an IP
Address?
A 32 bit address that is used to uniquely

identify a computer on a network.
The Network ID portion of the IP Address
identifies the network where the computer
sits.
The Host ID portion of the IP Address
uniquely identifies the computer on its
network.
15
What is an IP
Address?
Example:
IP Address: 192.168.10.1
Network ID Host ID
What is the
purpose of a
Subnet Mask?
Example:
IP Address: 192.168.10.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Network ID Host ID
What is the
purpose of a
Subnet Mask?
Example:
IP Address: 192.168.10.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Network ID Host ID
16
What is the
purpose of a
Subnet Mask?
Example:
IP Address: 192.168.10.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0
Network ID Host ID
What is the
purpose of a
Subnet Mask?
Example:
IP Address: 192.168.10.1
Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0
Network ID Host ID
My Basic
Network
17
How to configure a computer with an IP
Address.
Lets go take a look!!!
Review

know how to:
Explain what an IP Address and Subnet
Mask are.
Configure an IP Address
View an IP configuration
Check for connectivity
Video 4
IP Address Planning
18
In This Video
How to Plan an IP Addressing Scheme

Rules for IP Addressing
What is Classful IP Addressing?
Private vs. Public IP Addressing
What is Network Address Translation
(NAT)?
How to Plan an
IP Addressing
Scheme
How many IP Addresses do you need
today?
How many IP Addresses will you need
in the future?
Are you dealing with a pre-existing IP
scheme?
Rules for IP
Addressing
Each of the 4 numbers in an IP Address

is called an octet (8 bits).
192.168.10.101
A bit is a 1 or a 0.
Each octet can only have a number
from 0 to 255
00000000 = 0
11111111 = 255
19
Rules for IP
Addressing
The first octet cannot be 127.

The 127 range has been reserved for
diagnostics.
127.0.0.1 is known as the loopback
address. (It is sometimes also referred
to as localhost.)
Rules for IP
Addressing
The Host ID cannot be all 0s or all

255s.
All 0s represents the Network ID
All 255s is the broadcast address
Example:
192.168.10.0 is a Network ID
192.168.10.255 is the broadcast address
for the 192.168.10.0 network.
What is Classful
IP Addressing?
Originally IP Addresses where divided

into different class ranges:
A Class: 1-126255.0.0.0
B Class: 128 191 255.255.0.0
C Class: 192 223 255.255.255.0
D Class: 224 239 Multicast
E Class: 240 243 Experimental
20
What is Classful
IP Addressing?
A Class 126 Networks, 16,777,214 Hosts

B Class 16,384 Networks, 65,534 Hosts
C Class 2,097,152 Networks, 254 Hosts
Total of 3,720,314,628 host addresses
available
Private vs.
Public IP
Addressing
Private IP ranges which have been
reserved from Public Internet use:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
169.254.0.0 169.254.255.255
Private vs.
Public IP
Addressing
Hosts assigned private IP Addresses
can get to the Internet through a
technology called Network Address
Translation (NAT)
Most of todays companies use private
IP Addresses on their private networks.
21
What is NAT?
Review

understand:
How to plan an IP Addressing scheme
Basic rules for IP Addressing
Classful IP Addressing
When to use Private vs. Public IP
Addresses
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Video 5
Binary Numbers
22
What is this
Number? 3,482
Three Thousand Four Hundred Eighty Two

1,000 100 10 1
3 4 8 2
3 x 1,000 = 3,000
4 x 100 = 400
8 x 10 = 80
2x1 = 2
3,482
Decimal vs.
Binary
Convert Binary
to Decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
10101010
23
Convert Binary
to Decimal
Convert Decimal
to Binary
Using the
Calculator
Decimal Binary
3482 = 110110011010
24
IP Address
Each of the 4 numbers in an IP Address

is called an octet (8 bits).
192.168.10.101
A bit is a 1 or a 0.
Each octet can only have a number
from 0 to 255
Binary IP
Address
Binary IP
Address
25
Binary IP
Address
Binary IP
Address
Binary IP
Address
26
Binary IP
Address
Binary Subnet
Mask
Binary IP
Address &
Subnet Mask
27
Review
After watching this video you should be

able to:
Convert a Decimal number to Binary
Convert a Binary number to Decimal
Convert a Decimal IP Address to Binary
Video 6
Internetworking
In This Video
IP Address Review
What is a Router?
What is a Default Gateway?
Introduction to Subnetting
28
IP Address
Review
An IP Address is a 32 bit address which

is divided into four 8 bit octets.
The Network ID portion of the IP
Address identifies the network where
the computer sits.
The Host ID portion of the IP Address
uniquely identifies the computer on its
network.
IP Address
Review
Example:
IP Address: 192.168.10.101
Network ID Host ID
IP Address
Review
Example:
IP Address: 192.168.10.101
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Network ID Host ID
29
IP Address
Review
Example:
IP Address: 192.168.10.101
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Network ID Host ID
What is a
Router?
A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks.

