An Archaeological Watching Brief

in the
Gardener's Compound
of

Glastonbury Abbey
GAG 08
Carried out for the Trustees of Glastonbury Abbey
Glastonbury Abbey Museum Accession Number: GLSGA: 2008/12

Carried out by: C. and N. Hollinrake Ltd.

12 Bove Town
Glastonbury
Somerset BA6 8JE
01458 833332

Report Number 423 II: Appendices

 An Archaeological Watching Brief in the
Gardener's Compound of Glastonbury Abbey
GAG 08

Contents
Appendix 1: Iron Age Pottery Report by Elaine Morris
Appendix 2: Context List
Appendix 3: Finds Lists
Appendix 4: Photograph Gallery
Appendix 1: Iron Age Pottery
By Elaine L Morris

A total of 42 sherds (466 grammes) of redeposited Iron Age pottery recovered from
modern deposit context 02 was submitted for analysis and reporting. Rims, one base,
decorated and plain body sherds are present in the collection. Although the overall
mean sherd weight is moderate at 11g, the sherds are in good condition with surface
treatments and evidence of use clearly visible on several sherds. Each sherd was
examined using a binocular microscope at x10 power to establish the main inclusions
present in the fabric. In addition, eight body sherds were selected for thin sectioning
and petrological analysis to clarify the main fabrics; these are indicated with an
asterix (*) and the details observed in thin section are included in the fabric
descriptions. The pottery was examined and recorded digitally using the guidelines
for analysis and reporting of later prehistoric pottery established by the Prehistoric
Ceramics Research Group (PCRG 1995, 1997) and comparative charts provided in
these publications were used for reference. The dataset is presented here as a separate
file. Eleven rim and decorated body sherds were chosen for illustration (Fig. 00).

Fabrics
A remarkable array of fabrics was defined from amongst this modest collection; 12
fabric types in four fabric groups are detailed below and quantified in Table GAG08
IA pottery.

The largest fabric group by weight of sherds is the calcareous group (221g; 47.4% of
the collection). This includes demonstrably calcite-rich fabrics (C1, C2, C4, C6) as
well as those which may be predominantly limestone (C3, C5), but not fossil shell-
bearing fabrics which are discussed separately below. Fabrics C1, C2, C4 and C6
contain distinctive crystals of calcite. In particular, the white crystals found in fabric
C6 measure up to about 2mm across, fragmentation which fits well with the
description of Peacocks Group 3 interpreted as most likely to be an added, tempering
agent rather than a natural inclusion in the clay (1969, 48). This distinctive fabric was
also identified recently in the Shapwick Project assemblage (Morris 2007, 568, fabric
CA1) but is interestingly absent from the Meare Village West 1979 assemblage
(Bailey 1981; Orme, et al. 1981, 48-9). Fabric C4, however, is much coarser in
texture with poorly-sorted, larger, white calcite fragments, which is definitely a
different fabric type and similar to fabric CA2 in the Shapwick Project assemblage
(Morris 2007, 568). Fabric C1 has obvious limestone rock in addition to calcite and
C2 is a very degraded-appearing calcite. Fabrics C3 and C5 are also very different
from the calcite-bearing fabrics as they have various types of limestone present
including sandy limestone in fabric C3. Nevertheless, all of these calcareous fabrics
could have been made from different deposits found in the Mendip Limestone range,
located approximately 8-15km northeast of Glastonbury (Peacock 1969, fig. 2).

The second most common is the fossil shell group (111g; 23.8%), consisting of two
fabric types. Fabric S1 is very coarse with significant quantities of both fossiliferous
limestone and disaggregated fragments of the fossil shell which can measure up to
7mm across. The shapes of these inclusions, however, are indicative that they may
well have been naturally-occurring in the clay, ranging from subangular to round in
shape. This fabric is not dissimilar to fabric SH2 in the Shapwick Project assemblage
(Morris 2007, 568) but does not appear in the Meare Village West 1979 assemblage
which is dominated by an argillaceous fabric of either grog temper or clay pellets and
a shelly limestone and sandstone fabric without disaggregated fossil shell present
(Orme, et al. 1981, 48, fabrics 3 & 4). Fabric S2 is distinctive by having angular fossil
shell which is much finer in texture with the majority of fragments measuring less
than 3mm. In addition, there are only rare pieces of limestone, one of which is a large
piece of shelly limestone. Therefore, these two fabrics probably derive from similar
sources but not the same bed or beds, and the latter may have been a tempered fabric
based on the texture of the shell fragments, but this is far from certain. Fabric S1 is
very similar to Peacocks Group 4 description, but this was cautioned with a sound
understanding that petrological subdivisions were possible based on a broad
distribution of the pottery itself and the extent of, and variation within, the likely
Jurassic limestone source (1969, 48-9). Gardeners Compound fabric S2 is a good
example of a subdivision.

The third largest group is the fine micaceous sandstone and chert group (102g;
21.9%), which consists of fabric type SS1 only. It contains large pieces of two types
of rock. One is very fine to fine micaceous sandstone with a grain-size range of quartz
in the rock measuring between 0.06 and 0.25mm. This contrasts with the larger grains
of quartz found in Peacocks Group 2 sandstone which are about 0.4 mm. across with
a ferruginous coating (1969, 46-7). The second rock type is chert which can be
rounded or angular in shape. Therefore, although fabric SS1 is not the same as the
Group 2 fabric, it is most likely that the source for this fabric is from a similar deposit;
micaceous sandstones have been identified in the Lower Old Red Sandstone
(Kellaway and Welch 1948, 14), located approximately 15km northeast of
Glastonbury (Peacock 1969, fig. 2), but the additional presence of chert and the
rounded shape of the chert in many cases suggest that the principal inclusions derive
from a gravel deposit some distance from the primary source.

The smallest (32g; 6.9%), quartz sand group, consists of three very different fabrics
with one sherd representing each fabric. Fabric Q1 is a medium to coarse, gravel-like
mixture of quartz sand, limestone and iron oxides, all measuring 2mm or less across
and each occurring in similar frequency (10%). Fabric Q2 has much more quartz sand
(25%) than limestone (10%) or iron oxides (5%) and the limestone is sandy and
fossiliferous. Fabric Q3 has fewer quartz inclusions than either Q1 or Q2, is
particularly distinctive due to the loss of any calcareous matter which may have been
present (creating a vesicular texture to the fabric), and has rare, large fragments of
chert. All three fabrics derive from similar deposits, and may be naturally-gritted.
Local sources are likely candidates for any of these, particularly due to the limestone
present, but other sources further afield cannot be ruled out due to the relatively
common nature of the inclusions present.

Calcareous Group
C1 coarse, calcite and limestone fabric (*)
Common (20%), moderately-sorted, angular calcite, < 2.5mm, and moderate (10%),
moderately-sorted, subangular to subrounded, recrystallised limestone, < 2.5mm, in a
fine clay matrix containing rare (1-2%), subangular to subrounded quartz, < 0.2mm

C2 coarse, degraded-appearing calcite fabric

Common to abundant (25-40%), moderately to poorly-sorted, granular (?re-cemented)
or degraded, subangular to subrounded calcite and disaggregated fragments of calcite,
< 7mm with the majority < 4mm, in a fine clay matrix; this is a variable fabric
representing a spectrum of calcite inclusions but is definitely not the same as calcite
fabrics C1, C4 and C6 at x10 power microscopy in hand specimen and it has no
limestone visible

C3 sandy limestone fabric (*)

Common (20-25%), poorly-sorted, subangular to subrounded, sandy limestone, <
5mm, consisting of angular grains of quartz cemented into a recrystallised or calcitic
limestone matrix and moderate (7%), subangular to subrounded, disaggregated
limestone, < 1.5mm, in a sandy clay matrix which has two types of quartz (3%) - one
angular to subangular set of grains, 0.1-0.4mm, and subrounded grains, < 0.1mm; the
former derived from the sandy limestone and the latter from an earlier sedimentary
episode which created the clay

C4 coarse, calcite-tempered fabric (*)

Common (25%), poorly-sorted, angular, fresh calcite temper, < 6mm with majority <
4mm, in a fine clay matrix with sparse (3-5%), subangular to subrounded, poorly-
sorted quartz, < 0.4mm with the majority < 0.05mm, naturally-occurring in the clay;
there is no limestone in this fabric; this fabric is likely to have been deliberately
tempered due to the shape of the calcite inclusions compared to the quartz grains

C5 dense, mixed calcareous fabric

Sparse to moderate (7-10%), subangular to subrounded grey limestone, < 3mm,
moderate (7%), subangular to subrounded calcite, < 2mm and rare to sparse (3-5%),
rounded iron oxides, < 1mm, in a dense, micaceous clay matrix; all of these inclusions
are likely to have been naturally-occurring in the sedimentary clay based on their
frequency and shapes

C6 medium-grained, calcite-tempered fabric (*) (Peacocks Group 2)

