Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PRESENTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
TRANSMITTAL
Sir:
Respectfully yours,
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
You may now file a formal application with the Professional Regulation Commission
and proceed with the writing of your technical engineering report. Please submit five
(5) bookbound copies of the report in standard A4 size bond paper (substance 24
or 90 gsm) together with this reply letter, comprehensive bio-data, single-file PDF
copy of the full Technical Engineering Report (including all attachments) saved in
THREE (3) USB flash disks, and application forms (see attached). Use Verdana
Font and Font Size is 12, Line Spacing of 1.5 lines, and the following margins: Left
1.5 inches; Top, Bottom and Right 1 inch.
PREFACE
i
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Project Objectives 4
1.3 Project Scope and Limitations 5
3.2.4 Evaluation
3.2.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation 133
3.2.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation 133
3.2.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation 156
3.2.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation 156
3.2.4.5 Power Factor Evaluation 157
3.3 Load Flow Analysis for Case 2 (Steady State with
Capacitors at Bus 2) 158
3.3.1 Admittance and Power Data 158
3.3.2. Bus Voltage Calculation 160
3.3.3 Current, Power Flow and Power
Factor Calculation 172
3.4 Overall Load Flow Evaluation 175
3.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation 175
3.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation 176
3.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation 177
3.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation 178
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage 5
Table 1.2 Summary of Sub-Study Area 6
Table 2.1 Summary of Base Values for Power and Voltage 8
Table 2.2 Summary of Base Values of Current and Impedance 9
Table 2.3 Summary of Short Circuit
Impedance at Connection Point at 10MVA Base 9
Table 2.4 Transformer Datasheet 10
Table 2.5 Transformer Impedances Based on MVA 12
Table 2.6 Summary of Zero, Positive and Negative
Sequence Impedances of Transformers at 10MVA Base 17
Table 2.7 Summary of Medium-Voltage Motor Data 19
Table 2.8 Summary of Per Unit Impedances of
Medium- Voltage Motors at 10MVA Base 25
Table 2.9 Summary of Low-Voltage Motor Data of MCC8 25
Table 2.10 Summary of Low-Voltage Motor Data of MCC9 27
Table 2.11 Summary of Calculation for Positive and
Negative Sequence Impedance of MCC8 Motor Load
at 10MVA Base 30
Table 2.12 Summary of Calculation for Positive
and Negative Sequence Impedance of MCC9
Motor Load at 10MVA Base 32
Table 2.13 Cable Data for Medium-Voltage Cables 34
Table 2.14 Cable Zero Sequence Impedances for
Medium-Voltage Cables 35
Table 2.15 Summary of Calculation for Medium-Voltage
Cables on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
Impedance at 10MVA Base 36
Table 2.16 Summary of Admittance Calculation for
Medium-Voltage Cables at 10MVA Base 37
Table 2.17 Summary of Cable Data for Low-Voltage
viii
Cables of MCC8 38
Table 2.18 Summary of Cable Data for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC9 39
Table 2.19 Summary of Zero Sequence Resistance
and Reactance for Medium-Voltage Cables of MCC8 41
Table 2.20 Summary of Zero Sequence Resistance and
Reactance for Medium-Voltage Cables of MCC9 43
Table 2.21 Summary of Calculation for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC8 on Positive, Negative and Zero
Sequence Impedance at 10MVA Base 45
Table 2.22 Summary of Calculation for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC9 on Positive, Negative and Zero
Sequence Impedance at 10MVA Base 46
Table 2.23 Medium-Voltage Load Data 48
Table 2.24 Low-Voltage Load Data for MCC8 49
Table 2.25 Low-Voltage Load Data for MCC9 55
Table 2.26 Summary of Connected Load for Medium
Voltage Load 60
Table 2.27 Summary of Connected Load for
Low-Voltage Load of MCC8 60
Table 2.28 Summary of Connected Load for Low
Voltage Load of MCC9 63
Table 2.29 Calculation for the Operating
Load for Medium-Voltage Loads 66
Table 2.30 Calculated Results of the Operating
Load for Low-Voltage Loads of MCC8 67
Table 2.31 Calculated Results of the Operating
Load for Low-Voltage Loads of MCC9 69
Table 2.32 Medium-Voltage Operating Load 71
Table 2.33 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC8 72
