Night School 10 Session 6

AISC Night School Steel Design 2: Selected Topics
March 8, 2016 Session 6: Built-up Columns, Lacing, Battens, and

Cover Plates
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American Institute of Steel Construction
6.1
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Copyright 2016
6.2
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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016

The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is for
general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be
applied to any specific application without competent professional examination and verification
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arising from such use.
Course Description
Session 6: Built-up Columns, Lacing, Battens, and Cover
Plates
March 8, 2016
This session focusses on flexural members built up from plates in the form of
singly or doubly symmetric I-shaped sections. Bending and shear on girders
built from plates will be studied. This includes girders that are compact as well as
those with noncompact and slender flanges and webs. Shear yielding and
buckling along with tension field action will be investigated. Several examples
will be presented.
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6.3
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Learning Objectives
Gain an understanding of AISC Specification provisions for
the design of built-up columns
Understand the influence of connector spacing on
slenderness and strength
Calculate the strength of built up columns using lacing,
battens, and cover plates
Determine the required spacing of connectors
Analyze the value of built-up sections versus similar W and
HSS shapes considering fabrication effort
Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
Lesson 6 Built-up Columns, Lacing, Battens, and Cover Plates
Presented by
Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E.
Emeritus Professor at Penn State University
Former Vice-President at AISC
Theres always a solution in steel! 8
Copyright 2016
6.4
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Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on

AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
Night School 10
Lesson 6
Built-up Columns, Lacing, Battens, and Cover
Plates
Theres always a solution in steel! 6.9
Lesson 6 Built-up Columns

Columns that are built-up from multiple
shapes are considered
Shapes connected directly with bolts or welds
are discussed
Shapes connected with cover plates, lacing,
or battens are addressed
The influence of connector spacing along the
individual components on overall buckling will
be treated
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6.5
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E6. Built-up Members

This section of the Chapter E on design of
members for compression has two parts,
The first addresses strength through a
modified slenderness ratio
The second gives the dimensional
requirements

E6.1 Compressive Strength, applies to
built-up members composed of two
shapes
Interconnected by bolts or welds, or
With open sides interconnected by cover
plates, lacing, or tie plates
The end connection shall be welded or
connected by means of pretensioned bolts
(designed to resist slip)
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6.6
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Strength
Use Sections E3, E4, or E7 as appropriate
If the buckling mode being investigated
involves relative deformation that produces
shear in the connectors use the modified
slenderness ratio (KL/r)m
The same built-up shape will have different
strengths depending on the type of connectors;
(a) snug-tight bolts or
(b) welds and pretensioned bolts

E6.1(a) for snug-tight bolted intermediate
connectors
2 2
KL KL a
= + E6-1
r m r o ri
KL
= the slenderness ratio of the built-up member
r o
acting as a unit buckling in the direction being considered
a
= slenderness ratio of the individual component between connectors, a,
ri
based on the minimum radius of gyration of the component, ri
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6.7
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E6.1(a) for snug-tight bolted intermediate
connectors
The modified slenderness ratio will range from
1.41 times the larger slenderness ratio of the
member or component down to equal to the
larger slenderness ratio as the difference
between these two increases.
KL KL
(100 ) + (100 ) (100 ) + ( 20 )
2 2 2 2
= = 141 = = 102
r m r m

E6.1(b) welded or pretensioned bolt
connectors
a
When 40
ri
KL KL
= E6-2a
r m r o
a
When > 40
ri
2 2 K i = 0.50 for back-to-back angles
KL KL K i a E6-2b K i = 0.75 for back-to-back channels
= +
r m r o ri K i = 0.86 for all other cases
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6.8
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The effective slenderness ratio is used to
account for the reduction in column
strength due to shearing deformation in
the connectors
Welds and slip-critical bolts will exhibit less
shearing deformation than snug-tight bolts

AISC provisions in E6.1 indicate that for a/ri < 40 the
effective length of the member will not be increased by the
presence of the lacing and for a/ri > 40
2 2
KL KL K i a
= +
r m r o ri E6-2b
Which can be reorganized as

2
KL Ki a

r m r
K = = 1 + i 2
KL KL

r o r o
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6.9
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This shows that the change in slenderness
is greatest as the two contributing
slenderness ratios approach each other.
2
KL Ki a

r m r
K = = 1 + i 2
KL KL

r o r o

Ziemian suggests, based on Bleich, that the worst case
increase in effective length for latticed columns is a 10%
increase which occurs for members with KL/r of 40 or less.
This implies that a/ri is about 0.56KL/r of the member, for
latticed columns
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6.10
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KL
At = 40, a 10% increase
r
in slenderness yields a 1.7%
decrease in column strength
KL
= 40
r

