http://www.lunarsight.

com/

How to use Gnaural (click here for a quick start guide)

Gnaural can play sound directly through your computer sound system, or create a sound file that you can
burn to CD or put on your iPod/MP3 player. Either way, you will need earphones or earbuds to actually
experience binaural beats, as the principle requires isolating the stimulus to each ear.

While there are many ways to explore binaural beats, the standard "relaxation" approach is to listen to
the sound while lying down with eyes closed. The volume should be at a comfortable level, and the noise
just barely audible beneath the tones. If your headphones are connected properly, you should
immediately notice a gentle "wow-wow-wow" beat from the mixing of the tones in your head. These are
binaural beats. Often when starting a session I'll quickly test my headphone connection by pulling one
side off my head; the "wow-wow-wow" should disappear isntantly then reappear when put it back on. But
if I still hear a "wow-wow-wow" sound with one side off, my headphones weren't plugged-in to my
computer or MP3 player, mixing the stereo output to mono.

Once satisfied that all is functioning properly, you should simply relax and let the binaural beats take your
mind on a ride. Within 8 minutes, you're brain should be fairly well in-sync with the binaural beats. It is my
own observation that as my brain starts to synchronize with the beats, it actually becomes hard to hear
them, as if my overall brain wave activity is cancelling them out. Which is one of the reasons I like to
place spikes -- short, 12-second rise-and-falls in the schedule -- in my session schedules every 6
minutes or so. These help me keep my mental focus as my brain activity slows-down, by gently nudging
me periodically, and thereby keeping me from drifting in to a sleep-like unconsciousness.

My sessions generally last about 17 to 25 minutes, although 8 minutes is probably enough to produce
the desired effect. While you can design schedules any way you like, the default session ("schedule")
built in to Gnaural is a "relaxation" schedule, and runs for around 74 minutes -- basically because that is
the most that will fit on a standard CD-R disk. While I have only rarely had a session that long, in general,
I've found it a whole lot more useful to have a session provide more duration than I need, because I can
always just stop before it is done. But if a schedule ends too early, it can feel a bit like getting woken-up
in the middle of an interesting dream.

Designing your own Schedules (click here for a quick start guide)
When Gnaural starts, by default it looks for a file named "schedule.gnaural" [ancient version of Gnaural
called it "gnaural_schedule.txt", witha structure explained here]. In Windows, Gnaural looks for this file
in the installation directory, usually C:\Program Files\Gnaural. In Linux and Mac, Gnaural looks in
the ~/.gnaural directory created when it is first-run. If Gnaural doesn't find that file, it creates a new
one with a default meditation-oriented schedule. This file is in XML format, and can be edited with any
plain-text editor. But editing XML by hand is complicated (you can find more information on their
format here), but fortunately Gnaural has a built-in GUI editor (the graph at the lower-half of
Gnaural's window) which makes it easy to edit schedule files without ever having to look at their
contents. For instructions on the graphing editor, see here.

I am not an expert on the brain or on what frequencies induce specific mental states, so I can't offer any
good advice on areas of the brainwave spectrum to explore. The generalities I've used to make my
schedules include:

The lowest end of the brainwave spectrum is called the "delta" range, with frequencies less than
4 Hz. This is usually considered a sleep range.
 The "theta" range (between 4 and 8 Hz) is often associated with deep states of meditation.

The high end of brainwave activity is called the "beta" range, and extends from about 14 to 40
Hz.

The alpha range (from 8 to 14 Hz) is often considered a area of high focus, possibly good for
reading or for mental endurance while cramming for an exam.

My approach is to start with a beat frequency in the alpha range, around 12 hz, because I understand
this is approximately the range where an active, wakeful brain will go when the eyes are closed and mind
consciously relaxed. From there, I slowly let the beat frequency slide downward toward the low theta
range. I've found 5 minutes to be enough time for me to get there, but it will probably take longer for
people who haven't done it before. The whole idea is to gently encourage brainwave activity, through
binaural-beat entrainment, to the range of frequency we want to explore. The binaural beat technique
can't force this to happen, it facilitates entrainment. So with that in mind, the more slowly you can
descend, the better. The one caveat to that, though, it that one can basically just "go to sleep" if not
occasionally perked-up. For this reason, I include spikes in the schedule every 6 minutes or so, in which I
raise the frequency to around 7 or 8 hz in around 6 seconds, and them back down again in 6 seconds.
Where your "spikes" should be is really a matter of what feels right; I know the spikes are too close
together when I am fully awake when they arrive. Contrarily, they are too far apart when I simply go to
sleep and wake up an hour later. They are in the right place when they catch me just before the point
where I am no longer conscious of my participation in the session. I have found that a lot of the
"interesting stuff" happens in the stage right in between wakefulness and sleep, know as the hypnagogic
(or alternately hypnopompic) state.