Common to very common (25-30%), moderately to well-sorted, angular, calcite, <
2mm, in a fine clay matrix with rare (1-2%) quartz, < 0.05mm

Quartz Sand Group

Q1 gravel-like, mixed, sandy fabric
Very common (30%), moderately to well-sorted mixture of subrounded to rounded
quartz, < 0.5mm, subangular to rounded limestone, < 2mm, subangular to subrounded
iron oxides, < 1.5, and possible quartzite, < 1mm

Q2 slightly calcareous, sandy fabric (*)

Common (25%), well-sorted, subrounded to rounded quartz, < 0.5mm, moderate
(10%), subrounded to rounded, slightly sandy and fossiliferous, recrystallised
limestone, < 4mm, and sparse to moderate (5-7%), poorly-sorted, rounded opaque
iron oxides, < 3mm with the majority < 0.3mm, all probably naturally-occurring in
the clay matrix

Q3 coarse, vesicular, gravel-like, sandy fabric

Sparse to moderate (5-7%), poorly-sorted, subangular quartz and/or quartzite, 0.5-
4mm, moderate (7-10%), subangular to subrounded vesicles, < 2mm, and rare (1%),
subangular flint/chert, < 4mm, in a sandy clay matrix containing sparse (5%),
subrounded to rounded quartz, < 0.5mm; it is not likely that the larger, subangular
quartz/quartzite and flint/chert inclusions are temper due to their infrequency and
shape

Sandstone and Chert Group

SS1 fine micaceous sandstone and chert fabric (*)
Sparse (5%), angular, very fine to fine micaceous sandstone, < 4mm, and sparse to
moderate (7-10%), rounded to angular chert, 0.6-2.0mm, including three rounded to
subrounded examples which appear to be masked with iron oxides, rare (1%), angular
to subrounded, felspar, < 0.5mm, a single, rounded, micaceous siltstone, 5mm, and
one ferruginous fine sandstone, 4mm, seen in hand specimen, in a sandy clay matrix
containing sparse (7%), moderately-sorted, subangular to round quartz, < 0.6mm

Shell Group
S1 very coarse, fossil shell and limestone fabric (*)
Abundant (45-50%), poorly-sorted, subangular to subrounded, fossil shell and
fossiliferous limestone fragments, < 7mm and < 4mm respectively, in a clay matrix
containing rare (1%), subrounded to rounded, opaque iron oxides (probably
magnetite) and sparse (5%), poorly-sorted, rounded clay pellets, < 4mm, which
contain fragments of limestone, < 0.4mm, in them which may be rare (<1%) to
moderate (10%) in frequency

S2 moderately coarse, fossil shell and limestone fabric

Very common (30%), moderately-sorted, angular fossil shell, < 3mm with the
majority < 2mm, and rare (1-2%), subangular to subrounded limestone and fossil
shell-bearing limestone, < 6mm with the majority < 3mm, in a fine clay matrix

Vessel Forms and Surface Treatments

Both jars and bowls were identified in the collection, not based strictly on their vessel
forms and rim types but rather on the basis of surface treatment present. Seven rim
types were defined, and all rims in the collection are illustrated (Fig. 00, 1-9). One
sherd from a flat-based vessel was also present (not illustrated; fabric C5). The
diameters of seven rims could be reconstructed and revealed that all had been small
pots (80-180mm).

The commonest group comprises necked, barrel-shaped vessels with round (R1; Fig.
00, 1-3) or pointed (R2; Fig. 00, 4) beaded rims, an upright, flat-topped rim (R4; Fig.
00, 7), and a type which was clearly pulled up from the neck (R5; Fig. 00, 5-6). All
four rim types in this group of necked vessels are distinctively short and the vessel
profiles are smooth and without shoulders. This group includes well-known types of
Middle-Late Iron Age vessels found in Somerset. Similar examples have been found
at Meare and Glastonbury Lake Villages (Bulleid and Grey 1917, plate 77; 1948, fig.
3; Orme, et al. 1981, figs. 37, 62 & 2006; 38, 2130; Rouillard 1987, figs. 5.3, P104;
5.4, P124; and 5.8, P63), Dibbles Farm (Morris 1988, figs. 4, 38, 6, 66; and 7, 69),
Cadbury Castle (Woodward 2000, figs. 13, 9, 19, 24, & 28; 14, 9; 15, 17, 19, & 29;
and 16, 15), Ham Hill (Morris 2000, fig. 33, 22, 26, & 30), and on two sites
discovered along the Bowden Reservoir pipeline (Newman and Morris 2001, fig. 5, 1-
4, & 8). Five of the Gardeners Compound vessels appear to have been jars, but at
least two were bowls differentiated solely by the presence of their burnished interior
surfaces (Fig. 00, 2 & 4). Jars may be burnished on the exterior but not on the interior
surface. Burnishing on the interior of a vessel provides a degree of impermeability
which retards the loss of liquids through the vessel wall. Typical examples of internal
burnishing are found on Romano-British open formed, flanged bowls and shallow
dog dishes of Dorset Black Burnished Ware type. Burnishing on the exterior only,
however, keeps moisture out of a closed form vessel, or jar. It seems that during the
later Iron Age period, a necked, barrel-shaped vessel could be made and then finished
to perform either as a jar (unburnished or burnished on the exterior) or as a bowl
(burnished on the interior).

There are two types of convex-profile or ovoid jars that do not have necks or
shoulders and are distinctively closed vessel forms, one with a thick, rounded
incurving rim (R3; Fig. 00, 8) and one with a pointed incurving rim (R6; Fig. 00, 9).
Both are roughly finished; neither is burnished on the exterior or interior and one still
shows the potters finger impression tucked up under the interior rim zone as a result
of manufacture (Fig. 00, 9). The length, width and position of this indentation
suggests that the potter was a slight-built or quite young person and right-handed.
Neckless and shoulderless, ovoid jars may be some of the commonest pots found on
Iron Age sites in Somerset, from the Early Iron Age onwards. Examples have been
found at Glastonbury Lake Village (Bulleid and Grey 1917, plate 75, 11 & fig. 159)
Meare Village West (Orme, et al. 1981, figs. 38, 1395; and 39, 3381), Meare Village
East (Rouillard 1987, figs. 5.4, P101 & P106; and 5.10, P133), Ham Hill (Morris
1987, fig. 3, 37 & 39), Dibbles Farm (Morris 1988, figs. 5, 46, 51-52; 6, 56, 65, 67-
68; and 7, 73), Bowden Reservoir Site 1 (Newman and Morris 2000, fig. 5, 6),
Cadbury Castle (Woodward 2000, figs. 12, 11-13; 13, 10-13, & 20; and 14, 8 & 11),
and South Cadbury Environs Project (Tabor 2002, fig. 4.14, 1004/45). Ovoid jars,
however, have a much earlier genesis in the Late Bronze Age, made throughout the
first millennium BC and earlier.

Decoration
Two decorated sherds from different vessels were recovered. One small, abraded
sherd displays two wide, parallel, tooled lines on a vessel with irregular firing (Fig.
00, 10). It appears that these lines may have been impressed onto an already
burnished vessel as burnish is visible within the gully of the lines. Tooling is the term
used to describe an impressed technique used to create a linear motif which does not
actually cut the surface of the clay but simply pushes it inwards; it is not a carving
technique such as incising. The other sherd displays two narrow, parallel tooled lines
with an additional, single, oblique line creating a triangle motif on a vessel with a
black, burnished exterior (Fig. 00, 11). Both of these fragments of decoration are
typical of the well-known Glastonbury Ware style found on Iron Age sites in the
region (Peacock 1969). These decorated vessels are very distinctive but they are
found much less frequently in assemblages than their fame implies. There are no
examples of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age or Early Iron Age decorated sherds,
such as those recovered from Ham Hill (Morris 2000), Cadbury Castle (Woodward
2000), or the South Cadbury Environs Project (Tabor 2002), in the Gardeners
Compound collection.

Evidence of Use and Vessel Function

More than a third of the 34 vessels estimated to be represented in this collection
display evidence of their use. Types of evidence which can be observed by eye in
hand specimen include soot on the exterior and burnt residue on the interior surfaces
of cookpots, limescale or similar appearing concretion on the interior of water or
liquid containers, abrasion on the interior surfaces which suggests that they had been
eroded by direct contact with foods and may have been scrubbed in antiquity to
remove any remains, and pitting out or dissolving of calcareous inclusions in the
fabric on the interior surface only due to contact with acidic food/liquids (but not on
the exterior or fractured edges of sherds resulting from post-deposition processes).
Eight vessels were undoubtedly used as cookpots and had been made from four
fabrics (C2, C4, S2, SS1); another three with possible evidence also may have been
cookpots (C1, S1, SS1). Two pots had abraded interior surfaces; one was burnished
on the exterior (fabric C2) and the other burnished and decorated on the exterior
(fabric S2). Probable limescale was found inside a sherd representing one vessel
which had been burnished on the exterior (fabric C2). Pitting occurred on at least one
fabric C1 vessel.