Table 2.34 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC9 72
Table 2.35 Medium-Voltage Operating Load at 10MVA Base 73
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
PE-KM8601 25
Figure 2.15 Positive/negative sequence impedance
network of PE-GM1412 30
Figure 2.16 Zero sequence impedance network of
PE-GM1412 30
Figure 2.17 Typical impedance network 76
Figure 2.18 Momentary impedance of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables 83
Figure 2.19 Equivalent circuit of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables for momentary networks 83
Figure 2.20 Thevenins equivalent circuit of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables for momentary networks 84
Figure 2.21 Equivalent network of medium-voltage
motors for momentary positive and negative sequence 84
Figure 2.22 Momentary impedance of low-voltage
motors and motor cables of MCC8 85
Figure 2.23 Equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors
and motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks 85
Figure 2.24 Thevenins equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors
and motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks 86
Figure 2.25 Equivalent network of low-voltage motors
of MCC8 for momentary positive and negative sequence 86
Figure 2.26 Momentary impedance of low-voltage
motors and motor cables of MCC9 87
Figure 2.27 Momentary equivalent circuit of low-voltage
motors and motor cables of MCC9 87
Figure 2.28 Equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors
and motor cables of MCC9 for momentary network 88
Figure 2.29 Equivalent network of low-voltage motors
of MCC9 for Momentary positive and negative sequence 88
Figure 2.30 Momentary positive sequence network 90
Figure 2.31 Momentary negative sequence network 91
xviii
of TRL3A 330
Figure 5.12 Time-current curve for phase protection
of SM8645 331
Figure 5.13 Time-current curve for phase protection
of TRL3B 332
Figure 5.14 Time-current curve for phase protection
of TRM1 333
Figure 5.15 Time-current curve for ground protection
of TRL3A and MCC8 334
Figure 5.16 Time-current curve for ground protection
of TRL3B and MCC9 335
Figure 5.17 Time-current curve for ground protection
of TRM1 and 6.9kV Switchgear 336
Figure 6.1 Combined motor and load torque-speed
curve for KM5806 347
Figure 7.1 Arc-Flash location diagram for
medium-voltage system 362
Figure 7.2 Arc-Flash location diagram for
low-voltage system MCC8 370
Figure 7.3 Arc-Flash location diagram for
low-voltage system MCC9 371
Figure 7.4 Sample Arc-resistance clothing with
40cal/cm2 rating 378
xxiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
A Single Line Diagram
B Single Line Diagram-Fault Point Location
C1 Single Line Diagram for Protection 1/3
C2 Single Line Diagram for Protection 2/3
C3 Single Line Diagram for Protection 3/3
xxv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
MV SWGR LV SWGR(MCC8)
LV SWGR(MCC9)
Generator
G 8 sets
8.375MVA
13.8kV
Bus 1
Polyethylene
Plant no. 2
Estimated equivalent Loads Expansion
Momentary:
Z=0.000639 + j 0.019257
TRM1
p.u (10MVA base) 40/52MVA
Interrupting:
13.8kV/6.9kV
Z=0.000685 + j 0.021452
p.u (10MVA base)
Bus 2
TRL3A TRL3B
3MVA 3MVA
6.9kV/480V 6.9kV/480V
M M M M
Actual Value
Per Unit
Base Value Equation (2.1)
ZBASE
VBASE 2
SBASE Equation (2.2)
SBASE
IBASE
3 VBASE Equation (2.3)
13.8kV system:
ZBASE
VBASE 2
13.8x10 3 2
19.044
SBASE 10x106
3 13.8x10
IBASE A
3VBASE 3
6.9kV system:
ZBASE
VBASE 2
6.9x10 3 2
4.761
SBASE 10x106
3 6.9x10
IBASE A
3 VBASE 3
0.48kV system:
ZBASE
VBASE
2
4802 0.02304
SBASE 10x106
IBASE
SBASE
10x106
120 ,028 A
3 VBASE 3480
Base
Base
Section Description Impedance
Current (A)
()
13.8kV Generator 13.8kV 418.36976 19.04400
System Bus
6.9kV TRM1 secondary 836.73952 4.76100
System (6.9kV) bus
0.48kV TRL3A secondary 12028.13061 0.02304
System (480V) bus
0.48kV TRL3B secondary 12028.13061 0.02304
System (480V) bus
ZNEW ZOLD x
VOLD
2
x
SNEW
Equation (2.4)
VNEW 2 SOLD
X
R Z x cos tan-1 Equation (2.5)
R
X
X Z x sin tan-1 Equation (2.6)
R
Z1 Z2 Z0 Z rated at VBASE
ID/Description X/R
() () () (MVA) (kV)
TRM1/Main 0.16 0.16 0.138 52 13.8 35.39
Transformer
TRL3A/ Load A 0.07 0.07 0.07 3 6.9 6.28
TRL3B/ Load B 0.07 0.07 0.07 3 6.9 6.28
Using Equation 2.4 and data from Table 2.5, with the
positive and negative sequence impedance of TRM1 on 52MVA at
16% or 0.16p.u, the impedance at 10MVA base is calculated below.