You may want to experiment with mixing binaural beats with other sounds (waterfalls, rain, waves, etc.).
Gnaural can play many types of sound files; simply add a new voice (Ctrl-j), choose "Audio File" for voice
type, then the "Choose Audio File" button to tell Gnaural what to play. Once loaded, its volume and
stereo parameters can be treated like any other voice.

Please use this technique responsibly. For instance, don't use it while driving or biking, etc. Reality "off-
the-sofa" requires the full range of brain activity. Also, while I may not have heard of any bad reactions to
the Binaural Beat technique, you might want to ask a clinician before using it if you have epilepsy, for
example. I can personally attest to having never had any negative results over the many years I've used
this technique, but I am by no means a medical expert.

Presets
"Presets" are already-made schedules that you can download and run in Gnaural. I've collected a
number of them and amassed them at the Preset Site, divided in to two categories: presets intented for
mental states ("Minscapes"), and presets that are strictly audio-compositions ("Soundscapes"). I am
always looking for more good ones, so if you've been working on one that's working for you, please send
it my way (gnaural [at] users.sourceforge.net), or post it in the forums, with a good description of its
intended purpose and there's a good chance I'll put it up there. On the site you can see the number and
the overall trend of downloads for each preset, which can be a good indicator for what other people are
liking. Btw, if a schedule doesn't download as expected, but instead "open" as an XML page in your
browser, don't worry, just just do a "File->Save Page As" and it is the same as downloading.

Using Gnaural's Graph Editor

A main feature of Gnaural is it's visual interface to edit/create Schedule files without the tedium of hand-
editing text files. The actual interface is the graph on the lower half of the application; by clicking in this
area, you can add, delete, move, and edit data points. The approach is mouse based:

Left button: selects, moves, and creates (by double-clicking) data points

Right button: opens an editable dialog that can modify en masse any selected data points

Middle button: deletes data points

Some random tips to get you started:

Double-clicking creates a new data point

Click-and-dragging across data points selects them

Add more to a selection by holding Shift and selecting more points. Likewise, subtract from a
selection by holding Ctrl

Selected points can be moved en masse by dragging any single selected point

Use Shift with the Arrow keys to precisely move selected points

The Delete key deletes data points, but not the durations associated with them. Shift-Delete will
also delete the durations

Ctrl-C ("Copy"), Ctrl-X ("Cut"), and Shift-X ("Cut Durations") each can copy selected data points.
Ctrl-V ("Paste") pastes them.

Paste (Ctrl-V) pastes data points exactly to the original position in the graph they were copied
from, but can be moved with keyboard arrows or mouse.

Ctrl-Z will undo the previous operation; Ctrl-Y will redo

Dragging data-points beyond the right-edge of the graph will extend the duration of the
schedule

Dragging data-points above the top edge with recalibrate the graph's scale to contain the point

You can jump to a particular point in the schedule by clicking in the area just beneath the graph

FAQ
 Can I use audio files produced by Gnaural in my commerical projects?

Users are free to use and distribute files produced by Gnaural for any personal, commercial, or
educational purposes.

How can I put a data point higher that the 12 hz at the top of the
graph [visual editor]?

The quick way: Using the visual editor ("the graph"), click-and-drag any point you see higher than the top
of the graph and then let go -- the graph will recalibrate to some arbitrary value value higher than the
default 12 you see.

The precise way: select a data point the "right-click" with the mouse to bring up a dialog box in which you
can set exact values for all data point properties. In this case, you'd be setting the "Starting Frequency"
entry. The graph will automatically recalibrate to contain this new point if necessary.

How do I create a data point?

Double-click the left button on your mouse.

How can I delete a data point?

You can either cick the middle button (the "Scroll Wheel" on most mice) over the data point, or select that
data point with the mouse then hit the "Delete" key. Holding "Shift" at the same time also deletes the
duration assocated with the data point.

How can I delete all the data points at once?

With the mouse cursor inside the graph, press "Ctrl-a" to select all data points, then "Delete" to remove
them, or "Shift" and "Delete" at the same time to also delete all the durations of all the data points.
NOTE: you can't actually delete ALL the data points; Gnaural's logic requires that there at least be one,
and if you try to delete all, Gnaural will leave the first one intact.
 I can't open the dialog box for the last data point on the right of
the graph. Why?

Because it is really the first data point, due to the "wrap-around" loop-able approach used by Gnaural. (if
you don't believe it, notice that moving the last data point up or down moves the first data point too). So
just edit the dialog for the first point.