Discussion
The types of vessels identified in the Gardeners Compound collection represent later
rather than earlier Iron Age activity in the absence of any solely diagnostic Early Iron
Age forms and this is supported by the absence of sherds decorated with Early Iron
Age-style finger-tip impressions. The pots are mainly small jars but there are at least
two bowls represented. Sherds from two vessels had been decorated in the
Glastonbury Ware-style. Several of the vessels had been used as cooking pots while
others as containers of liquids or acidic foodstuffs.

The majority of the vessels represented in this collection may have been brought into
the area, probably through trading networks, exchange gatherings, or marriage
alliances based on the likely sources of the different fabric groups. The calcareous
group and the sandstone and chert group, which together make up more than half of
the pottery by weight, derive from deposits of calcite and sandstone typical of the
Mendip Hills which are located more than 7km distance. This is significant because it
is beyond the normal distance most potters are prepared to travel to find suitable clays
but if any of the inclusions were added tempering agents then this acceptable distance
increases to a minimum of 10 km (Arnold 1985, 50-3, fig. 2.5; Morris 1994, 372-3).
The variety of different fabrics is also indicative of a wide resource base amongst
only 42 sherds recovered, there are 12 different fabrics. This range could be the result
of the mixed or redeposited condition of the collection and its uncertain original
archaeological context or contexts but it is also indicative of the special nature of Iron
Age life in the Glastonbury area. Many different sources had been used to make the
pots, and these sources could indicate different potters in the region trading their
wares to the Glastonbury-based residents. In particular, the fine sandstone and chert
fabric pottery found at the Gardeners Compound collection is not the same as
Peacocks Group 2 sandstone fabric. This fabric difference correlates strongly to
differences in form, surface treatment and presence of elaborate decoration on the
Group 2 pottery found at Glastonbury and Meare Lake Villages (Peacock 1969, fig.4).
The Gardeners Compound fabric SS1 was used to make undecorated and roughly
finished pottery that was frequently used as cookpots (Fig. 00, 3, 5 & 9), and it would
be interesting to see if it compared more closely to similarly plain vessels of
sandstone fabric from excavations at Meare Village West 1979 (Orme, et al. 1981,
fig. 37, 62, 777, & 2006).
 Glastonbury Abbey Gardeners Compound
GAG08
Iron Age pottery drawings

1
PRN 1006

4
PRN 1007
3
PRN 1005

6
PRN 1033

2
PRN 1 031

9
PRN 1034

10
PRN 1 017
7
PRN 1009

11
PRN 102 1

8
PRN 1008

drawn by 5
E laine L. M orriss PRN 1016
Catalogue of Illustrated Sherds (Fig. 00 - GAG08 Iron Age pottery)
(Context 02, redeposited; PRN, archive Pottery Record Number)

1. Rim, type R1; fabric Q1; 5% of 80mm diameter present; traces of burnish visible
on exterior; oxidised firing on interior and exterior surfaces; PRN 1006.

2. Rim, type R1; fabric C4; less than 5% of rim present; burnished on interior and
exterior surfaces; unoxidised firing throughout; PRN 1031.

3. Rim, type R1; fabric SS1; less than 5% of rim present; roughly wiped on interior
surface; unoxidised firing throughout; burnt residue on interior surface; PRN 1005.

4. Rim, type R2; fabric C2; 5% of 100mm diameter present; burnished on interior
surface; oxidised firing on exterior surface; PRN 1007.

5. Rim, type R5; fabric SS1; 7% of 180mm diameter present; irregularly oxidised
firing on exterior; burnt residue on interior surface; PRN 1016.

6. Rim, type R5; fabric C4; 5% of 120mm diameter present; unoxidised firing
throughout; PRN 1033.

7. Rim, type R4; fabric C2; 5% of 140mm diameter present; irregularly oxidised
firing on exterior surface; soot on exterior surface; PRN 1009.

8. Rim, type R3; fabric 5% of 140mm diameter present; oxidised firing on exterior
surface; PRN 1008.

9. Rim, type R6; fabric SS1; 11% of 120mm diameter present; unoxidised firing
throughout; traces of burnt residue on interior surface; PRN 1034.

10. Decorated body sherd; fabric S2; burnished and tooled parallel lines on exterior;
PRN 1017.

11. Decorated body sherd; fabric C6; burnished and tooled parallel and oblique lines
on exterior surface; PRN 1021.
context qty fabric & weight surface date
02 - 1 rim, hard grey, abundant calcite black rim, pale grey-brown LIA
U/S- & shell temper with grey outer surface, grey-brown
Spoil limestone grits up to 6mm. 49g inner
1 rim, hard, dark grey, limestone brown surfaces, partly LIA
& grit temper. 12g reduced outer surface
1 rim, black, limestone quartz & black surfaces, oxidised LIA
grit temper. 11g patches, wipe marks on
interior surface
1 rim, black, occasional limestone temper. 11g LIA
1 rim, reduced, small limestone & brown surfaces LIA
quartz temper. 10g
1 rim, black, frequent small grey-brown outer surface LIA
limestone temper. 5g
2 black, frequent small limestone paler surfaces LIA
& quartz temper. 9g, 8g
1 black, small quartz temper with light brown outer surface LIA
occasional limestone. 4g
1 grey, small limestone temper, brown surfaces, frequent LIA
voids. 6g surface voids where
limestone had burnt out
4 reduced, limestone & calcite temper, various types. 8g, 4g, 3g, LIA
1g
1 black, quartz & grit temper up black surfaces with brown LIA
to 5mm. 20g patches, ?black concretion
inside
1 hard dark grey, frequent brown sandy surfaces, LIA
limestone temper up to 4mm partly reduced patches
with calcite, quartz & rare grog.
20g
1 hard grey, frequent grey light brown surfaces LIA
limestone temper with some
quartz & grog. 14g
1 dark grey, limestone temper. buff-grey outer surface, LIA
22g rough, reduced inner
surface
1 reduced, limestone temper up to grey-buff outer surface LIA
5mm. 15g
1 brown, limestone & quartz temper. 15g LIA
1 black, limestone temper. 6g brown outer surface LIA
1 black, frequent limestone incised lines on outer LIA
temper. 4g surface
2 reduced, limestone & grit brown surfaces LIA
temper. 5g, 1g
2 reduced, abundant limestone temper with some quartz. 9g. 7g LIA
5 reduced, various types. 21g, reduced surfaces LIA
11g, 7g, 2g, 2g
1 ?base sherd, reduced, frequent red-orange outer surface, ?LIA
calcite & limestone temper up micaceous, buff-brown
to 13mm. 27g inner surface
 Fabric Count % Count Weight % Weight
Calcareous Group
C1 4 25
C2 10 101
C3 1 17
C4 5 47
C5 1 27
C6 2 4
sub-total 23 54.8% 221 47.4%

