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Hatha-Yoga
gB;ksx dk laf{kIr ifjp;

Hatha Yoga is also called as Hatha-vidya. The basic book of Hatha


Yoga is Hatha-yog-pradipika. The book was written by Swatmaramyogi
during 15th Century. The Hatha-yoga said to be preparatory stage of
Physical and mental Purification which is essential for the body practices
for higher meditation.
gB;ksx dks gBfo|k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA gB;ksx dh eq[; iqLrd gB;ksx&iznhfidk gSA
gB;ksxiznhfidk dk 15oha 'krkCnh esa LokRekjke;ksxh us fy[kk FkkA gB;ksx dks 'kjhfjd
vkSj ekufld 'kqf) dh izkIr d fy, vko';d dgk tkrk gS] ftlls fd 'kjhj mPp
lk/kuk gsrq rS;kj gks ldsA vFkkZr~ blls 'kjhj vkSj eu LoLFk vkSj lrst gksdj nwljs
;ksxksa d fy, mi;ksxh cu tkrs gA bld lk/ku ls ;ksxh {kq/kk&r`".kk] funzk&vkyL;]
'khrks".k] vkf/k&O;kf/k] jksx&'kksd] tjk&ck/kZD; vkfn }U}&lewg ij fot; ykHk djrs
gA
Hatha-yoga is of two types 1. As advised by Goraksh-Muni in Six
Angas; and 2. As advised by Markandey-Muni in Eight Angas. The
purpose of both of these is same.
gB;ksx nks izdkj dk gS
1- xksj{k&eqfu dk N% vax okyk ;ksx]
2- ekdZ.Ms; eqfu dk vkB vax okyk ;ksxA
bu nksuksa dk ms'; ,d gh gSA
Hatha-yog-pradipika contains four chapters. First Chapter contains the
teachings about Aasana (Posures). For the Yogic practices and control
the body-diseases aasanas are very important. There are said to be thirty-
two aasana for practice. Main Asanas explained the book are Swastika-
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aasan, Gomukha-aasan, Veera-aasan, Koorma-aasan, Kukuta-aasan,


Ardha-kurma-aasan, Dhanura-aasan, Matsayendra-aasan,
Paschimatan-aasan, Mayura-aasan, Shava-aasan, Sidhaa-aasan,
Padma-aasan, Sihna-aasan, Bhadra-aasan. Apart from the above there
are some important aasana are Vajra-aasan, Chakra-aasan, Trikona-
aasan, Janushirsha-aasan, Bhujanga-aasan, Shalbha-aasan,
shashanga-aasan, Hala-aasan. The basic purpose of these aasanas is
to keep the body flexible and fit for the further practice of Yoga. But as
regard to the higher level of yoga i.e. for Samadhi only Sidha-asan, Ardh-
padma-aasan and Padma-aasan are useful. Apart from the Aasans he
has also advised for adopting of Yam-Niyama as advised in the Raj-yog
by Maharishi Patanjali. With the performance of theses aasanas the
mind-control is also achieved by the Sadhak (Yogi).
gB;ksx&iznhfidk esa pkj v/;k; gA izFke v/;k; esa vkluksa d ckjs esa f'k{kk nh xbZ
gSA ;ksxkH;kl vkSj jksxfuokj.k d vkluksa dk cgqr gh ego gSA ;ksxkH;kl d iz/kku
:i ls 32 ckhl vklu gA gB;ksx&iznhfidk esa LokfLrdklu] xkse[ q kklu] ohjklu]
dekZlu] dDdVklu] v/kZde kZlku] /kuqjklu] eRL;sUnzklu] if'pekskkuklu] ew;jklu]
'koklu] fl)klu] in~eklu] flagklu vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bud vfrfjDr
otzklu] pklu] f=dks.kklu] tkuq'kh"kkZlu] Hkqtx a klu] 'kyHkklu] 'ka'kkxklu] gyklu
vkfn Hkh egoiw.kZ vklu gA bu vkluksa dk eq[; ms'; 'kjhj dks yphyk cukuk gS
fd ftlls vkxs ;ksxkH;kl esa lqfo/kk gks ldsA tcfd mPp ;ksxlk/kuk lekf/k gsrq
fl)klu] v/kZ&in~eklu vkSj in~eklu gh mi;ksxh gksrs gA vkluksa d vfrfjDr bl
v/;k; esa egf"kZ irtfy }kjk mifn"V ;e&fu;eksa dk Hkh mins'k fd;k x;k gSA bu
vkluksa d lk/kd dk eu fu;U=r gksrk gSA
Second Chapter contains the teachings on Pranayama (yogic breathing
which creates Energy Control) and Shatkarma. Pranayama is one of
the strongest advise in this school of teaching. According to Rajyog
there are three parts of Paranayama namely Poorak, Kumbhak and
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Rechak, Where as in the Hatha-yog main stress is on Kumbhak. Before