E6.2 Dimensional requirements
Individual component slenderness
Ka KL
0.75
ri r governing
End connections
weld length maximum width of member
or
bolts spaced 4db for length 1.5 times maximum width
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6.11
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Open sides of compression members
Perforated cover plates
Lacing with tie plates
Example 1
Consider the 2-L5 x 3 x LLBB A36
compression member from Lesson 5 Example 7
10 ft
3/8 in.
x x
For the double angle member rx = 1.62 in.
ry = 1.19 in.
y
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6.12
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Example 1
For flexural buckling, the y-axis controlled
with KL 10 (12 )
= = 101
ry 1.19
Overall member strength was limited by
flexural-torsional buckling which was a
function of the y-axis slenderness
Thus, the connectors will be in shear
Example 1
With snug-tight bolts the only way to have
the slenderness of the built-up member
work as a single unit is if a/ri is less than 9
using
2 2
KL KL a
= + E6-1
r m r o ri
= 1012 + 92 = 101
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6.13
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Example 1
z
For the individual angle
ri = rz = 0.652 in.
thus
a a
=9= z
ri 0.652
and This does not appear
a = 5.87 in. to be a very workable
solution
Example 1
With pretensioned bolts or welds,
a KL KL
If 40 = = 101 E6-2a
ri r m r o
thus
a
40 so a 0.652 ( 40 ) = 26.1 in.
0.652
This might be a more acceptable
solution, requiring 5 connectors
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6.14
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Example 1
However, a more reasonable design
approach for the original problem would
have been to decide on a realistic spacing
of connectors and then proceed to
determine the available strength.
If we had two intermediate connectors, for
a 10 ft member
a = 40 in.
Example 1
As a single unit KL 10 (12 )
= = 101
r o 1.19
Between connectors
a 40
= = 61.3 > 40
ri 0.652
Thus,
2 2
0.5 ( 40 )
2
KL KL K i a
(101)o +
2
= + = = 106 E6-2b
r m r o ri 0.652
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6.15
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Example 1
Check maximum slenderness between
connectors
a 40
= = 61.3 < 0.75 (106 ) = 79.5
ri 0.652
The overall impact on member strength,

with KL/r changing form 101 to 106 is a
reduction from Pn = 59.4 kips to 57.4 kips
as follows A 3.4 % reduction
(See next 2 slides)
Example 1
E3. Flexural-torsional buckling
KL 2 E 2 ( 29, 000 )
= 106 Fe = = = 25.5 E3-4
(106 )
2 2
r
y KL
m

r
QFy
0.804( 36 )

Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.804 0.658 25.5 ( 36 ) = 18.0 ksi E3-2

GJ 11, 200 ( 0.0876 )

Fcrz = = = 39.8 ksi E4-3
3.88 ( 2.52 )
2
Ag ro2
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6.16
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Example 1
Therefore , the critical stress is
4 Fcry Fcrz H
F + Fcrz
Fcr = cry 1 1 E4-2
( Fcry + Fcrz )
2
2H

18.0 + 39.8 4 (18.0 ) 39.8 ( 0.638 )
= 1 1
2 ( 0.638 ) (18.0 + 39.8)
2
= 14.8 ksi < Fcr = 18.0 ksi

so
Pn = 14.8 ( 3.88 ) = 57.4 kips E4-1
Example 2
Consider the 2-WT6 x 29 A992
compression member from Lesson 5
Example 8 which had an effective length
of 20 ft. The controlling slenderness
y was KL/rx = 124
y = 1.03 in.
For pretensioned connectors

Gap = 3/8 in.
a a
x = 40
ri 1.50
a 1.50 ( 40 ) = 60 in.
This could be considered a

reasonable spacing (3 @ 5 ft)
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6.17
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Open sides of compression members
Perforated cover plates
Continuous cover plates with access holes
Contributes to the strength of the member
Meet the width-to-thickness requirements of Table B4.1a
Case 7
Requirements for hole dimensions also given
Length/width of hole 2
Clear distance between holes transverse distance
between connectors
Hole minimum radius 1.5 in.