Quartz Sand Group

Q1 1 10
Q2 1 17
Q3 1 5
sub-total 3 7.1% 32 6.9%

Fine Sandstone and Chert Group

SS1 7 16.7% 102 21.9%

Fossil Shell Group

S1 7 95
S2 2 16
sub-total 9 21.4% 111 23.8%

TOTAL 42 100.0% 466 100.0%

PRN CXT FAB FORM CT WT TH DIA % ST/po DEC/po USE/po FIRING TS COMMENT
M s s s
1001 02 C1 P 1 14 2; 3 - - - - - OX1 yes not = PRN 1002 or 1004
1002 02 C1 P 1 2 2 - - - - PT3 IR2; UN4, 3 - not = PRN 1001 or 1004
1003 02 S1 P 1 15 5 - - - - - OX2; UN4, yes thick-walled vessel; = PRNs 1008, 1032
3
1004 02 C1 P 1 5 (>4) - - - - X UN2, 4; - - no interior surface; not = PRN 1001/2
1005 02 SS1 R1 2 31 2; 3 - <5 WP3 - RS3 UN1 yes cookpot; joining sherds
%
1006 02 Q1 R1 1 10 3 8 5% (BU2) - - OX2, 3; - -
UN4
1007 02 C2 R2 1 5 3 10 5% BU3 - - OX2; UN4, - -
3
1008 02 S1 R3 1 47 5 14 5% - - - OX2; UN4, - same vessel as PRNs 1003 &
3 1032
1009 02 C2 R4 1 12 4 14 5% - - SO2 IR2; UN4, 3 - cookpot
1010 02 SS1 P 1 12 4 - - BU2 - - UN1 yes -
1011 02 S1 P 1 7 2 - - - - - UN2, 4; - very vesicular all over
OX3
1012 02 C2 P 2 33 3; 5 - - BU2 - AB3 OX2; UN4, yes same vessel but do not join
3
1013 02 C4 P 1 6 3 - - - - RS3 IR2; UN4, 3 - cookpot
1014 02 C5 B1 1 27 4 - <5 - - - 0X2; UN4; - (not grog-tempered afterall)
% IR3
1015 02 C2 N 2 17 3 - - - - - IR2; UN4, 3 - same vessel - do not join; jar
1016 02 SS1 R5 2 35 3 18 7% - - RS3 IR2; UN4, 3 - may be same as PRN 1005, too
1017 02 S2 D 1 9 3 - - BU2 TO2 AB3 IR2; UN4, 3 - BU2 remnants in TO zone;
abraded
1018 02 S2 P 1 7 2 - - (?BU2 - RS8 UN2; IR4, 3 - cookpot
(?PT3)
)
1019 02 Q2 P 1 17 3 - - - - - OX2; UN4; yes not same vessel as PRN 1006
IR3
1020 02 C3 P 1 17 5 - - - - - IR2, 3; UN4 yes sandy fab dominated by calcareous matter
1021 02 C6 D 2 4 3 - - BU2 TO2 - UN1 - same vessel - do not join
1022 02 C2 P 1 5 2; 3 - - BU2 - LM3 UN1 - ?boiling/containing water?
1023 02 C4 P 1 8 3 - - (BU2) - SO2 IR2; UN4, 3 yes cookpot
1024 02 C1 P 1 4 3 - - - - (RS3) UN1 - ?cookpot
1025 02 C2 P 1 1 3 - - - - RS3 OX2; UN4, - cookpot; very abraded
3
1026 02 Q3 P 1 5 3 - - - - (?PT3) OX2; UN4, - -
3
1027 02 C2 P 1 22 2; 3 - - - - - UN1 - small, round-bodied jar
1028 02 C4 P 1 7 4 - - BU2 - - UN1 - -
1029 02 S1 P 1 10 3 - - - - (?RS3) IR2; UN4, 3 - possible cookpot
1030 02 SS1 P 1 12 3 - - BU2 - RS3 IR2; UN4, 3 - cookpot
1031 02 C4 R1 1 13 3 - <5 BU2 - - UN1 - (NOTE: star fossil present on ext)
%
1032 02 S1 P 1 14 5 - - - - - IR2; UN4; - same vessel as PRNs 1003 &
OX3 1008
1033 02 C4 R5 1 13 3 12 5% - - - UN1 - vesicular
1034 02 SS1 R6 1 12 3 12 11 - - (?RS3) UN1 - manufacturing finger-impression
%
1035 02 C2 P 1 6 3 - - - - (?PT3) UN1 - abraded edges and surfaces
1036 02 S1 P 2 2 1; 2 - - - - - OX2; UN4, - vesicular
3
References

Arnold, D.E. 1985, Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press)
Bailey, J. 1981, A Petrological Study of the Pottery from Meare Village West 1979:
preliminary report, in J.M. Coles (ed), Somerset Levels Papers 7, fiche F1.38-
41. (Exeter: University of Exeter, Somerset Levels Project)
Bulleid, A. and Grey, H.St.G. 1917, The Glastonbury Lake Village, Vol II.
(Glastonbury Antiquarian Society)
Bulleid, A. and Grey, H.St.G. 1948, The Meare Lake Village, Vol. I. (Taunton:
privately printed)
Kellaway, G.A. and Welch, F.B.A. 1948, Bristol and Gloucester District. London:
British Regional Geology, H.M.S.O.
Morris, E.L. 1988, The Iron Age Occupation at Dibbles Farm, Christon, Somerset
Archaeology and Natural History 132, 23-81.
Morris, E.L. 1994, Production and Distribution of Pottery and Salt in Iron Age
Britain: a Review, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60, 371-393.
Morris, E.L. 2000, Prehistoric Pottery, in J.I. McKinley, Excavations at Ham Hill,
Montcute, Somerset 1994 and 1998, Somerset Archaeology and Natural
History 142, 77-137.
Morris, E.L. 2007, Prehistoric Pottery, in C. Gerrard with M. Aston, The Shapwick
Project, Somerset. A Rural Landscape Explored, 565-571. (Leeds: Society of
Medieval Archaeology Monograph 25)
Newman, C. and Morris, E.L., with Bonner, D. 2001, Iron Age and Romano-British
Sites Along the Bowden Reservoir Link Pipeline, South-East Somerset,
Somerset Natural History and Archaeology 143, 1-27.
Orme, B.J., Coles, J.M., Caseldine, A.E., and Bailey, G.N. 1981, Meare Village West
1979, in J.M. Coles (ed), Somerset Levels Papers 7, 12-69. (Exeter: University
of Exeter, Somerset Levels Project)
PCRG 1995, General Policies and Guidelines on the Analysis and Publication of
Later Prehistoric Pottery. (Oxford: Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group
Occasional Papers 1 and 2)
PCRG 1997, General Policies and Guidelines on the Analysis and Publication of
Later Prehistoric Pottery. (Oxford: Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group
Occasional Papers 1 and 2, revised edition)
Peacock, D.P.S. 1969, A Contribution to the Study of Glastonbury Ware from South-
Western Britain, Antiquaries Journal 49, 41-61.
Rouillard, S.E. 1987, The Iron Age Pottery from Meare Village East, in J.M. Coles,
Meare Village East; The Excavations of A. Bulleid and H. St. George Grey,
183-219. (Exeter: Somerset Levels Papers 13)
Tabor, R. (ed) 2002, South Cadbury Environs Project Interim field work report, 1998-
2001. (Bristol: University of Bristol Centre for the Historic Environment)
Woodward, A. 2000, Cadbury 4 to Cadbury 10 revisited, in J.C. Barrett, P.W.M.
Freeman, and A. Woodward, Cadbury Castle, Somerset; The later prehistoric
and early historic archaeology, 28-41. (London: English Heritage
Archaeological Report 20)
Appendix 2: Context List
Context Type Description of Context Interpretation Suggested
No. Date
(Century)
Dimensions of sondage = c.1m deep x From c.1.3m (E-W) top - c.0.4m (E-W)
base x c.1m N-S
01 Deposit Moderately compact, mixed, dark Turf & Topsoil. Late C20th
grey-brown humic clay. From Removed by mini-
c.25cm up to c.35cm thick. digger prior to the
Contained frequent roots, excavation of the
occasional modern plastics. sondage which was
Covered the full extent of the excavated by machine
Gardeners compound. Overlies 02 through 02 - then hand
dug through 03 to 10.
02 Deposit Moderately compact, mixed, Dumped deposit. ?c.1970's -
khaki-brown sand, clay & mortar. ?Possibly the waste c.1980's
Contained abundant mortar / product of either
plaster (some painted), ceramic ?landscaping work or
building materials, frequent MIA ?archaeological
- Late C20th pottery, slate, excavtions within the
occasional Lias & Doulting Glastonbury Abbey
rubble - including architectural precinct.
fragments, metal artefacts up to
late C20th, bottle glass, plastic,
occasional fine roots, rare clay
pipe stems, window glass, flint.
From c.30cm up to c.35cm thick.
Up to 1.3m excavated (E-W).
Covered the full extent of the
Gardeners compound. Underlies
01. Overlies 03
Note 2 :- Finds from (02) - Finds were collected from site, sondage & (placed in a separate location
as) spoil, then examined. Contained super abundant ceramic tiles - mostly encaustic floor tiles
which were separated and stored within the Gardeners compound. Architectural fragments were
also separated & deposited in the same location.
03 Deposit Moderately compact, dark grey Buried cultivated soil. C19-20th
humic clay. Contained frequent Top layer of turf &
fine roots, moderate amounts of topsoil prior to the
C18-20th pottery & ceramic deposition of 02 in the
building materials, Fe, occasional late C20th.
window & bottle glass, slate,
charcoal. 7-10cm thick. c.50cm
exposed E-W. Underlies 02.
Overlies 04
04 Deposit Soft, sandy, light grey-brown silty Buried soil. ?Possibly a C19-20th
clay. Contained quite frequent temporary working
small angular stone up to 1cm & surface. Gritty, stony
grits, post-Medieval ceramic surface made 04 easily
building materials, occasional distinguishable from
C18-20th pottery, Fe, slate, coal, 03. 1 x Tor Burr rubble
cinder, fine roots. c.4cm thick. (c.8cm) through 03, 04
c.50cm exposed E-W. Underlies & 05 demonstrates the
03. Overlies 04 continuity of the three
deposits.
Context Type Description of Context Interpretation Suggested
No. Date
(Century)
05 Deposit Soft, sandy, light grey-brown silty Buried soil. C19-20th
clay. Contained occasional C18-
20th ceramic building materials,
small coal, charcoal, & mortar
lumps, small slate fragments, clay
pipe fragments, fine roots. From
5cm - 7cm thick. c.50cm exposed
E-W. Underlies 04. Overlies 06
06 Deposit Moderately compacted, grey-brown sandy clay. Contained ?19th
frequent stiff-yellow Lias clay lenses & lumps up to c.25cm
(re-deposited natural) - especially towards the base of the
deposit. Also contained moderate amounts of post-Medieval
ceramic building materials, occasional medieval - C18-20th
pottery, Fe, bone, small mortar & coal / cinder lumps, clay
pipe fragments, rare fine roots, 1 x Flint flake. From 5cm -
7cm thick. c.50cm exposed E-W. Underlies 05. Overlies 07