performing Kumbhak Paranayama, the nerve-purification is to be
achieved. There are eight types of Kumbhak, namely Suryabhedan,
Ujjayi, Seetkari, Sheetali, Bhastrika, Bhramari, Moorcha, Plavini. Each
one is explained in detail in the second chapter. Apart from the above
Shatkarma is also explained and advised for the Yogis. Shatkarma
includes :-
gB;ksxiznhfidk d nwljs v/;k; esa izk.kk;ke vkSj "kV~deZ dh f'k{kk nh xbZ gSA gB;ksx
esa izk.kk;ke dh f'k{kk cgqr gh egoiw.kZ gSA jkt;ksx d vuqlkj izk.kk;ke d rhu vax
g iwjd] jspd vkSj dEHkdA tcfd gB;ksx esa dEHkd LorU= f;k d :i esa fxuk
x;k gS vkSj blij cgqr vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gSA dEHkd izk.kk;ke dks djus ls iwoZ
ukM+h 'kqf) dks djuk pkfg,A gB;ksx esa dEHkd d vkB izdkj g lw;ZHksnu]
mTtk;h] lhRdkjh] 'khryh] HkfL=dk] Hkzkejh] ewPNkZ ,oa IykfouhA bu vkBksa izdkj d
dEHkdksa dk bl v/;k; esa foLrkj iwod Z o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA izk.kk;ke d lkFk&lkFk
blv/;k; eas "kV~deks dk Hkh o.kZu djrs gq, ;ksxh d fy, bld lEiknu dk fo/kku
gSA "kV~deZ fuEu izdkj ls g
1. Dhouti-karma With the help of Dhouti-Kriya body can be main-
tained as disease free and health-full. Under this karma Vayu-Dhouti,
Agni-Dhouti, Jal-Dhouti and Vastra-Dhouti are commonly performed
by the Yogis. With this the chest abdomen is cleaned. But the persons
effected by diseases and who are freely enjoying the material world and
living sexual life, cannot perform Dhouti-Karma easily.
1- /kkSfrdeZ /kkSfrdeZ ls 'kjhj jksxjfgr vkSj LoLFk fd;k tkrk gSA /kkSfrdeZ
esa ok;q&/kkSfr] vfXu&/kkSfr] ty&/kkSfr vkSj oL=&/kkSfr d vH;kl izpfyr gA jksxh
vkSj Hkksfx;ksa d fy, bldk vH;kl djuk dfBu gSA blls mnj vkSj o{k%LFky LoPN
gksrs gA
2 Neti-Karma Neti is performed through nose. A thread is entered
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through the nose and brought out from mouth. With the help of this
throat and head (specifically nose) is cleaned.
2- usfr&f;k uklk d }kjk usfr&f;k dh tkrh gSA bl f;k esa uklk esa ,d
/kkxk Mkydj mls eq[k ls fudkyk tkrk gSA bl f;k ls d.B vkSj yykV fueZy gksrs
gA
3 Basti-Karma Yogis are normally performing Jal-Basti and Sthal-
Basti to clean the stomach and intestine and clear the waste from the
body. Jal-basti is done by intaking the water into intestine through anus.
3- cLr&f;k ;ksxh yksx ty&cLr] LFky&cLr vkfn d }kjk ikd&LFkyh d
vkSj vkU= d nwf"kr vkSj lafpr ey dks fudky nsrs gA ty&cLr esa xqnkekxZ ls ty
dks vkU= esa ys tk;k tkrk gS] ftlls vkU= dk ey Hkh ty d lkFk ckgj fudy tkrk
gSA
4 Tratak-Karma Tratak-Yog is normally performed in three ways.
Yogi has to keep on seeing the following objects continuously and with-
out moving the eye-lashes - (a) against the rising sun or moon in the sky;
(b) against ones eyes in the mirror; and (c) against the eyes of other
person. With the help of Tratak-yog, yogi achieves a higher level con-
centration and ones eye-sight is also improves.
4- =kVd&deZ =kVd&;ksx lkekU;r% rhu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA 1-
mn;dkyhu lw;&Z pUnz d izfr gB;ksx( 2- izfrfcEc esa viuh vk[kksa d izfr( vkSj 3-
nwljs dh vk[kksa dh n`f"V d izfr] iydghu vkSj vfoPNUu n`f"V j[kuk gh =kVd&;ksx
gSA blls ,dkxzrk] /kkj.kk&'kfDr vkSj n`f"V&'kfDr dh o`f) gksrh gSA
5 Naouli-Karma Here in this act the yogi bend forward by lower-
ing shoulders, and move its stomach with speed from left to right and
right to left. With the Naouli-karma the apetite gets better and digest all
the things.
5- ukSfy&deZ ukSfydeZ esa ;ksxh vkxs dh vksj dU/kksa dks >qdkrs gq,] mnj esa xfr
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ls ck;ha vksj ls nk;ha vksj rFkk nk;ha vksj ls ck;ha vksj xfr djrk gSA ukSfydeZ ls
ikpu 'kfDr esa o`f) gksrh gS vkSj ;ksxh lHkh dN ipkus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA
6 Kapalbhanti-Karma Performing the Rechak and Poorak
Pranayam simultaneously with high speed is called Kapalbhanti.
6- dikyHkkfr&deZ dikyHkkfr deZ esa jspd vkSj iwjd f;k dks yxkrkj xfr
ls fd;k tkrk gSA
Third chapter explains the Kundalani and Mudras (Poses). According
to this theory Kundalani is the base for all type of Yoga. (But in the
Rajyog, neither Maharishi Patanjali nor Maharishi Vyas has not even
mentioned Kundalani or given any reference to its need for the yogic
practices.) Apart from Kundalani, he has explained ten types of Mudras
(Poses) namely Mahamudra, Mahabandh Mudra, Mahavedh Mudra,
Khechari Mudra, Uddayan Mudra, Moolbandh Mudra,
Jalandharbandh Mudra, Vipreetkarni Mudra, Vrajoli Mudra, and
Shaktichalan Mudra. Apart from these Uddayan-bandh Mudra,
Matsasya Mudra, Sheershaasan Mudra, Yog Mudra, Sarvangaasna
Mudra and Sahaj-Sheershaasan Mudra are also popular. According
to Hatha-yoga, with the help of this yogi can keep Old-age and Death
away, i.e. he can keep himself fit and healthy during the life time and
survives longer.
gB;ksx&iznhfidk d rhljs v/;k; esa d.Myuh vkSj eqnkz vksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
gB;ksx d vuqlkj d.Myuh lHkh izdkj dh ;ksfxd&f;kvksa dk vk/kkj gSA ijUrq
nwljh vksj u rks egf"kZ irtfy vkSj u gh Hkk";dkj egf"kZ O;kl us jkt;ksx esa u rks
d.Myuh dk dksbZ mYys[k gh fd;k gS] vkSj u gh ;ksx d lEiknu gsrq bldh dksbZ
vko';drk gh le>h gSA
d.Myuh d vfrfjDr bl v/;k; esa nl izdkj eqnkvksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
eqnkz ;sa Lo:ir% vkluksa d gh izdkj&Hksn gA 'kjhj d Luk;q rUrq vkSj ekalisf'k;ksa dks
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lcy cukuk vkluksa dk dke gS vkSj vUr%lzkoh xzUFk;ksa dks lf; vkSj lcy j[kuk
eqnkz vksa dk dke gSA eqnkz ;sa fuEu g egkeqnkz ] egkcU/k eqnkz ] egkos/k eqnkz ] [kspjh eqnkz ]
mM~M;u eqnkz ] ewycU/k eqnkz ] tkyU/kjcU/k eqnkz ] foijhr dj.kh eqnkz ] oztksyh eqnkz ,oa
'kfDrpkyu eqnkz A bud vfrfjDr mM~M;u&cU/k eqnkz ] eRlL; eqnkz ] 'kh"kkZlu eqnkz ] ;ksx
eqnkz ] lokxklu eqnkz vkSj lgt'kh"kkZlu eqnkz Hkh izpfyr gA gB;ksx d vuqlkj bud
vH;kl ls ;ksx o`)koLFkk vkSj e`R;q dks nwj j[k ldrk gS vFkkZr~ ;ksxh thoudky esa
LoLFk jgrs gq, yEck thou thus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA

Fourth Chapter contains the Samadhi i.e. the high state of concentration.
He shortly stresses following of Pratyahara, which is sense withdrawal;
Dharana, which is concentration on an object or subject; Dhyana, which
is meditation. He stresses various means and angas which are explained
earlier are needed to achieve the Kaivalya. Here it is also stressed the
need for performing some poses like Khechari, Shambhavi and Unmani
Mudras. With the help of these acts he gives importance to theory of
Sound i.e. Nada which is heard by the yogi inside during the Samadhi.
gB;ksx iznhfidk d prqFkZ v/;k; esa lekf/k dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS ftldk /;ku
dh mPpkoLFkk dgk gSA blesa la{ksi ls izR;kgkj vFkkZr~ bUnz;ksa dk fuxzg] /kkj.kk vFkkZr~
,d fo"k; ij /;ku yxkuk vkSj /;ku dks dgk gSA gB;ksx iznhfidk d jpf;rk d
vuqlkj fofHkk lk/ku vkSj ;ksxkax tks iwoZ d v/;k;ksa esa of.kZr g] mu lHkh dk lEiknu
doY; ykHk d fy, vko';d gSA bl v/;k; esa mUgksu a s [kspjh] lEHkkoh vkSj mUeuh
eqnkz vksa d lEiknu vkSj vH;kl dks Hkh iqu% dgk gSA bu f;kvksa d lEiknu d lkFk
ukuk izdkj d uknksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] tksfd ;ksxh dks lekf/k dh voLFkk esa
vUr%dj.k esa lqukbZ nsrs gA
Apart from the above, the following acts are also performed under the
Hatha-yoga :
mijksDr f;kvksa d vfrfjDr] gB;ksx esa fuEu f;kvksa dk Hkh lEiknu gksrk gS
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1. Sun-bath By taking the sun-bath regularly but for the limited