Tie plates
End tie plates length distance
between fasteners
Intermediate tie plates that
distance
Tie plate thickness distance between
fasteners/50
Tie plate weld length 1/3 plate length
Tie plate bolts spaced 6 db
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6.18
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Lacing
a KL
Spacing such that 0.75
ri flange element r governing
Stress perpendicular to axis of member = 0.02Pc

Lacing slenderness L
140 for single lacing
r lacing
200 for double lacing
For single lacing L = length between connections

For double lacing L = 0.7 length between connections

Lacing
45
attach at
60 cross over
If spacing greater than

15 in. use double
lacing or angles
Single Lacing Double Lacing
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6.19
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Example 3
Determine the strength of a 25 ft laced
column built-up from 4 - 6 x 6 x A36
angles Single Angle Properties, Table 1-7
20.0 in.
1.77 in.
A = 8.46 in.2 J = 1.61 in.4
4
I x = I y = 28.1 in. Cw = 4.17 in.6
20.0 in.
8.23 in. 3 ro = 3.24 in.

S x = 6.64 in.
rx = 1.82 in. I z = 11.6 in.4
Gage line
y = 1.77 in. S z = 4.63 in.3
Z x = 11.9 in. 3
rz = 1.17 in.
3.5 in.
13.0 in. y p = 0.705 in. tan = 1.00
Wt. = 28.7 lb/ft Qs = 1.00( Fy = 36 ksi)
Example 3
angles Built-up Member Properties
20.0 in.
1.77 in.
A = 4 ( 8.46 ) = 33.8 in.2
(
I x = I y = 4 28.1 + 8.46 ( 8.23)
2
) = 4 ( 601) = 2400 in.
4
20.0 in.
8.23 in.
2400
Gage line rx = = 8.43 in.
33.8
If the member works as a single unit

3.5 in.
13.0 in.
KL 25 (12 )
= = 35.6
r o 8.43
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6.20
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Example 3
angles For built-up members with high
20.0 in. y = 1.77 in.
slenderness, initial out-of-straightness is
important
20.0 in.
8.23 in.
For members with low slenderness, <40,
Gage line shear effect is important and may
increase slenderness by 10 %
3.5 in.
13.0 in.
Example 3
For our previous examples, it may not
have been good to assume that the full
slenderness ratio could be used.
For a laced column, the lacing provides
very close spacing of connectors so that
assumption may be more easily
accommodated
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6.21
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Example 3
Determine nominal strength
For KL 25 (12 )
= = 35.6
r o 8.43
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) Fy 36
Fe = = = 226 and = = 0.159 < 2.25
( 35.6 )
2 2
KL Fe 226

r
so
Fy
36

Fcr = 0.658 Fe

Fy = 0.658 226 36 = 33.7 ksi

and

Pn = 33.7 ( 33.8 ) = 1140 kips
Example 3
Lacing design
Since the distance between gage lines
in the angles is 13 in. < 15.0 in., single
60
lacing may be used
Check angle slenderness

between lacing
15.0 in.
a a 15.0
= = = 12.8 < 0.75 ( 35.6 ) = 26.7 60
ri rz 1.17
a KL KL
= 12.8 < 40 = E6-2a
ri r m r o
13.0 in. 13.0 in.
So our assumption was good Pn = 1140 kips
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6.22
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Example 3
Lacing design
Shear force in lacing
15.0 in.
60
Fv = 0.02 Pc = 0.02 (1140 ) = 22.8 kips
Lacing on two sides Fv

Fv (per side) = 11.4 kips 13.0 in.
Lacing bar force

11.4 For single lacing,
Pbar = = 13.2 kips
cos 30 L
< 140
r lacing
Example 3
Lacing design
Try a in. bar
bt 3
Iy =
12
A = bt
bt 3
(1 2 )
2 2
ry = 12 = t = = 0.144 in.
bt 12 12
Determine maximum permitted bar length