07 Deposit Soft, brown-grey humic sandy clay. Contained moderate C17-19th

amounts of ceramic building materials up to C19-20th, lime
mortar / plaster frags, Fe, bone, occasional C18-19th pottery,
clay pipe fragments, small slate fragments, rounded &
angular Lias & Tor Burr up to 7cm, rare fine roots. c.20cm
thick. From 46cm (top) to 42cm (base) exposed E-W.
Underlies 06. Overlies 08
08 Deposit Loosely compact, brown-grey Rubble spread - at C16-17th
gritty sandy clay (c.30%) with times fairly uneven.
abundant rounded and angular Demolition layer.
Lias, Doulting, Tor Burr & ?burnt Probably post-
limestone rubble up to c.10cm Dissolution.
(c.60%). Also contained frequent
slate, , rare fine roots, 1 x Fe nail.
c.8cm thick. c.43cm E-W.
Underlies 07. Overlies 08
09 Deposit Loose, friable, dark grey humic Mixed demolition C16-17th
sandy clay (c.50%). Contained deposit with frequent
abundant slate fragments (some inclusions
with peg holes), frequent small to
medium sized rounded & angular
rubble (same types as 08), C16-
17th ceramic building materials,
bone, grit (less gritty than 08),
lime mortar & plaster fragments,
lime flecks, charcoal lumps &
flecks (especially at the base),
occasional C16-17th pottery, Fe,
oyster shells, rare fine roots.
c.12cm thick. c.42cm exposed E-
W. Underlies 108. Overlies 10
Context Type Description of Context Interpretation Suggested
No. Date
(Century)
10 Deposit Hard, yellow sandy mortar ?Mortar floor ?Late
(c.40%) mixed with frequent Medieval
angular Lias stones up to 6cm
(c.60%). Also contained frequent
cream coloured lime lumps, 1 x
window glass sherd, 1 x bone,
very rare fine roots. c.7cm
excavated depth in section - not
bottomed - unexcavated except
where 10 was immediately
against the section. c.40cm
exposed E-W. Underlies 109
Appendix 3: Finds List
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
( 02 ) - U/S - Spoil Heaps - November 08
02 - Iron Age Pottery Ceramic Tiles Iron
U/S-
Spoil 1 rim, hard grey, black rim, pale MIA Several thousand 7 x Fe nails.34g,
Nov. 08 abundant calcite grey-brown fragments of Medieval 22g, 18g, 9g, 9g,
& shell temper outer surface, ceramic tiles were 6g, 6g
with grey grey-brown recovered from the (02)
limestone grits inner Spoil heaps &
up to 6mm. 49g deposited within the
Gardeners Compound
to await further
analysis. The collection
consists mainly of
encaustic & glazed
floor tiles but also
includes a large
quantity of glazed
ceramic roof tile
fragments.
1 rim, hard, dark brown MIA 1 x Fe nail /
grey, limestone surfaces, partly screw. discarded.
& grit temper. reduced outer 12g
12g surface
1 rim, black, black surfaces, MIA 1 x ?Fe or ?alloy,
limestone quartz oxidised cover plate,
& grit temper. patches, wipe painted black,
11g marks on marked "LUCAS
interior surface - MADE IN
ENGLAND".
55g. C20th
1 rim, black, occasional limestone MIA Ceramic Building 1 x slag lump,
temper. 11g Materials ?Fe. 27g
1 rim, reduced, brown surfaces MIA Note :- Recorded - Non-Ferris
small limestone then incorporated Metal
& quartz temper. back into the main
10g pile
1 rim, black, grey-brown MIA 1 encaustic floor tile 1 x Cu alloy -
frequent small outer surface 1 frag (incorporated oval disc.
limestone into main pile). c.45mm long x
temper. 5g 247g. C13-16th c.35mm wide x
c.1mm thick. 15g
2 black, frequent paler surfaces MIA 3 ceramic ridge tile 1 x Cu alloy /
small limestone frags, glazed. 172g, brass, picture
& quartz temper. 76gm 54g. C13- hanger. 19g.
9g, 8g 16th C19-20th
1 black, small light brown MIA 2 ceramic floor & 1 x penny
quartz temper outer surface 5 roof tiles. 1,035g. piece. Dated
with occasional C14-16th "1971"
limestone. 4g
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
02 - n fabric & surface centu n description
U/S- o weight ry o
Spoil 1 grey, small brown MIA 1 brick frag, white 2 x tin foil milk
Nov. 08 limestone surfaces, lime mortar bottle top, gold,
temper, voids. frequent adhering. 132g. marked
6g surface voids C18-19th "PASTEURISE
where D MILK
limestone had BOTTLED BY
burnt out HORLICKS
DAIRIES". <1g,
<1g. Modern
4 reduced, limestone & calcite MIA 1 ceramic roof tile 1 x tin foil milk
temper, various types. 8g, 4g, 3g, frag. 100g. C18- bottle top,
1g 20th marked
"BOTTLED BY
CULLENS
RADSTOCK".
<1g. Modern
1 black, quartz & black surfaces MIA
grit temper up to with brown
5mm. 20g patches, ?black
concretion
inside
1 hard dark grey, brown sandy MIA
frequent surfaces, partly
limestone temper reduced
up to 4mm with patches
calcite, quartz &
rare grog. 20g
1 hard grey, light brown MIA
frequent grey surfaces
limestone temper
with some quartz
& grog. 14g
Iron Age Pottery - Continued Window Glass Glass
1 dark grey, buff-grey outer MIA 1 window glass 1 x ?patinated
limestone surface, rough, sherd, green. 3g. glass sherd, grey
temper. 22g reduced inner ?Medieval & partly
surface iridescent,
?painted straight
brown lines. 4g.
?Medieval
1 reduced, grey-buff outer MIA Wall Plaster 1 x green bottle
limestone temper surface glass sherd, heat
up to 5mm. 15g crazed surfaces.
15g. Modern
1 brown, limestone & quartz temper. MIA 1 hard fine grey- 1 x glass bottle,
15g white wall plaster clear, ?shampoo.
frag, traces of red 234g. Modern
paint. Up to 23mm
thick. 71g
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
02 - n fabric & surface centu n description
U/S- o weight ry o
Spoil 1 black, limestone brown outer MIA 1 white wall plaster 1 x broken glass
Nov. 08 temper. 6g surface frag, traces of bottle, clear, base
white surface with reads "188ml
red paint. 15mm 32mm". 155g.
thick. 31g Modern
1 black, frequent incised lines MIA 1 white gritty wall 1 x top of glass
limestone on outer plaster frag, traces bottle, clear.
temper. 4g surface of red & pink discarded. 34g.
paint. Up to 13mm Modern
thick. 23g
2 reduced, brown surfaces MIA 1 white gritty wall 1 x glass frag,
limestone & grit plaster frag, pink- fused, ?cullet.
temper. 5g, 1g red painted surface. 11g
23g
2 reduced, abundant limestone MIA 3 ?wall plaster or Plastic
temper with some quartz. 9g. 7g ?render frags with
white-wash &
traces of red
decoration. 133g,
80g, 24g
5 reduced, various reduced MIA 1 hard white wall 1 x electric cable