ZNEW ZOLD x
VOLD 2 S
x NEW
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z1@10MVA Z x
13.8x10 x 10x10
32 6
13.8x10 52x10
1@ 52MVA
32 6
Z1@10MVA 0.16x
13.8x10 x 10x10 0.03076923 p.u
3 2 6
13.8x10 52x10
3 2 6
Z1 Z2 0.03076923 p.u
X
X Z x sin tan- 1 0.030769 sin (tan- 1(35.39)) 0.030757 p.u
R
Z1
0.000869086 p.u J0.0307556 p.u
PRI SEC
(DELTA SIDE) (WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Z2
0.000869086 p.u J0.0307556 p.u
PRI SEC
(DELTA SIDE) (WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Using Equation 2.4 and data from Table 2.5, with the zero
sequence impedance of TRM1 on 52MVA at 13.8% or 0.138p.u, the
zero sequence impedance is calculated below.
ZNEW ZOLD
VOLD 2 SNEW
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z0@10MVA Z0@52MVA
13.8x10
32
10x106
13.8x10
32 52x106
Z0 0.026538 p.u
X
R Z x cos tan-1 0.026538 cos (tan-1(35.39)) 0.00074959 p.u
R
X
X Z x sin tan-1 0.026538 sin (tan-1(35.39)) 0.026527 p.u
R
Zo
0.000749 pu j0.026527 pu
PRI SEC
(DELTA SIDE) (WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
1
Y
Z1
1
Y
0.000869 j0.030756
ZNEW ZOLD x
VOLD 2 S
x NEW
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z1@10MVA Z x
13.8x10 x 10x10
32 6
13.8x10 3x10
1@ 3MVA
32 6
Z1@10MVA 0.07
13.8x10 x 10x10
3 2 6
13.8x10 3x10
3 2 6
X
R Z x cos tan-1 0.2333 cos (tan-1(6.28)) 0.036692 p.u
R
X
X Z x sin tan-1 0.2333 sin (tan-1(6.28)) 0.230430 p.u
R
Z1
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
(DELTA SIDE) (WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Z2
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
(DELTA SIDE) (WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Zo
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
(DELTA SIDE) (WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
1
Y
Z1
1
Y
0.036692 j0.23043
ID Z0 (pu) Y (pu)
TRM1 0.000749 + j0.026527 0.917938 - j32.488044
TRL3A 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.673936 - j4.232399
TRL3B 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.673936 - j4.232399
" ZM
ZM PU
ZBASE
" 1 VM "
ZM x R M jXM
ILR 3 IM
IM
RM " "
0.1 with XM 0.995 ZM for medium-voltage motors power per
"
XM
pair poles > 1MW;
RM " "
0.15 with XM 0.989 ZM for medium-voltage motors power
"
XM
per pair poles < 1MW; and
RM "
0.42 with XM 0.922 ZM for low-voltage motors
"
XM
ZBASE
VBASE 2
SBASE
ZM pu will be
1 VM
x
ILR 3 IM
2
" IM SBASE V
ZM PU x M
VBASE 2 3 ILR VM VBASE
SBASE
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M Equation (2.7)
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 6900
ZM PU x
3 (273.81)(6900) 6900
"
ZM P U 3.0560 p.u
" XM "
XM pu x ZM PU;
ZM
"
XM pu 0.989 x 3.0560 3.0224 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM
Z1"/Z2"
0.4534 pu J 3.0224 pu
Reference bus
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 6900
ZM P U x
3 (2672.42)(6900) 6900
"
ZM P U 0.3131 p.u
" XM "
XM pu x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu 0.995 x 0.3131 0.3115 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM
"
ZM P U 0.0312 j0.3115 p.u
Reference bus
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 6900
ZM PU x
3 (181.66)(6900) 6900
"
ZM P U 4.6061 p.u
" XM
XM pu x ZM P.U
ZM
"
ZM P U 0.6833 j4.5554 p.u
Reference bus
Figure 2.11 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
network of PE-KM8639
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to calculate KM8601
sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 6900
ZM P U x
3 (147.69)(6900) 6900
"
ZM P U 5.6655 p.u
" XM "
XM pu x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu 0.989 x 5.6655 5.6031 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM
"
ZM P U 0.8405 j5.6031 p.u
Reference bus
N Line
Reference bus
Equipment
Description Z1 PU Z2 PU
ID
Equipment
Description ILR RM /XM XM /ZM
ID
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 480
ZM P U x
3 (247.448)(480) 480
"
ZM P U 48.6087 p.u
" XM "
XM pu x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu 0.922 x 48.6087 44.8172 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM
"