period daily, one gets rid of skin diseases.
1- vkri&Luku /kwi esa vuko`r 'kjhj dks ifjfer vkSj fu;fer :i ls j[kus ls
peZjksxkfn vkSj d"B tSlh O;kf/k;ksa rd dk fouk'k gks tkrk gSA
2. Water Bath By taking the bath the in the flowing river specifically
on regular basis, one keeps the body healthy, clean and fit.
1- ty&Luku tyk'k; esa fo'ks"k dj d lzkr
s Louh unh esa fu;ekuqlkj voxkgu
Luku djus ls 'kjhj fujksx LoPN vkSj LuX/k gks tkrk gSA
3. Nasa-pan i.e. drinking water with the nostrils. In the early
morning, by keeping the fresh water in a pot, with the wider mouth, near
the mouth and nostrils are dipped into the pot. Now with the help of the
nostrils one has to suck the water slowly and absorb the same in the
body. With this type of water drinking disease creating germs cannot stay
in the nostril and upper portion of head and body remains healthy and fit.
1- uklk&iku vFkkZr~ ukfldk d }kjk ikuh ihukA "kk dky esa iz'kLr vkSj
xEHkhj ik= esa ty j[kdj ty ik= dks eq[k d lehi j[kdj uklkjU/kzkas dks mlesa Mqcks
d uklkjU/kzksa ls gh /khjs&/khjs ty vkd"kZ.k dj Hkhrj dks ysuk vkSj ih ysuk gh
uklk&iku gSA blls 'kjhj d vUnj jksxksa d chtk.kq uklkjU/kz rd fVd ugha ldrs g]
vkSj 'kjhj fujksx jgrk gSA
4. Jal-Pan (Water-drinking) Under this process, one has to drink
water only in the morning itself, as per ones power, after washing the
mouth. If you feel thrust then drink water sometime before meal in the
afternoon, then after some of meal drink water and also in the night
drink water regularly. This process is called water-drinking. This also
helps one to keep the body fit and healthy.
1- ty&iku izkr%dky funzk Hkax gksus d lkFk eq[k /kksdj ;Fkk'kfDr doy ikuh
gh ih ysuk] fiiklk gks rks nksigj d [kkuk [kkus ls dN igys ikuh ysuk, [kkuk [kkus d
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dN le; ckn ikuh ih ysuk vkSj jkr dks Hkh lksus ls igys fu;fer ikuh ih ysuk gh
tyiku gSA blls Hkh 'kjhj fujksx jgrk gSA
Critical analysis of Hatha-yoga
gB;ksx fo|k dk rkfdZd foospu