types. 21g, 11g, surfaces plaster frag, plain - plastic coated.
7g, 2g, 2g surface, fine wipe 2g. Modern
lines. Up to
180mm thick. 72g
1 ?base sherd, red-orange ?LIA 1 pale pink ?wall 1 x plastic coated
reduced, outer surface, plaster or ?mortar wire. 15g.
frequent calcite micaceous, frag with brick / Modern
& limestone buff-brown tile inclusions. 8g
temper up to inner surface
13mm. 27g
1 ?wall plaster or 1 x plastic sheet,
?render, white marked
surface. 23g "LUBRICATED
by
DUCKHAMS".
<1g. Modern
Romano - British Pottery
1 rim, pale grey- light brown 1st- 1 x plastic cover,
buff sandy, surfaces, 4th marked
Mortaria. 54g quartz on the "ANGLO -
inner surface MINTY SNIPS
SUGAR
COATED
BUBBLE
GUM". <1g.
Modern
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
02 - n fabric & surface centu n description
U/S- o weight ry o
Spoil 1 rim, flanged, BBW. 31g 1st- 1 x plastic
Nov. 08 4th packet, marked
"GOLDEN
WONDER -
SALT &
VINEGAR
FLAVOURED
CRISPS". <1g.
Modern
1 rim, greyware, black grit & small 1st- Flint
quartz temper. 24g 4th
1 rim, small sherd, reduced, hard. 2g ?1st-4th 2 x Flint flakes,
grey & dark
grey. 2g, 2g
3 greywares, various types. 23g, 7g, 1st- Miscellaneous
6g 4th
3 BBW. 14g, 5g, 1st- 2 x clay pipe
5g 4th stems, 1 x burnt.
discarded. 3g, 2g
1 sandy, pink-orange. 7g ?1st- 4 x lime frags,
4th white. 228g, 51g,
7g, 7g
Saxo-Norman Pottery
1 base frag, orange outer 10-
limestone, quartz surface 11th
& small brown
grit temper,
small voids. 14g
1 sherd, black. 35g orange-brown 10-
inner surface, 11th
orange outer
surface with
applied strip
ridge &
circular stamps
1 grey, fine light brown 10-
limestone, quartz 'skin' surfaces 12th
& quartz temper. with small
2g voids
1 rim, coarseware, brown outer 11-
grey, frequent surface, light 12th
small limestone, grey & buff
grit & quartz inner
temper. 24g
1 rim, coarseware, reduced & 11-
grey, hard, small oxidised outer 12th
quartz & grit surface, rough
temper. 24g black inner
surface
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
02 - n fabric & surface centu n description
U/S- o weight ry o
Spoil 1 rim, coarseware, grey, frequent 11-
Nov. 08 small limestone, grit & quartz 12th
temper. 10g
1 rim, coarseware, orange-brown 11-
grey, frequent surfaces 12th
small limestone,
grit & quartz
temper. 10g
Norman Pottery
1 rim, coarseware, brown, limestone 12-
& grit temper. 25g 14th
1 rim, coarseware, pale oxidised 12-
sandy, fine quartz temper, slightly 14th
micaceous. 22g
1 rim, coarseware, reduced 12-
hard grey sandy, surfaces, black 14th
brown margins. outer surface
19g
1 rim, coarseware, light brown 12-
dark grey, grit surfaces, 14th
temper. 16g sooty. lime-
scale
concretion
inside
1 rim, coarseware, orange-brown 12-
hard grey, quartz surfaces 14th
& limestone
temper. 16g
1 rim, coarseware, gritty surfaces 12-
black, abundant 14th
limestone &
quartz temper.
14g
1 rim, coarseware, pale oxidised 12-
sandy, thick grey core. 17g 14th
1 rim, partly reduced - partly ?12-
oxidised, small black grit temper. 14th
16g
1 coarseware, hard sandy surfaces 12-
sandy oxidised, 14th
thick grey core.
19g
1 rim, coarseware, brown inner 12-
hard grey sandy. surface, black 14th
10g outer
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
02 - n fabric & surface centu n description
U/S- o weight ry o
Spoil 1 rim, coarseware, brown inner 12-
Nov. 08 reduced, surface 14th
limestone & grit
temper. 6g
1 base, large black outer 12-
sherd, surface 14th
coarseware,
grey, abundant
calcite, quartz &
grit temper. 74g
1 base, grey-brown 12-
coarseware, outer surface, 14th
grey, small orange inner,
quartz & calcite micaceous
temper. 24g
1 coarseware, black outer 12-
reduced, surface 14th
limestone, quartz
& grit temper.
10g
1 coarseware, black surfaces 12-
reduced, hard 14th
sandy. 5g
3 coarsewares, various 12-
5 various fabrics. surfaces 15th
346g
Glazed Medieval Pottery
1 rim & handle patchy mottled 13-
frag, pale pink- green glaze 14th
buff, pale grey
core, fine grey
grit temper. 46g
2 joining, base light green 13-
sherds, hard glaze out 14th
pink-pale cream,
thick grey core,
fine black grit
temper. 81g, 14g
1 base frag, pale pale oxidised 12-
grey sandy, inner surface, 14th
small black grit mottled green
temper. 70g glaze out
1 hard grey sandy, 4 x toothed - 13-
black grit wavy comb 14th
temper. 11g decoration
below light
green glaze on
outer surface
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
02 - n fabric & surface centu n description
U/S- o weight ry o
Spoil 1 pale pink out - yellow glaze 13-
Nov. 08 off-white in. 8g out 14th
2 same pot, oxidised 13-
oxidised sandy, surfaces, 15th
grey core. 28g, patchy dull
22g green glaze in,
applied
thumbed strip
out
1 hard grey. 4g brown 13-
surfaces, clear 15th
glaze out,
?waster
6 glazed wares, various 13-
9 various fabrics. Medieval 16th
891g glazes
Late Medieval Pottery
1 hard, pale grey mottled green 14-
sandy, small & light brown 15th
black grit glaze inside &
temper. 21g out
1 hard dark grey oxidised inner 14-
sandy. 12g surface, dark 15th
green glaze out
over pecked
decoration
1 rim & handle slashed handle 15-
sherd, hard decoration, 16th
oxidised. 40g thick shiny
brown glaze
1 rim, hard khaki brown 15-
oxidised sandy. glaze in, large 16th
21g applied strip
below rim out
2 same pot, rim applied 15-
sherds, hard thumbed strip 16th
oxidised. 21g below rim
1 rim, hard red - applied 15-
orange. 17g thumbed strip 16th
out below rim
- below brown
glaze inside &
out
1 hard oxidised thin clear glaze 15-
sandy. 11g inside, applied 16th
strip below rim
out with brown
glaze
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
02 - n fabric & surface centu n description
U/S- o weight ry o
Spoil Post Medieval Pottery
Nov. 08 1 large base sherd, pale off-white ?16-
oxidised. 205g slip inside 17th
7 stonewares, various types. 152g 16-
18th
8 glazed wares, various glazes 16-
8 various fabrics, 19th
includes rims &
bases etc. 1,981g
2 Bristol / Staffs wares. 37g, 16g 17-
19th
2 joining sherds, thick white 18th
hard orange glaze inside &
sandy. 34g out
Modern Pottery
1 white. 5g shiny red glaze 19-
20th
1 white wares & blue transfer wares, 19-
3 various types. 50g 20th