L = 15.0 140 ( 0.144 ) = 20.2 in.
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6.23
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Example 3
Lacing design
Determine lacing strength
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) Fy 36
Fe = 2
= 2
= 26.4 ksi = = 1.36 < 2.25
KL 15.0 Fe 26.4

r 0.144
36

Fcr = 0.658 26.4 36 = 20.3 ksi

1
Pn = 13.2 = 20.3 b; b = 1.30 in.
2
Use a x 1 flat bar
Example 3
Tie plates
End tie plate length 13.0 in. distance between fasteners
13.0 3
t = 0.26 use plate each end
50 8
End tie plates, use
3
13 1' 8"
8
Attachment
Weld length, l/3 = 4.4 in.
13.0 in.
or
Min 3 bolts spaced 6db
Theres always a solution in steel! 20.0 in. 6.48
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6.24
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Example 4
Replace the lacing from Example 3 with
batten plates. (moment connection)
Although there is nothing in AISC 360-
10 that specifically addresses battened
30.0 in.
columns, they are not prohibited.
As for Example 3, if the column works

as a unit,
KL
30.0 in.
= 35.6
r o
Theres always a solution in steel! 13.0 in. 13.0 in. 6.49
Example 4
Replace the lacing from Example 3 with
batten plates.
Between battens,
30.0 in.
a KL
0.75 = 0.75 ( 35.6 ) = 26.7
ri r o
For rz = 1.17
a 26.7 (1.17 ) = 31.2 in.

30.0 in.
Try a 30 in. spacing (the maximum)

a 30.0
= = 25.6
ri 1.17
Theres always a solution in steel! 13.0 in. 13.0 in. 6.50
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6.25
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Example 4
F. Bleich, Buckling Strength of Metal
Structures gives the following equation for
slenderness ratio of battened columns
(converted to the notation used in AISC
360-10) which accounts for the shear
deformation in the battens
2 2
L a
2
KL Bleich Eq. 351
= + Ziemian Eq. 3.38
r m r 12 ri
Example 4
Comparing to AISC Eq. E6-2b
2 2 2 2
L a KL L K a
2
KL
= + = = + i
r Bleich r 12 ri r AISC r ri
2
Ki = = 0.907
12
where AISC uses, for all but angles and
channels, K i = 0.86
The Bleich equation accounts for a bit more shear deformation
than the AISC equation
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6.26
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Example 4
So the column strength, taking into
account the reduction in buckling strength
due to shear deformation of the battens, is
2 2
L a
2
KL 2 Bleich Eq. 351
( 35.6 ) ( 25.6 ) = 42.5
2 2
= + = + Ziemian Eq. 3.38
r m r 12 ri 12
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) Fy 36
Fe = = = 158 ksi = = 0.228 < 2.25
( 42.5)
2 2
KL Fe 158

r
Fy
36

Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy = 0.658158 36 = 32.7 ksi Pn = 32.7 ( 33.8 ) = 1110 kips

This is a reduction of 2.6%
Theres always a solution in steel! from the laced column 6.53
Example 4
Batten design
Battens and their connections will be treated
as vierendeel panels
The shearing force in the panel must be
determined
Over the years, the required force has varied,
based on the applicable code
We will use the recommendation by Bleich
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6.27
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Example 4
Batten design
Assume all rigid connections between battens
and chords
Assume hinge at mid point of batten
Assume hinge at mid height of chord between
b b
battens 2 2
Vmax Vmax
a
2 2
2
a
Vb
2
Vmax Vmax
Theres always a solution in steel! 2 2
6.55
Example 4
Batten design 2010 E6.2
Maximum horizontal shear force 0.02P = 22.2 k
2010 App 6
in panel 0.01P = 11.1 k
r 2016 App 6
Vmax = 2 ( Fy Fcr ) A1 chord Bleich Eq. 355
0.005P = 5.55 k
L
1
= 2 ( 36 32.7 ) ( 2 ( 8.46 ) ) = 8.25 kips
42.5 b b
2 2
Shear force in battens

Vmax Vmax
By equilibrium about the chord a
2 2
2
a
Vb = Vmax a
b 2
Vb
Vmax Vmax
2 2
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6.28
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Example 4
Batten design
b = distance between centroids of chords = 20 2 (1.77 ) = 16.5 in.
a = center to center of battens = 30 in.
a 30
Vb = Vmax = 8.25 = 15.0 kips
b 16.5
8.25 in. 8.25 in.
Since there are two planes of battens
15.0
V1b = = 7.5 kips 8.25 8.25
2 15.0 in. 2 2
16.5
M 1b = 7.5 = 61.9 in.-kips
2 15.0 in. 15.0
8.25 8.25
Theres always a solution in steel! 2 2
6.57
Example 4
Batten design
Try a x 4 in. batten
bh 2 0.5 ( 4.0 ) bh 2 0.5 ( 4.0 )
2 2
Z= = = 2.0 in.3 S= = = 1.33 in.3