ZM P U 18.8232 j44.8172 p.u
Reference bus
Z0"
Line
Reference bus
Description Z1 PU Z2 PU
Description Z1 PU Z2 PU
Wire Length R1 X1
Eqpt ID Size
Cable Type / (m) (/km) (/km)
(mm2)
TL1 1C- 630 5 115 0.04 0.1138
CV(8.7/15kV),
Cu/XLPE/CTS/A
WA/PVC
TL2 3C-CV 185 1 54 0.128 0.0888
6/10(12)kV
RO XO
Equipment ID
( /km) (/km)
TL1 0.1648 0.0361
TL2 0.6034 0.0287
TL3 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-KM5806 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-YM7601 0.3121 0.0417
Cable of PE-KM8639 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-KM8601 0.6034 0.0287
ZP U 0.000048 j0.000137 pu
Z1 Z2 0.000048 j0.000137 pu
ZP U
0.04 j0.1138 x 115/1000
19.044x5
ZP U 0.000199 j0.000043 pu
Z0 0.000199 j0.000043 pu
TL1
1
YTL1
Z TL1pos
1
YTL1
0.000048 + j0.000137
1
YTL2
Z TL2pos
1
YTL2
0.001451 + j0.001007
TL3
1
YTL3
Z TL3pos
1
YTL3
0.001613 + j0.001119
Size Length R X
Eqpt ID Cable Type
(mm2) (m) ( /m) (/m)
Size Length R( X
Equipment ID Cable Type
(mm2) (m) /m) (/m)
RO XO
Equipment ID
( /km) (/km)
RO XO
Equipment ID
( /km) (/km)
ZP U
0.343 j0.0886 x 374/1000
0.02304x1
ZP U 5.567795 j1.438211 pu
Z1 Z2 5.567795 j1.438211 pu
ZP U
0.7586 j0.071 x 374/1000
0.02304x1
ZP U 12.314079 j1.152517 pu
Z0 12.314079 j1.152517 pu
Equipment
Z1/Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)
ID
Equipment
Z1/Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)
ID
PE- Slurry Feed Induction Continuous 0.48 1.3 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 2.326
YM4352 Tank Motor
Agitator
Motor
PE- DC Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 0.358
GM4353 pump Motor Induction
Motor
PE- T3 Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.358
GM4354 Pump motor Induction
Motor
PE- T3 Induction Continuous 0.48 0.66 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 1.181
GM4356 Residence Motor
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
PE- DC Induction Continuous 0.48 0.66 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 1.181
GM4357 Residence Motor
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
PE- T3/DC Feed Induction Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 0.358
GM4358 pump motor Motor
PE- Cylinder Induction Continuous 0.48 3.73 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 6.673
SM4360 Roller motor Motor
PE- Additive Lift Induction Continuous 0.48 15 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 26.837
PE- Drum Induction Continuous 0.48 3.7 0.83 0.73 0.8 0.5 7.345
SM6828 Dumper Motor
motor
PE- Solid Feeder Continuous 0.48 43 0.8 1 0.68 1 125
SM6800 Additive
Package
PE- Talc bulk Induction Continuous 0.48 3.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 6.262
SM6853 bag Motor
discharger
motor
PE- Bag Dump Induction Continuous 0.48 1.1 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 1.968
KM6831 station Motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Dump Induction Continuous 0.48 1.1 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 1.968
KM6832 station Motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Induction Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 2.684
YCM683 Compactor Motor
2 motor
PE- Bag Dump Induction Continuous 0.48 1.1 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 1.968
KM6833 station Motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
Operating Load(kW)
Operating Load (kVA)
power factor
For PE-KM5806
kW output x Load Factor x Demand Factor
Operating Load (kW)
Effeciency
540 x 0.91 x 1
Operating Load (kW) 522.766 kW
0.94
Operating Load(kW)
Operating Load (kVA)
power factor
522.766
Operating Load (kVA) 661.729 kVA
0.79
Operating Load (kVAR) Operating Load (kVA)2 Operating Load(kW)2
5.58210MVA
P2PU 0.558210 pu
10MVA
3.31997 MVA
Q2PU 0.331997 pu
10MVA
6.50183 MVA
S2PU 0.650183 pu
10MVA
Values from Table 2.35, 2.36 and 2.37 represent the normal
operating load with the PE2 plant running at its full capacity of 24
tons/hr. These values will be used in the load flow analysis to
determine the bus voltages, power flows, current flows and power
factors.