( 02 ) - U/S - Spoil Heaps - 09/01/2009

(02) Iron Age Ceramic Tiles Metal
U/S
Spoil -
Pottery
1 black, sandy. 5g pre- 6 ceramic floor / roof 1 x Fe name
09/01/0
histor tile frags, glazed. plate, rusted,
9
ic 264g difficult to read
lettering. 143g.
C19-20th
1 black, sandy. 3g oxidised outer pre- 2 ceramic roof tile 6 x small Fe
surface histor frags. discarded. frags. discarded.
ic 23g, 8g. Modern 35g
1 rim, black, limestone temper. IA Wall Plaster 3 x metal alloy
nails. 6g, 4g, 3g.
Modern
1 reduced, partly oxidised IA 3 wall plaster / 1 x Fe slag.
abundant grit outer surface render frags. off- discarded. 8g
temper up to white, traces of
5mm, some pink-red paint. 56g,
calcite. 23g 34g, 8g
1 reduced, partly oxidised IA 2 wall plaster frags, Glass
abundant outer surface pale yellow-white.
limestone & 4g, 2g
shell temper. 10g
1 pale oxidised, thick grey core, IA 1 white lime lump. 1 x blue glass
abundant limestone & shell temper 23g sherd, traces of
c.10-12mm. 12g painted
decoration. 2g.
C19-20th
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
Romano - British 1 x complete
glass jar, clear,
"Shippam's"
paste. 85g.
C20th
(02) 1 rim, hard grey, brown ?C1st 1 x clear bottle
U/S sandy, fine surfaces, black glass. discarded.
Spoil - quartz temper. inside & out 14g. Modern
09/01/0 7g
9
Medieval 1 x small glass
frag. patinated.
2g. n.d
3 coarsewares, reduced, various 11- Stone
types. 12g, 10g, 7g 13th
1 rim, grey, sandy, brown sandy 12-14th 8 x FLINT frags.
occasional surfaces ?some possibly
quartz temper. from hardcore.
19g 9g, 6g, 4g, 4g,
3g, 2g, 1g, <1g
1 rim / spout frag, grey surfaces 13- 1 x small smooth
hard fine grey, 15th black pebble. 4g
brown margins.
8g
2 glazed wares, various glazes 13- Miscellaneous
6 various types. 16th
332g
1 rim, grey, sandy. sandy oxidised 14- 1 x cardboard.
surfaces, 16th ?milk bottle top,
applied c.36mm
thumbed strip diameter. <1g.
below rim C20th
Post - Medieval 1 x cardboard.
?milk bottle top,
c.36mm
diameter. <1g.
C20th
1 rim, grey. 144g oxidised 17- 3 x charcoal
surfaces, green 18th lumps. discarded.
& orange glaze 1g
1 handle frag, pale inner brown 18th 1 x large fired
oxidised, some glaze clay frag,
grog temper. 83g smoothed
surface, ?kiln or
oven lining.
169g. n.d
1 rim / body, hard clear glaze 19-
off-white, 20th
stoneware. 40g
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
(02) 1 rim, earthenware, flower pot. 7g 19-
U/S 20th
Spoil - 1 small whiteware discarded 19-
09/01/0 frag. 2g 20th
9
( 02 ) - U/S - Spoil Heaps - 13/01/2009
(02) Iron Age Ceramic Tile Bone
U/S
Spoil -
Pottery
1 rim / body, frequent EIA - 1 ceramic ?floor tile, 3 x animal bone
13/01/0
black, limestone surface voids MIA shiny khaki green frags. discarded.
9
temper. 13g & fractures glaze above. 14g. 51g
C17-18th
1 rim, black, brown patches MIA Window Glass 1 x small oyster
quartz & brown on the inner shell. discarded.
grit temper. 12g surface, some 5g
surface voids
1 dark grey to light brown MIA 1 window glass Glass
black, limestone outer surface sherd, ?burnt. 3g.
temper with Medieval
occasional fine
quartz. 9g
1 black, grit dark brown MIA Plaster 1 x vessel glass
temper up to outer surface, sherd, oval
3mm. 11g sooty coating impression on
on inner outer surface. 3g.
surface Medieval
1 reduced, partly oxidised ?MI 1 off-white, render / 1 x green bottle
limestone outer surface A wall plaster frag, glass sherd.
temper. 1g with small white wash & discarded. 10g.
surface voids traces of pink paint C19-20th
on one surface. 18g
1 reduced, sandy, oxidised & ?IA Building Stone 1 x ?vessel glass
fine limestone & reduced inner sherd, dark blue -
grit temper. 14g surface green, heavily
patinated. 7g. n.d
1 dark grey to smooth outer ?IA 1 Doulting stone Miscellaneo
black, sandy, surface or frag, burnt.
fine quartz ?RB discarded. 43g
us
temper. 12g
2 joining, ?base brown surfaces ?IA or ?C12th 1 x clay pipe
frags, hard stem, bunt.
reduced, discarded. 4g
abundant
limestone &
quartz temper up
to 3mm. 10g, 9g
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
(02) 2 small coarseware sherds, reduced. ?IA or 1 x large slag,
U/S <1g, <1g ?Med. dark, light
Spoil - weight. 93g
13/01/0 Romano - British
9
1 base frag, reduced, occasional fine ?1st-
quartz temper. 15g 4th
1 BBW. 3g 1st-
4th
Saxo - Norman
1 pale grey, light orange 10-
occasional surfaces with 11th
limestone small voids
temper, small
voids. 12g
1 rim, dark grey, oxidised inner 10-
fine quartz & surface, 12th
limestone oxidised &
temper. 13g reduced outer
surface
( 02 ) - U/S - Spoil Heaps - 13/01/2009
(02) Medieval
U/S 1 inverted rim, hard brown, thick 12-
Spoil - grey core, fine quartz & grits 13th
13/01/0 temper. 8g
9
Contin 1 rim / body, hard patchy dull 12-
ued light grey, olive green 13th
sandy, grit glaze inside &
temper up to out
2mm with
occasional fine
limestone. 23g
1 hard grey, fine oxidised & ?12-
quartz temper. reduced 13th
14g surfaces
1 grey, sandy, grey - brown ?12-
limestone, quartz inner surface, 13th
& grit temper. smooth light
6g brown outer
surface
1 glazed wares, various green 13-
3 various fabrics. & brown 16th
62g glazes
1 rim, fine grey, reduced ?14-
rare grit temper surfaces with 15th
up to 3mm, patchy clear
orange margins. glaze
16g
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
Post - Medieval
1 glazed wares, various glazes 16-
1 various fabrics. 18th
115g
1 earthenware, flower pot. 12g post - Medieval

Modern
2 1 x rim & 1 x body sherd, factory 19-
white ware. 7g, 3g 20th
1 base frag, porcelain. 5g 19-
20th
U/S - West Spoil Heaps - 13/01/2009
U/S 1 handle, hard brown glaze ?15-17th 2 x Fe slag
West oxidised, sandy, with dark lumps. 261g,
Spoil grey core. 59g green spots 130g
Heaps - 1 large rim, clear glaze on 17- 1 x clay pipe
13/01/0 oxidised, grey inner surface 19th stem. discarded.
9 core. 44g 3g
1 oxidised. 63g inner brown 18-
glaze 19th
2 1 x rim + 1 x discarded 19-
body sherd, blue 20th
transfer ware.
10g, 8g
1 base frag, hard shiny brown 19-
oxidised. 88g glaze with iron 20th
spots inside
1 stoneware, off- light brown 19-
white. 9g outer surface, 20th
salt glaze
inside & out
2 factory white discarded 19-
ware. 19g, 5g 20th
U/S - West Spoil Heaps - 17/02/2009
U/S- 1 oxidised, sandy, clear glaze out, 13- Ceramic Tile Glass
West grey core. 8g spots of green 14th
Spoil glaze
Heaps - 1 hard, grey, oxidised inner 13- 1 ?ceramic roof tile 1 x almost
17/02/2 sandy, fine surface, dull 15th frag, grey fabric complete (brake
009 quartz & black green & light with voids, on neck), clear
grit temper. 16g brown glaze oxidised lower glass bottle,
out surfaces with traces moulded, base
of white mortar. stamp
abraded. 6g. ?C13- "354/C.T.G/2".
15th 288g.
C19-20th
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
U/S- 1 hard, grey, oxidised sandy 13- 1 ceramic roof tile 2 x joining base
West sandy. 5g surfaces, 15th frag, reduced fabric frags, bottle
Spoil mottled clear above, oxidised glass, brown,
Heaps - & khaki green fabric below, green moulded, letters
17/02/2 glaze out & orange glaze. on side - base
009 27g. ?C16-17th reads
"UNITED". 41g,
20g. C19-20th
1 rim frag, hard brown 15- 1 ?floor tile frag, red 1 x base frag,
grey, fine grit & surfaces, clear 16th - brown fabric, bottle glass,
occasional fine glaze in frequent white & green, moulded
limestone grey grit temper, letters on base &
temper. 27g black surfaces. side. 84g.
24g. ?C19-20th C19-20th
9 oxidised, various various brown, 16- Plaster 1 x green bottle
types. 75g orange & 18th glass sherd. 20g.
green glaze C19-20th
2 rims, same pot, green outer 19- 1 white wall plaster 1 x green bottle
fine china. 11g surface 20th frag. 8g glass sherd,
patinated. 16g.
Post-Medieval
1 rim frag, factory pink outer 19- Stone 1 x clear vessel
white ware. 9g surface 20th glass sherd. 14g.
Post-Medieval
1 rim frag, pale clear glaze 19- 1 carved ?Doulting Fe
grey stoneware. 20th stone frag, traces of
13g red paint. 41g.
Medieval
1 base / body frag, factory white 19- Glass 2 x joining,
ware, cup. 30g 20th Complete Fe
spur. 73g. n.d
1 base / body frag, grey - buff 19- 1 blue ?window glass 1 x large Fe nail,
hard grey inner surface, 20th sherd, patinated. flat sides. 28g.
stoneware, 51g brown out 4g. ?Medieval Post-Medieval
1 factory white pale yellow 19- 3 x Fe slag frags.
ware. 4g surfaces 20th 252g
1 white. 10g transfer print - 19- Miscellaneo
leaves inside, 20th
text out
us
3 factory white wares, various types. 19-20th 1 x clay pipe
18g stem frag.
discarded. 3g
2 blue transfer wares, various types. 19- 1 x one pence
7g 20th piece. discarded.
3g. 1977
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
( 02 ) - U/ S - Spoil Heaps - 17/02/2009
( 02 ) 1 pale orange, shiny green 16-17th 1 x Fe strip frag.
U/S sandy. 3g glaze on outer disc. 9g
Spoil - surface
17/02/0 1 x base frag,
9 vessel glass, light
green. 55g,
?Post-Medieval
Finds from the ceramic tile collection - recorded 19/03/10
02 - 2 joining sherds, oxidised ?10th Wasters
U/S- ?plate or ?lid surfaces, or
Spoil fragment, brown & light ?IA
Nov. 08 reduced, dark brown with
- from grey, abundant reduced
ceramic limestone temper patches, grass
tile with brown grit marks on 1 x
collecti & orange-brown surface
on - ?grog inclusions.
recorde Rim or edge =
d 25g, body = 19g
19/03/1 1 rectangular floor tile, waster - warped,
0 grey fabric, abundant limestone temper,
brown surfaces, black glaze, off-white
mortar lumps adhering, c.30mm thick x
c.42mm wide x c.130mm long. 339g.
medieval
1 Rim, sandy oxidised 12-
reduced, dark & orange sandy 13th
pale grey core surfaces
with pale
margins. 28g
1 reduced, grey, pale oxidised 13- 1 rectangular floor tile, waster, grey
limestone temper inner surface, 15th fabric, abundant limestone temper up to
up to 3mm. 5g mottled khaki 15mm, black & brown surfaces, black
green glaze glaze, c.28mm thick x c.43mm wide x
with iron spots c.136mm long. 295g. medieval
outside