4 4 6 6
M p = 36 ( 2.0 ) = 72.0 in.-kips
F11.2 Lateral-torsional buckling

Lb d 16.5 ( 4.0 ) 0.08E 0.08 ( 29, 000 )
= = 264 > = = 64.4
( 0.5)
2
t2 Fy 36
1.9 E 1.9 ( 29000 )
< = = 1530
Fy 36
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6.29
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Example 4
F11.2 for inelastic lateral-torsional buckling
L d F
M n = Cb 1.52 0.274 b2 y M y M p F11-2
t E
16.5 ( 4.0 ) 36
= 1.0 1.52 0.274 ( 36 )(1.33) = 68.5 M p = 72.0 in.-kips
( 0.5 ) 2 29, 000

Since the required batten strength is based on the nominal strength of the column,
we will compare this nominal bending strength directly to the required bending
strength
M 1b = 61.9 < M n = 68.5 in.-kips
Example 4
Check shear in batten
Vb 7.5
F1v = = = 3.75 < 0.6 Fy = 0.6 ( 36 ) = 21.6 ksi G2-1
bt 4.0 ( 0.5 )
Check chord for local moment and axial

Vmax
= 2.06 kips
4
M angle = 2.06 (15.0 ) = 30.9 in.-kips

1110 Vb = 7.5 kips
Pangle = + 7.5 = 285 kips
4
Vmax
= 2.06 kips
4
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6.30
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Example 4
Strength of single angle in chord
We are checking a local condition at the batten chord junction
Assume the column strength is based on axial yield (KL = 0) and
flexural plastic moment
Pn = 36 ( 8.46 ) = 305 kips E3-1
M p = 1.5M y = 1.5 ( 36 )( 6.64 ) = 359 in.-kips F10-1
Check single angle for interaction at location of batten
Pr 8 M r 285 8 30.9
+ = + = 1.01 1.0 H1-1a
Pc 9 M c 305 9 359
Example 4
If you are not willing to accept this slight
overage, what can be done?
Since both moment and force are a direct
function of Pn = 1110 kips, reduce the nominal
strength accordingly
1.0
Pn = (1110 ) = 1100 kips
1.01
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6.31
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Example 4
Moment connection of batten to angle
Vmax
= 2.06 kips Manual Table 7-7 addresses bolts
4
at 3 in. spacing, which wont fit in
our 4 in. batten
Vb = 7.5 kips
As an approximation, these 4 bolts
with the shear at an eccentricity of
Vmax
= 2.06 kips 8.25 in. have a strength of
4
Rn = Crn = 0.93 (17.9 ) = 16.6 kips > 7.5 kips
More detailed work on the batten to
angle connection will need to be
carried out. That may result in a
wider batten to accommodate the
required bolt group.
Example 4
End plates will be the same as for the
latticed column
End tie plates, use
3
13 1' 8"
8
Attachment
Weld length, l/3 = 4.4 in.
13.0 in.
or
Min 3 bolts spaced 6db
20.0 in.
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6.32
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Example 4
Cautions
For a battened column to work as designed,
the batten to chord connection must remain
rigid
Shear deformation is critical and the effective
length might be increased beyond what the
Bleich equation gives
If there is any concern about the rigidity of the
connections, treat the column as a spaced
column and account only for the end plates
Spaced Columns
Battened columns are not as commonly
found as we might believe.
Many of what appear to be battened
columns are actually spaced columns
The battens are not rigidly connected to the
chords
End plates = stay plates still have an effect
Shorten the column length
Force reverse curvature bending
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6.33
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Cover Plates
E6.2 Dimensional Requirements
Open sides of compression members shall be
provided with
Continuous cover plates
Perforated with access holes
Cover plates contribute to column strength
Width-to-thickness ratio conform to Table B4.1a
Length to width of hole shall not exceed 2
Clear distance between holes greater or equal to
distance between line of connectors
Holes have a minimum radius of 1 in.
Example 5
Determine the strength of a built-up column
composed of 4 - 4 x 4 x 5/16 angles with
in. cover plates perforated on two sides
20.0 in. y = 1.11 in. Single Angle Properties, Table 1-7
A = 2.40 in.2 J = 0.0832 in.4
4
I x = I y = 3.67 in. Cw = 0.0963 in.6
20.0 in.
8.89 in.
S x = 1.27 in. 3 ro = 2.21 in.
Gage line
rx = 1.24 in. I z = 1.46 in.4
y = 1.11 in. S z = 0.936 in.3
10 in. 3
rz = 0.781 in.
Z x = 2.26 in.
2.5 in. y p = 0.300 in. tan = 1.00
15.0 in.
Wt. = 8.2 lb/ft Qs = 0.997( Fy = 36 ksi)
Copyright 2016
6.34
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Example 5
Determine the strength of a built-up column
composed of 4 - 4 x 4 x 5/16 angles with
in. cover plates perforated on two sides
20.0 in. y = 1.11 in. Built-up Member Properties
( 2 ) ( 20.0 ) + 2 ( 1 2 ) (10.0 ) = 39.6 in.