I want to make a new schedule, and I want it to be 25 minutes long.

How can I do it?

Go to the menu "Graph" and select "Clear." Click (left-click, that is) anywhere in the middle of the graph
to produce a new data point. Right-click on the new point, and in the dialog that pops-up, set "Event
Duration" to 0 (that's zero). Then right-click on the first data point (the point furthest to the left) and set
the entry "Event Duration" to 1500 seconds (that's 25 minutes).

I want to truncate my 75 min. schedule to be exactly 20 min. How do i

do it?

Go to the menu entry "Tools->Truncate Schedule" and set the schedule end time to 1200.

What is the "Base Freq."?

The Base Frequency is main pitch of the tone you will be hearing, as opposed to the speed of the "wow-
wow-wow" pulsating you percieve as set by the Beat Frequency. To make an FM radio analogy, the Base
Freq. is the "carrier" you'd dial your radio to, while the Beat Freq. would be the actual music/voice you
hear in the broadcast.

In more technical terms, we modulate an audible Base Freq. because Beat Frequencies would be too
low for our sense of hearing. Put another way, humans can't hear sounds below 20hz, while the Binaural
Beats are very typically down around 4hz, so instead of just trying to pump an inaudible 4hz tone in to
our earphones we modulate a very clearly audible Base Freq to produce an effective 4hz stimulus. You
can pick whatever range you want for Beat Freq, but in general, it is probably most effective to use one
between 110 hz and 300 hz. The default schedule in Gnaural actually varies the Base Freq constantly
over its duration so that you never have one frequency playing in your ear for an extended time; this is to
be gentle on your hearing, and also to contribute to the psychological sense of "descent" generally, as
the varyiance goes from a higher Base Freq to lower over the schedule.

Even more: Humans, for all practical purposes, can't hear sounds below 20 hz. But it is not unusual in a
Gnaural session to deliver beat frequencies less than 5 hz. The solution offered by the binaural beat
approach is to deliver the "sub-audible" information via the difference between two "audible" tones. The
base frequency you choose is basically arbitrary. But in practice, I've found that if the base frequency is
too low, the range of the modulating beat frequencies will vary the percieved loudness of the base
frequency too much (literally because the modulated base frequency on one side of your
headphones will be driven either further in or out of our threshold of hearing range, thus making one side
of your headphones sound louder than the other). And on the other side, I've read that if you set the base
frequency too high (over 1khz), our auditory system simply can't process the beat frequency properly. I
tend to use something between about 110 and 220 hz. I formerly used frequencies common to our
musical scale (in the off-chance it might give me perfect pitch!), but now I have the opposite view: I like to
use frequencies I am unlikely to hear alone in everyday contexts.

Here's more:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/gnaural/forums/forum/498482/topic/3636345

How can I mix music with binaural beats?

See here or here

Why don't you add more "presets" [built-in schedules] in to Gnaural?

Short answer: The default one built in to Gnaural is the only one that I've used and refined long enough
to feel comfortable recommending as a reasonably valid example of implementation of the binaural beat
principle. I probably won't build in any more default ones IN to Gnaural, but I very much would like to
share presets created and tested by users. If the idea ever catches, I'll try to create a self-serve site for
such a task; for now, people can post the text of any schedules they are finding useful in the Open
Discussion Gnaural forum.

Long answer: I've been informed that other binaural beat generators provide more internal schedules,
often with titles that target particular mental states. While I encourage people to explore those subjective
ideas and share their own schedules, Gnaural itself was designed with a different philosophy. The
underlying design focus behind Gnaural (and going all the way back to BrainWav, the first DOS version
from the early 1990s) was to be more like a "laboratory grade" tool, in which a generic functionality is
provided that doesn't incline or emphaize any hypotheses beyond the ground covered by the Oster paper
of 1973. However, by no means was that design-focus meant as a limit. If anything, I hope it made it
more flexible as a general tool for exploring all potential uses of the binaural beat phenomenon --
especially the idea that binaural beats can be used to influence mental states.

And as to why I felt a need to "stick within the literature" : it was not because of any particular dislike
claims of others regarding binaural beats. Almost the opposite: it seems to me that a growing gap
between application claims and scientific corroboration has made the subject of binaural beats almost
"controversial" in the scientific community. Which in turn has disinclined scientific investigation in to
implications of a neurological effect established in the literature over 30 years ago. From a scientific point
of view, being able to control brainwave activity with a simple, non-invasive means would appear to have
immense potential for application. Personally, I'd like to see the two sides -- serious scientific
investigation and grass-roots empiricism -- benefitting from each other's strengths rather than working at-
odds.