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4
ThinFilmoverview
Solid
S lid
Liquid
Source Vapor
Gas
Supply Rate
Vacuum
T
Transport
t Fluid
Fl id
Plasma
Uniformity
SubstrateCondition
S b t t C diti
ReactivityofSource
Deposition material
EnergyInput
E I t
Annealing
Structure
Characterization
Composition
andAnalysis
Properties
Process Modification
5
BasicVacuumTechnology
6
DiagramofVacuum System
Thin Film & Sensor Laboratory (K406)
ThinFilm&SensorLaboratory(K406)
MFC
Vacuum system
Materials:
Stainless Steel
The most widely used material is stainless steel, 304 and 316. Their melt point is
~1060 oC. They are chemically stable, not easily react with oxygen, bakeable, can
be applied at both low and high temperature.
The 316LN type stainless steel has exceptional properties compared to type 304:
316LN flanges are harder and their knife edge does not roll over as quickly,
making g them ideal for frequently
q y dismantled chamber ports
p or critical beam-line
flanges.
During manufacture, 316LN is fired at 950oC in N2 to purge H2 from the steel
matrix, producing a much lower H2 background.
A 316LN system with 316LN flanges reaches lower ultimate pressures, since it
can be baked to 550 oC.
For systems with heat-sensitive components, 316LN material reach the same
b
base pressure as 304 flanges
fl at lower
l bakeout
b k temperatures.
For applications susceptible to magnetic fields, 316LN offers lower magnetic
permeability (1.001, versus 1.03 for 304).
Vacuum system
Materials:
Aluminum (melt point: 660 oC) can also be used for vacuum components,
although a fresh Al surface can quickly react with water and oxygen. The
drawbacks are their lower mechanical properties and difficulty in welding.
Pure copper free of oxygen (OFC) OFC is used for the electric or
thermal conductors in vacuum.
Iron or usual steel should not be employed in vacuum as they can easily
react with water and oxygen.
Flanges (i)
Flanges
CF (Knife-edge) flanges
Gasket
Standard copper gaskets
Fully annealed copper gaskets
Silver-plated copper gaskets Aluminum
gaskets
Viton gaskets
Special gaskets from materials such as
gold--plated
gold plated copper, silver
silver-diffused
diffused
copper, zirconium-copper alloy, nickel
and lead have been requested for
uncommon applications.
pp
Flanges (ii)
KF (QF,
( NW)) fl
flanges
KF (Klein Flange) is a simple and flexible O-ring vacuum coupling. The system
(defined by the International Standards Organization) is also known as `QF' or
`NW
NW.'' Th
The system
t iincludes
l d KF10,
KF10 KF16,
KF16 KF25,
KF25 KF40,
KF40 and d KF50.
KF50 When
Wh ththe tube
t b
diameter exceeds 2 inches or 50 mm OD, the system name changes to `ISO' or
'Large ISO.' The sealing mechanism does not change but there are substantial
differences between KF and ISO flange designs and clamps
clamps.
KF fittings are used for rough or foreline vacuum plumbing and simple HV (10-6 Torr)
chambers. The elastomeric O-ring limits the connection's temperature range and
ultimate vacuum
vacuum.
ISO flanges
ISO-K Flanges
g
A: Double claw clamp attaching two K-
style flanges
C:Clamp p to bolt fastener for K- style
y to F-
style connection
E: Claw clamp with screw fastener for
K-style to a blind tapped mating flange
ISO-F Flanges
B: Bolt and nut fastener for two F- style
flanges
D B l and
D:Bolt d nut fastener
f ffor K
K-style
l bolt
b l
ring to F-style
F: Stud and nut fastener for F-style
fl
flange to
t a bli
blind
d tapped
t d mating
ti flange
fl
E
F
Examples of flange connection
Valves
Gate valves
Its purpose is to leave a wide,
wide
unobstructed bore between two
parts of a vacuum system and
provide a high conductance path.
path
The most frequent application is to
close the chamber from the HV/UHV
pumps so that the system can be
pumps,
vented. Secondary applications
include providing an unobstructed
portt for
po o sa
sample
p e ttransfer
a s e from
o o onee
section to another, transferring UV
radiation in synchrotron experiments,
or transferring
g a particle
p beam in
accelerator experiments.
Valves
Rectangular Valve:
These simple gate valves are used on
systems that require valves with minimal
height while maximizing the width. These
are excellent valves for systems that
move discs from one level to another.