A = 4 ( 2.40 ) + 2 1 2
20.0 in.
8.89 in.
= 4 ( 3.67 + 2.40 ( 8.89 ) )
2
Ix
Gage line
1 ( 20.0 )3
+2 2
12
( ( )
+ 2 10 1 (10.25 ) 2
2 )
10 in.
= 2490 in.4
2.5 in.
15.0 in. 2490
rx = = 7.93 in.
39.6
Example 5
Check slenderness of cover plates
E6.2 User note says to use Table B4.1a Case 7
b 15.0 E 29, 000
= = 30.0 1.40 = 1.40 = 39.7
t 0.5 Fy 36
The plate is not slender so our assumption is

confirmed
Copyright 2016
6.35
Cover Plates
Example 5
As a single unit
KL 25 (12 )
= = 37.8
r o 7.93
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) QFy 0.997 ( 36 )

Fe = = = 200 and = = 0.179 < 2.25
( 37.8 )
2 2
KL Fe 200

r
QFy
0.997 ( 36 )

Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe

Fy = 0.997 0.658 200 36 = 33.3 ksi
and

Pn = 33.3 ( 39.6 ) = 1320 kips
Example 5
How much of the column strength can be
attributed to the presence of the corner
angles? For just the plates
A=2 1 ( 2 ) ( 20.0) + 2 ( 1 2 ) (10.0) = 30.0 in. 2
1 ( 20.0 )3
Ix = 2 2
12 2( ( )
+ 2 10 1 (10.25 )2 )

= 1720 in.4
1720
rx = = 7.57 in.
30.0
Copyright 2016
6.36
Cover Plates
Example 5
As a single unit
KL 25 (12 )
= = 39.6
r o 7.57
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) Fy ( 36 ) = 0.197 < 2.25

Fe = = = 183 and =
( 39.6 )
2 2
KL Fe 183

r
Fy
( 36)
Fcr = 0.658 Fe

Fy = 0.658 183 36 = 33.2 ksi
and

Pn = 33.2 ( 30.0 ) = 996 kips
So the corner angles contributed
324 kips, about equivalent to
their area contribution
Example 6
Consider a box-shaped member
composed of in. plates w/o openings
20.0 in. A=2 1 ( 2 ) ( 20.0 ) + 2 ( 1 2 ) (19.0 ) = 39.0 in.
2
1 ( 20.0 )3
( ( ) )
10.0 in.
Ix = 2 2 + 2 19 1 ( 9.75 ) 2
2
20.0 in.
12

= 2470 in.4
2470
rx = = 7.96 in.
39.0
Copyright 2016
6.37
Cover Plates
Example 6
Member strength
KL 25 (12 )
= = 37.7
r o 7.96
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) Fy ( 36 ) = 0.179 < 2.25

Fe = = = 201 and =
( 37.7 )
2 2
KL Fe 201

r
Fy
( 36)
Fcr = 0.658 Fe

Fy = 0.658 201 36 = 33.4 ksi
and

Pn = 33.4 ( 39.0 ) = 1300 kips
Comparison of Results
Latticed Battened w/ Cover Box