The hatha-yoga as available in Hath-yog-pradipika, is only 4-5 centuries


old. The great Yogi Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati, founder of Arya
Samaj, got the education of all four types of Yoga from various of
preachers / teachers. In his learning age, he had performed all types of
Yoga and concluded that RajYog as explained in the Yog-sutras of
Patanjali is the only best in order to achieve the ultimate goal of ones
life i.e. to achieve oneself and God.
gB;ksx&iznhfidk esa mifn"V gB;ksx doy ek= 4&5 'krkCnh iwoZ dh fo|k gSA 19oha
'krkCnh d egku ;ksxh egf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh] laLFkkid vk;Z lekt] dks lHkh pkj
izdkj dh ;ksxfo|k dh f'k{kk fofHkk xq#vksa d ek/;e ls feyh FkhA vius v/;;u ,oa
f'k{k.k dky esa mUgksu
a s lHkh izdkj dh ;ksxfo|kvksa dk vH;kl fd;k FkkA bl izdkj d
vH;kl ls mUgksu a s ;g fu.kZ; fudkyk fd euq"; tUe d vUre y{; eks{k izkIr vkSj
ijekRe&lk{kkRdkj gsrq doy vkSj doy ek= egf"kZ irtfy }kjk mifn"V jkt;ksx
gh mikns; gSA egf"kZ irtfy us jkt;ksx dh f'k{kk ;ksxlw=ksa esa nh gS] tksfd ;ksxn'kZu
d uke ls izfl) gA
According to him Hathyog ka prakar ekdam bahut tamasha hai.
Usmein Basti arthaat guda ke raste se pani chadakar sansodhan
karna. Tratak arthaat palak bina jhapke taktaki lagakar dekhna. Neti
arthaat nasika mein sutra dalkar mukh se nikalna. Dhoti arthaat
lambe se lamba dhoti ka tukra (Mukh ke raste) pet mein dalkar phir
nikalna. Is prakar ka tamasha rachne ko khatpat karke kabhi yog
sidh hoven to sadho. Prantu in kamon se to rog hi paida hoten hain.
(Poona Pravachan 11)
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egf"kZ n;kuUn d vuqlkj gB;ksx dk izdkj ,dne cgqr rek'kk gSA mlesa ^cLr*
vFkkZr~ xqnk d jkLrs ls ikuh p<+kdj la'kks/ku djukA =kVd vFkkZr~ iyd fcuk >idk;s
VdVdh yxkdj ns[kukA usfr vFkkZr~ ukfldk esa lw= Mkydj eq[k ls fudkyukA /kkSfr
vFkkZr~ yEcs ls yEck /kkSfr dk VqdM+k eq[k d jkLrs isV esa Mkydj fQj fudkyukA bl
izdkj dk rek'kk jpus dks [kViV djd dHkh ;ksx s fl) gksos rks lk/kksA ijUrq bu dkeksa
ls rks jksx gh iSnk gksrs gA iwuk izopu 11
- Hathyog is a type of play only. In Basti karma, one intake the
water into the intestine through the anus and cleans it. Under Tratak one
keeps on seeing without moving the eye-limbs. Under Neti-karma one
puts in the thread through Nostril and brings out from mouth. In Dhouti-
karma one intake the long cotton cloth (small in width) into the stomach
from mouth and then bring out. By these type of plays, if one thinks Yog
(controlling the business and affairs of mind) can be performed, then let
him do. But by these activities normally body gets infected by various
diseases. (As said in Poona Pravachan 11).