Valves
T1 T2
sensor tube (n)
p1 p2
T2 T1 = Bc p Q
B Proportion
p alityy Constant
c p heat capacity per mole at constant pressure
Q mass flow rate
Kinetic theory of gases
ideal gas:
no attractive or repulsive interaction of the molecules (except
during collisions)
molecules behave like independent elastic spheres with
sphere
h diameter
di t <<< average distance
di t between
b t two
t spheres
h
permanent exchange of kinetic energy by elastic collisions is essential for
reaching the thermodynamical equilibrium
Kinetic
equilibrium distribution of molecular velocities: Maxwell- Boltzmann formula
Mv 2
3/ 2
1 dn 4 M
f (v ) = = v exp
2
n dv 2 RT 2 RT
M: molecular weight (kg)
T: absolute temperature (K)
R:gas
g constant = 8.314 J/mole-K
/
n: number density of molecules (m-3)
f (v)dv = 1
0 average velocity; v
most p
probable velocity;
y; vm
v f (v)dv
d
8RT
d 2 RT v =0= 0
=
f ( vm ) = 0 ; vm =
M
dv M f (v)dv
0
2 1/ 2 3RT 1 3
v = 0
= M v 2 = RT
M 2 2
f (v)dv
2 1/2
vm < v < v
0
# of molecules per second and unit area collide with a surface at a pressure p:
p
gK
Gas impingement flux: = pN A Pa molecules
= 2.63 10 20
2MRT MT cm 2 s
Knudsen equation
some facts that are necessary for a successful design of vacuum systems
benefits
f off a good design: short pumping times, low costs
gas flow: net directed movement of a gas, combined with a pressure drop
ttwo main
i gas flflow regimes
i (D:
(D system
t dimension):
di i )
molecular flow, >>D
low pressure, HV, UHV, collisions with container walls prevail
flow <<D
viscous flow,
CVD, molecule-molecule collisions prevail
laminar for low flow velocities, turbulent for high flow velocities
Q
Flow conductance C (m3/s
or l/s): C=
With gas throughput Q (pressurevolume/s) p
A 1
C 11.7 2
cm s
1 1
= conductance joined in series
Csys i Ci
1/ 2
T
C = 3.64 A = 11.7 A
M
A2 T
1/ 2
D3
C = 6.18 = 12.2
DL M L
D3 T
1/ 2 ( D2 D1 ) 2 ( D2 + D1 )
C = 3.81 = 12.2
L M L
b2c 2 T
1/ 2
b2c 2
C = 9.70 = 31.1
(b + c) L M (b + c) L
Molecular flow of air at 300K
1/ 2
T 1 D2
C = 2.85 D
2
= 9.14
M 1 + 3L / 4 D 1 + 3L / 4 D
1/ 2
T
A
11.7 A0
C = 3.64 =
M 1 ( A / A0 ) 1 A0 / At
D3 T
1/ 2
1 12.2 D 3
C = 3.81 =
L M 4D D 2 4 D D 2
1+ 1 2 L 1 + 1 2
3L Dt
3L Dt
Vacuum Pumps
Basic function: remove gas molecules and reduce density and pressure
pumping
p p g speed:
p S = Q/p
= gas throughput (pressurevolume/s) / pressure at pump inlet
if Q = 0
Q pp S p = p S = C ( p pp )
p,S Vacuum chamber
Q:throughput
pp pp
Q S = Sp = Sp
p Q
+p
C
Sp Sp
= = Sp
Q Sp
Qp Qp: backflow (outgassing) 1+ 1+
C pp C
pp,S
Sp p mp
pump
a high
g conductance C is desirable
Q = S p p p Qp
Backflow Qp always limits the ultimate pressure, pend:
Qp
Q = 0; for ; p red =
Sp
Then the pumping speed in the vacuum chamber falls to zero:
Q Qp
S= = S p 1 = S p 1 p 0
S p p pexit
p p p exit
high pumping speed ( a pump cant be too big!), often 2 pumps in series
small vacuum chamber
high conductances (e.g. short & wide tubes, no narrow holes etc.)
special low outgassing stainless steel chamber
low vapor
vapor-pressure
pressure materials (ceramics glass metals)
bake out procedures (250C 400C)
no organic materials
ask your supervisor
switch on your main processor before touching the system
Vacuum Pumps
Diaphragm Pumps
downward
moving
Lowest
position
iti
Upward
moving
highest
position
Operating principles : Gas Transfer Vacuum Pump (VP), positive displacement VP, rotary VP, liquid sealed
Rotary Plunger Pumps
Operating principles : Gas Transfer Vacuum Pump (VP), positive displacement VP, rotary VP, liquid sealed
Root Pumps
Operating principles : Gas Transfer Vacuum Pump (VP), positive displacement VP, rotary VP, dry processing
Oil Diffusion Pumps