units Ex.3 Ex.4 Ex.5 Ex.6 HSS 16x16x1/2 W14x132
Fy ksi 36 36 36 36 46 50
A in.2 33.8 33.8 39.6 39.0 28.3 38.8
I in.4 2400 2400 2490 2470 1130 548
r in. 8.43 8.43 7.93 7.96 6.31 3.76
Approx. Wt lb/ft 172 141 169 133 103 132
KL/r 35.6 42.5 37.8 37.7 47.5 79.8
Pn kips 1140 1100 1320 1300 1120 1220
Question: Is all the fabricating effort really worth it?
Copyright 2016
6.38
Cover Plates
Channel Columns
Another common shape for use in built-up
columns is the double channel
A single channel has the same issues as a
single angle with the shear center and
centroid not at the same place.
Double channel compression members
are doubly symmetric so this is not an
issue
Example 7
Determine the strength of a back-to-back
C10 x 15.3 double channel column with a
length of 14 ft Single Channel Properties, Table 1-5
Shear Center
and center of gravity Gap = 3/8 in.
A = 4.48 in.2 d = 10.0 in.
for combined tw = 0.240 in.
I x = 67.3 in.4
channels
Center of Gravity I y = 2.27 in.4 x = 0.634 in.
for single channel
S x = 13.5 in. 3 Z x = 15.9 in.3
S y = 1.15 in.3 Z y = 2.34 in.3
rx = 3.88 in. J = 0.209 in.4

ry = 0.711 in. Cw = 45.5 in.6
x = 0.634 in.
b f = 2.60 in. ro = 4.19 in.
t f = 0.436 in. H = 0.884
Copyright 2016
6.39
Cover Plates
Example 7
Determine the strength of a back-to-back
C10 x 15.3 double channel column with a
length of 14 ft Built-up Member Properties
Shear Center
and center of gravity Gap = 3/8 in. A = 2 ( 4.48 ) = 8.96 in.2
for combined
( )
I y = 2 2.27 + 4.48 3 + 0.634 = 10.6 in.4
2
channels
Center of Gravity 16
for single channel
10.6
ry = = 1.09 in. (See also Table 1-16)
8.96
x = 0.634 in. KL 14 (12 ) KL 14 (12 )

= = 154 = = 43.3
r o 1.09 r x 3.88
Example 7
Check web and flange slenderness
Flange Case 1
bf 2.60 E 29, 000
= = 5.96 < 0.56 = 0.56 = 15.9
tf 0.436 Fy 36
Web Case 5
h E 29, 000
= 35.3 < 1.49 = 1.49 = 42.3
tw Fy 36
AISC Shapes database The channel is not a

slender element member
Copyright 2016
6.40
Cover Plates
Example 7
Maximum spacing of connectors
KL KL
Use for
r o r m
a a KL
= 0.75 = 0.75 (154 ) = 116
ry 0.711 r m
so
a = 0.711(116 ) = 82.5 in.
Use two connectors at 56 in.
Example 7
Determine modified effective length
a 56
= = 78.8 > 40
ri 0.711
Use Equation E6-2b

2 2
0.75 ( 56 )
2
KL KL Ki a
(154 )
2
= + = + = 165
r m r o ri 0.711
Copyright 2016
6.41
Cover Plates
Example 7
For KL
= 165
r m
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) Fy 36
Fe = = = 10.5 and = = 3.43 > 2.25
(165 )
2 2
KL Fe 10.5

r
so
Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877 (10.5 ) = 9.21 ksi and
Pn = 9.21( 8.96 ) = 82.5 kips
Example 8
For the built-up member to be fully
effective
a
40
ri
Which would require connectors at
a 40ri = 40 ( 0.711) = 28.4 in.
For a 14 ft column, use connectors at 24

in. Therefore a 24
= = 33.8 40
ri 0.711
Copyright 2016
6.42
Cover Plates
Example 8
For KL KL
= = 154 E6-2a
r m r o
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) Fy 36
Fe = = = 12.1 and = = 2.98 > 2.25
(154 )
2 2
KL Fe 12.1

r
so
Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877 (12.1) = 10.6 ksi and
Pn = 10.6 ( 8.96 ) = 95.0 kips
A 12.5 kip increase for 4 more bolts
Example 9
Space the channels so that the strength
about the x- and y-axes is about the same
This requires that Ix = Iy (assume a 10% increase in effective slenderness)
Shear Center
and center of gravity x I y = 2 (1.1)( 67.3) = 148 = I y = 2 2.27 + 4.48 x 2
for combined
channels
Center of Gravity
x = 4.00 in.
for single channel
gap
= x x = 4.00 0.634
2
gap = 2 ( 4.00 0.634 ) = 6.73 in.
x = 0.634 in.
Copyright 2016
6.43
Cover Plates
Example 9
Space the channels at 6.75 in.
Built-up Member Properties
A = 2 ( 4.48 ) = 8.96 in.2
6.75 in. 2