As he had got full practical knowledge of Hatha-yog and Raj-yog, so he


had considered it not useful for achievement goal of Human Life i.e.
Salvation and also it is not required at all for the performance of Raj-
yog.
egf"kZ n;kuUn us gB;ksx vkSj jkt;ksx nksuksa dh gh f'k{kk izkIr dh Fkh] vius vH;kl
vkSj Kku d vk/kkj ij mudk fu.kZ; Fkk fd gB;ksx ekuo d y{; izkIr esa mi;ksxh
ugha gS vkSj u gh jkt;ksx esa mifn"V v"Vkax ;ksx vkfn d lEiknu gsrq bldh dksbZ
vko';drk gh gSA
It is claimed in the Hatha-yog-pradipika that it is essential for the
achieving the salvation (=Kaivalya) i.e. detachment of soul from matter.
Where as in this book, it is nowhere defined what are the causes of
attachment of soul with the matter, i.e. transmigration of soul in the
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world (=Bandha). Nor it explains how those causes can be stopped /


removed to achieve salvation, as are explained in Yog-Darshan by
Patanjali and Vyas, and in Sankhya-Darshan by Kapil and other vedic
literature. It is very clear by these external activities like postures (asanas),
pranayama (breath control), body purification procedure (Shatkarma),
poses (Mudras) salvation cannot be achieved. The actual procedure for
achieving the salvation is explained by Patanjali in Yog-sutras and Kapil
in Sankhya-sutras.
gB;ksx iznhfidk esa ;g er LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS fd gB;ksx dk lEiknu eks{k&izkIr
vFkkZr~ izfr d cU/kuksa ls NwVus gsrq vko';d gSA nwljh vksj bl xzUFk esa dgha Hkh iq#"k
d izfr d cU/ku esa vkus d dkj.kksa dk o.kZu ugha fd;k x;k gS( vkSj u gh mu dkj.kksa
dks nwj djus d mik;ksa dk gh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA cU/ku d dkj.kksa vkSj mudks nwj djus
d mik;ksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu egf"kZ irtfy us ;ksx n'kZu rFkk egf"kZ dfiy us lka[;
lw=ksa esa fd;k gSA bl izdkj ls bl fo|k dk o.kZu vU; vk"kZ osnkuqdy lkfgR; es fd;k
x;k gSA ;g cgqr gh Li"V gS fd ;ksx d bu ck vaxksa ;Fkk vklu] izk.kk;ke] "kV~deZ]
eqnkz vksa vkfn d lEiknu ls fdlh dks eks{k dh izkIr ugha gks ldrhA eks{k izkIr dk
okLrfod funs'Z ku rks egf"kZ irtfy d ;ksx lw=ksa vkSj egf"kZ dfiy d lka[; lw=ksa esa
feyrk gSA
Further the book contains in total 389 verses (Shalokas). About 60%
verses are in the nature of self-praising only. Out of remaining concepts
in 10% verses are taken from Patanjalis yog-sutras and about 30% of
verses explain the concepts of Hatha-yoga.
gB;ksx iznhfidk esa dy 389 'yksd gA buesa ls yxHkx 60 izfr'kr 'yksd gBfo|k
dk Lo&xq.kxku djrs gA 'ks"k 'yksdksa esa ls Hkh 10 izfr'kr 'yksdksa esa egf"kZ irtfy
}kjk mifn"V ;ksxfo|k d dN vaxksa dk gh o.kZu fd;k x;k gS vkSj 'ks"k 30 izfr'kr
'yksd gB;ksx fo|k dk o.kZu djrs gA

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