1 hard pale grey. oxidised 14- 1 ceramic roof tile fragment, waster,
23g surfaces, 16th hard oxidised fabric, abundant
patchy green limestone temper, black glaze. c.12mm
glaze outside, thick. 64g. medieval
green glaze
inside with
unglazed
patches, patch
of grey cement
adhering
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
02 - 1 Rim, fine grey oxidised 15- 1 thin ceramic roof tile fragment, waster,
U/S- sandy, frequent orange 16th oxidised fabric, occasional limestone
Spoil quartz temper up surfaces, temper up to 5mm, black glaze.
Nov. 08 to 3mm with applied strip c.12mm thick. 53g. medieval
- from some grog & out with
ceramic orange grits. 12g thumbed
tile impressions
collecti 1 hard grey sandy, smooth 15- Roof Tiles
on - occasional small oxidised inner 16th
recorde grey grit temper. surface -
d 39g slightly
19/03/1 micaceous,
0 black glaze
outside,
broken handle
stub outside
2 thin ceramic roof tile fragments,
0 various mostly reduced fabrics, various
glazes. 1011g. medieval - post-med

1 Rim, hard white slip 17- Painted Wall Plaster

oxidised. 23g below clear 18th
glaze inside &
on the rim
1 hard oxidised & shiny dark 17- 1 wall plaster fragment, pale off-white-
reduced. 8g brown glaze 18th grey lime mortar with lime inclusions
outside with up to 5mm & voids up to 15mm, 1 x
white piping flat face - white washed - with traces of
below clear red paint. up to c.23mm thick. 68g.
glaze probably medieval

9 Rims, bases & green, orange 17- 1 wall plaster fragment, pale off-white-
body sherds, & brown 19th grey lime mortar with lime,
hard sandy glazes, various 1 x flat face - white washed - with
oxidised, various types traces of red paint. up to c.12mm thick.
types. 252g 16g. probably medieval

1 Rim, oxidised oxidised 18- 1 ?decorated stone fragment. 32g

pink-orange, surfaces, 19th
frequent grog occasional
temper. 89g white slip &
brown glaze
with iron spots
inside
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
Exposed Machined Surface of 02 within the Gardeners Compound
(02) 1 coarseware, oxidised 11- 1 fine lime ?render 1 x glass jar,
Surface reduced, small surfaces, 13th or ?wall plaster nearly complete,
- Site limestone, quartz micaceous, frag with a white base legend reads
& grit temper. small voids surface & traces of "YEATMAN &
10g out, burnt red paint. 36g Co. Ltd - 610E".
293g. C20th
1 rim, coarseware, partly oxidised 12- 1 ceramic floor tile 1 x bakelite
reduced, outer surface 14th frag, hard grey screw top for a
frequent sandy fabric, fine bottle with logo
limestone, quartz limestone & grit on the top. 21g.
& grit temper. temper, oxidised C20th
29g surface below, dark
khaki green glaze
above. 20g. C15-
16th
1 base frag, dark oxidised inner 13-
grey sandy, surface & 14th
black grit & very base, pale grey
fine limestone outer surface
temper. 47g below green
glaze & iron
spots
1 rim, hard grey brown outer 15-
sandy. 20g surface with 16th
thumbed
impressions
below rim,
very dark
green glaze
inside
1 hard grey sandy, orange inner 15-
sparse limestone surface, 16th
temper. 10g mottled green
glaze out,
?possible tile
frag
2 joining, hard brown 16-
smooth orange, surfaces, shiny 17th
grey core. 10g clear glaze out
1 oxidised, grey clear glaze 16-
core. 25g with pale 17th
green patches
1 base frag, brown 18th
oxidised. 38g surfaces,
brown glaze
inside
1 factory made, clear glaze 20th
hard light grey. over moulded
7g decoration
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
2 rims, earthenware, ?flower pot 20th
frags. 43g, 8g

Sondage within the Compound

03 1 grey. 2g oxidised 18th 1 brick frag, white 3 x Fe nail frags.
Sondag surfaces mortar adhering. 7g, 7g, 4g
e 160g.
C18-19th
5 2 x joining rim clear glaze, 19- 1 ceramic roof tile 1 x Fe object,
sherds + 3 x light brown 20th frag. 4g. C19-20th ?key end. 3g
body sherds, off- glaze on rim
white stoneware,
fine black grit
temper.
Rims = 71g,
53g. Body
sherds = 33g,
18g, 9g
1 rim, factory red line 19- 1 window glass 1 x ?Fe or
white ware. 10g decoration 20th sherd, clear. 1g. ?Alloy, thin rod
around the rim C19-20th or tube, c.1-2mm
diameter. 1g.
Modern.
1 blue transfer ware. <1g 19- 1 x bottle glass
20th sherd, green. 6g.
C19-20th
1 factory white ware. <1g 19-
20th
04 1 rim, blue transfer ware. 1g 18- 1 ceramic roof tile 1 x large Fe nail /
Sondag 20th frag. 82g. Post- bolt. 43g
e Medieval
2 porcelain, white. 7g, 1g 18- 1 roof slate frag. 21g 1 x small Fe nail
20th frag. 5g
1 factory white ware. 2g 19- 1 brick frag. 110g. 1 x black cinder
20th C19-20th frag. discarded.
2g
1 brick / tile frag. 8g
7 brick frags. 1 x coal frag.
discarded. 57g discarded. 4g
1 Lias stone frag. discarded. 34g

05 1 ceramic roof tile 1 x clay pipe

Sondag frag. 34g. C18- stem frag.
e 20th discarded. 3g
2 brick frags. 1 x coal frag. 12g
discarded. 9g. 6g
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
06 1 small sherd, reduced inner 15- 2 small roof slate 1 x bone frag =
Sondag oxidised sandy, surface, shiny 16th frags. discarded. 4g 1g.
e grey core. 2g green-brown 1 x small
glaze out calcined bone
frag = <1g. 2 x
teeth = 3g
1 oxidised sandy. 17- 6 small brick / tile 1 x Fe nail. 23g
6g 18th frags. discarded.
29g
1 blue transfer ware. <1g 19- 1 small shelly 1 x small Fe nail
20th limestone frag. frag. 2g
discarded. 9g
1 red limestone frag, 2 x clay pipe
burnt. discarded. stem frags.
6g discarded. 1g,
<1g
1 small Lias frag. 1 x fired clay
discarded. 2g frag. 5g
1 x cinder frag,
grey. discarded.
3g
2 x small cinder
frags, black.
discarded. 4g
1 x small coal
frag. discarded.
2g
1 x FLINT,
cortical flake,
dark grey,
smooth. 3g
07 1 oxidised, grey inner brown 18- 3 roof slate frags. 10 x bone frags.
Sondag core. 3g glaze 19th discarded. 18g 34g
e
1 brick frag, red- 2 x Fe objects.
orange fabric. 72g. 38g, 21g
C19-20th
6 brick frags. 1 x large Fe nail.
discarded. 28g 21g
1 white wall plaster 4 x Fe nail frags.
frag. 1g 19g
1 buff mortar. 17g 1 x clay pipe
stem frag.
discarded. 1g
1 off-white lime mortar frag. 11g
context {______ pottery____________________} {_building materials } miscellaneous
n fabric & surface centu n description
o weight ry o
08 1 x large Fe nail
Sondag frag, square
e head. 30g
09 1 small sherd, hard brown inner 16- 1 ceramic tile frag, 31 x bone &
Sondag light orange. 1g surface, 17th grey sandy, teeth. 273g
e speckled green oxidised surface
glaze below, khaki
green-brown glaze
above. 15g. ?C16-
17th
1 small sherd, orange glazed 16- 6 roof slate frags, 2 x oyster shell
oxidised. 1g inner surface 17th white mortar frags. discarded.
adhering, some 1g
with peg holes.
79g, 72g, 33g, 27g,
22g, 20g
1 white mortar frag. 1 x Fe nail. 10g
7g
3 small white mortar / plaster frags. 8g

1 sandy limestone, buff-light brown,

white mortar adhering to three sides.
154g
2 Lias stone frags. discarded. 129g, 29g

1 burnt limestone frag, partly calcined.

28g
1 Tor Burr stone, large lump. discarded.
527g
10 5 cream mortar frags. 1 x bone. 9g
Sondag 12g
e
1 Lias stone frag. 1 x Fe nail. 8g
discarded. 334g
1 small window glass sherd, pale green,
white mortar adhering. 2g
PHOTOGRAPH GALLERY

Photograph 1. Gardeners compound during soil stripping.

Photograph 2. Surface of 02 looking west.

 Photograph 3. The tiles.

Photograph 4. Sondage showing the Photograph 5. Sondage showing context

depth of context 02. 50cm and 1m scales 010 exposed.