6.75 4
I y = 2 2.27 + 4.48 + 0.634 = 149 in.
x 2

149
Center of Gravity ry = = 4.08 in.
8.96
for single channel
KL 14 (12 ) KL 14 (12 )
= = 41.2 = = 43.3
x = 0.634 in. r o 4.08 r x 3.88
Example 9
For this column to work as intended, we
need either lacing or battens. 8.95 in.
Gage = 1.5 in.
Use lacing at 60 10.3 in.
For the channel between lacing

a 10.3
= = 14.5 < 40
ri 0.711
So for y-axis, the member works
as a unit
bf = 2.60 in.
6.75 in.
bf bf
Theres always a solution in steel! 12.0 in. 6.88
Copyright 2016
6.44
Cover Plates
Example 9
Thus, the x-axis is critical
KL KL 14 (12 ) KL 14 (12 )
= = = 41.2 = = 43.3
r y r o 4.08 r x 3.88
2 E 2 ( 29, 000 ) Fy 36
Fe = = = 153 and = = 0.235 < 2.25
( 43.3)
2 2
KL Fe 153

r
Fy
36

Fcr = 0.658 Fe

Fy = 0.658153 36 = 32.6 ksi

and

Pn = 32.6 ( 8.96 ) = 292 kips
Example 9
These two columns are equivalent
6.75 in. x = 0.634 in. 3.83 in. x = 0.634 in.
Center of Gravity Center of Gravity

for single channel for single channel
8.02 in. 7.77 in.
12.0 in. 9.04 in.
Copyright 2016
6.45
Cover Plates
Comparison of Results
2-bolt 6-bolt 6.5 in.

units Ex. 7 Ex. 8 spaced HSS 9x9x1/4 W10x33
Ex. 9
Fy ksi 36 36 36 46 50
A in.2 8.96 8.96 8.96 8.03 9.71
Iy in.4 10.6 10.6 149 102 36.6
r in. 1.09 1.09 4.08 3.56 1.94
Approx. Wt lb/ft 30.6 30.6 30.6+ 29.2 33
(KL/r)m 165 154 43.3 47.2 86.6
Pn kips 82.5 95.0 292 318 281
Same Question: Is all the fabricating effort really worth it?
References
Bleich, F., (1952) Buckling Strength of
Metal Structures, McGraw-Hill, NY
Ziemian, R., (ed.) (2010) Guide to Stability
Design Criteria for Metal Structures, 6th
Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ
Copyright 2016
6.46
Cover Plates
Summary
Treated built-up compression members that
were directly connected, latticed, battened and
cover plated
Studied how the spacing of connectors
influenced the overall strength of the member
Compared our strength calculations to the
strength of similar HSS and W-shapes
Questioned the value of using built-up members
other than those in direct contact
Lesson 7
The next lesson will start with a brief
treatment of effective length for prismatic
members
It will then look at design of bracketed and
stepped members with load introduced along
the length
Tapered compression members will be
considered and a simple starting point for
design will be formulated
Copyright 2016
6.47
Cover Plates
Thank You

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Copyright 2016
6.48
Cover Plates
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Copyright 2016
6.49
Cover Plates
Quizzes
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Thursday. It will contain a link to access the quiz. EMAIL COMES FROM
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Quiz and Attendance records: Posted Wednesday mornings.

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REINFORCEMENT Reinforce what you learned tonight. Get more out of the
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Copyright 2016
6.50
Cover Plates
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Theres always a solution in steel! 101
Copyright 2016
6.51

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AISC Night School Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

March 8, 2016 Session 6: Built-up Columns, Lacing, Battens, and

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Theres always a solution in steel!

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Theres always a solution in steel!

Theres always a solution in steel!

Theres always a solution in steel!

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10

Theres always a solution in steel! 8

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.9

Lesson 6 Built-up Columns

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.10

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.11

E6. Built-up Members

E6. Built-up Members

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.14

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.15

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.16

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.17

E6. Built-up Members

Which can be reorganized as

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.19

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.20

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.21

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.22

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.23

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.25

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.26

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.27

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.29

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.30

The overall impact on member strength,

GJ 11, 200 ( 0.0876 )

Theres always a solution in steel! 5.32

= 14.8 ksi < Fcr = 18.0 ksi

Theres always a solution in steel! 5.33

For pretensioned connectors

This could be considered a

E6. Built-up Members

E6. Built-up Members

Theres always a solution in steel! 6.36

E6. Built-up Members