A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two
LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISPs network. Routers are
located at gateways, the places where two or more networks
connect, and are the critical device that keeps data flowing
between networks and keeps the networks connected to the
Internet. When data is sent between locations on one network
or from one network to a second network the data is always
seen and directed to the correct location by the router. They
accomplish this by using headers and forwarding tables to
determine the best path for forwarding the data packets, and
the use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each
other and configure the best route between any two hosts.
What is a
Router?
30
What is a
Router?
What is a Default
Gateway?
Computers can only communicate directly

with other computers on the same network.
The only way for a computer to communicate
with a computer on a different network is
through a router. (Internetworking)
The Default Gateway represents the IP
Address of a router that a computer uses to
communicate outside of its network.
My Basic
Network
31
Client Configuration
Lets go take a look!!!
Subnetting
Subnetting is the process of taking a

large network and dividing it into
smaller networks to increase efficiency
and manageability.
Subnetting
Example:
Network - 172.16.0.0 (65534 Hosts)
Subnet Mask - 255.255.0.0
Subnet 1 - 172.16.1.0 (254 Hosts)
Subnet 2 - 172.16.2.0 (254 Hosts)
Subnet 3 - 172.16.3.0 (254 Hosts)
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
32
Review

understand:
Routers
Default Gateways
Subnetting
Video 7
Classless Interdomain
Routing (CIDR)
In This Video
Problems with Classful IP Addressing

What is CIDR & VLSM?
Subnetting with CIDR
33
Problems with
Classful IP
Addressing
Class A 16,777,214 Hosts
Class B 65,534 Hosts
Class C 254 Hosts
What do you do if you have 2,000 hosts?
Pick Class B and waste 63,000+ addresses.
Take 8 Class Cs and have cluttered routing table
entries.
Solution:
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) with

Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
Decimal Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.0
Binary Subnet Mask:
Variable Length
Subnet Masks
11111111 255
11111110 254
11111100 252
11111000 248
11110000 240
11100000 224
11000000 192
10000000 128
00000000 0
34
Subnetting with
CIDR & VLSM
If we start with 255.255.0.0, but want to divide

into smaller networks we need to take bits
from the Host ID and move them into the
Network ID.
Formulas
Number of Subnets:
2n
n = Number of 1s in the Subnet ID
Number of available host addresses:
2n 2
n = Number of 0s in the Host ID
Host ID cannot be all 0s or all 1s
Example:
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
25 = 32 Subnets
211 2 = 2046 Available hosts in each subnet
My Basic
Network
35
Why wont my
network work?
Vista1 - 192.168.10.101
DC1 - 192.168.10.201
Router - 192.168.10.200
SM - 255.255.255.248
We need to look at everything in binary:
How can we fix

my network?
With a subnet mask of 255.255.255.248 each network will be

broken into blocks of 6 host addresses:
Example:
How can we fix

my network?

Example:
36
How can we fix
my network?
Example:
How can we fix

my network?

Example:
My Basic
Network (Fixed)
37
CIDR Notation
Without CIDR Notation

192.168.10.1
255.255.255.248
With CIDR Notation
192.168.10.1/29
Review

understand:
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
Video 8
Fundamentals of IPv6
38
In This Video
Disadvantages of IPv4
IPv6 Solutions
IPv6 Addressing
Types of IPv6 Addresses
Disadvantages
of IPv4
Not Enough Addresses

Cluttered the Internet Routing Tables
Difficult to Configure
Security Was Optional
IPv6 Solutions
Plenty of Addresses - 3.4 x 1038

Simplified the Internet Routing Tables
Easy and Automated Configuration
Security is Required
39
IPv6 Addressing
128 bits long

1111111010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000010111101110000000001111111100000010001110000100011110110001
Displayed in 16 bit hexadecimal blocks
FE80:0000:0000:0000:05EE:00FF:0238:47B1
Simplify by suppressing the leading 0s
FE80:0:0:0:5EE:FF:238:47B1
Further compress by expressing a single
contiguous set of 0 blocks into ::
FE80::5EE:FF:238:47B1
Types of IPv6
Addresses
Unicast (One to One)

Global Addresses
Link-Local Addresses - FE80
Unique Local Addresses - FC or FD
Multicast (One to Many)
Anycast (One to One of Many)
Review

understand:
The way IPv6 solves the problems we are
facing with IPv4.
What an IPv6 address looks like.
40

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TCP/IP and Networking

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

A protocol is a set of rules and

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Computers on a network must agree upon a

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

What is the OSI

In the 1970s the International

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

In the 1970s the International

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

What is the OSI

The OSI Model is made up of 7 layers.

What is the OSI

The OSI Model is made up of 7 layers.

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

After watching this video you should be

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

TCP/IP stands for the Transmission

The TCP/IP architecture is based off the

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

ICMP Internet Control Message

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Unicast (One to One)

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

After watching this video you should

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

A 32 bit address that is used to uniquely

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008

After watching this video you should

Train Signal, Inc., 2002-2008