Momentary Networks
Using the above table from IEEE Brown book IEEE 399-1997 [1],
the values of reactance are derived as follows:
X"d,MOM 3.6268 pu
R,MOM 0.5440 pu
" "
ZMOM,1 PU Z2 PU 0.5440 j3.6268 p.u
Equipment ID Zeq
ZEQA,MOM
+j3.633829 +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829
1
" 1 " 1 " 1 " 1
ZEQA,MOM ZKM5806 Z YM7601 ZKM8601 ZK8639
ZEQA,MOM 0.5524 j3.6338291 0.0406 j0.3214151
Reference
0.035107
0.035107
+j0.269004
+j0.269004
1pu
Reference Reference
1
ZEQB,MOM
1 1 1 1
...
Z"GM-1412 Z"GM-1413 "
ZPE- YM4078 Z"GM8103S
ZEQB,MOM Z"GM-1412
1
Z"GM-1413
1
Z"GM-1413
1
...
1
" 1 1
ZPE- YM4078 Z"GM8103S
ZEQB,MOM 37.0026 j76.2829641 37.0026 j76.2829641
Reference
2.189525 2.189525
+J4.056443 +J4.056443
1pu
Reference Reference
54.8426 247.8811
17.0428 10.6940
ZEQB,MOM
+j103.038493
+j30.819157
+j485.145527
+j22.490353
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
+j103.038493
+j30.819157 +j22.490353 +j485.145527
"
ZEQC,MOM ZPE
1 "
-7601M1 ZPE- YM7610
1 "
ZPE
-GM7612
1
...
1
" 1
ZPE-SM5962
Reference
1.486806 1.486806
+J2.906046 +J2.906046
1pu
Reference Reference
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
Reference ZTRL3A ZTRL3B
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
+ j0.019257 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.036692711 0.036692711
Reference ZTRL3A ZTRL3B
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
Reference Reference
BUS1
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
Using the above table from IEEE Brown book IEEE 399-1997 [5],
the values of reactance are derived as follows:
X"d,INT 9.0671 pu
R,MOM 1.3601 pu
ZEQ = 0.051829+j0.427677 pu
ZEQA
+j9.0741 +j0.4772 +j13.6711 +j16.8185
1
" 1 " 1 " 1 " 1
ZEQA,INT ZKM5806 Z YM7601 ZKM8601 ZK8639
ZEQA,INT 1.3685 j9.07411 0.0562 j0.47721
Reference
0.051829 0.051829
+j0.427677 +j0.427677
1pu
Reference Reference
48.5334 48.5334
11.7926
ZEQB,INT
48.5334
11.7926 48.5334
ZEQB,INT
+j23.674769 +j105.796685
+j105.796685
1
" 1 " 1 " 1
ZEQB,INT ZPE-VM5814 ZGM8103A ... ZGM8103S
ZEQB,INT 11.7926 j23.6747691 48.5334 j105.7966851
Reference
7.945445 7.945445
+j16.359467 +j16.359467
1pu
Reference Reference
23.8241 9.8624
35.4222 40.6496
ZEQB,INT
+j53.7526
+j74.5795
+j22.0758
+j80.8110
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
+j53.7526
+j74.5795 +j80.8110 +j22.0758
"
ZEQC,INT ZPE
1
"
-7601M1 ZPE-GM7612
1 "
ZKM8607
1
...
1
1
Z"SM8645
Reference
5.104858 5.104858
+j11.154007 +j11.154007
1pu
Reference Reference
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
Reference ZTRL3A ZTRL3B
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
0.000048
0.000685 ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
Reference ZTRL3A ZTRL3B
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
BUS1
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
Bus 1
Bus 2
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.118437+j0.072 p.u S4=0.103948+j0.06 p.u
3.1 Methodology
IIN
Bus i Vi
IOUT
S*
2
I
V2*
Bus i Vi
Si=Pi+jQi
Figure 3.2 Current flow through a load element
V Vj
Iij" Yij( i )
a a2
While the current flowing out of bus i (Iij) is given as:
Vj
Iij Yij(Vi )
a
Iij a*Iij"
Bus i Vi
Bus i Vi
Iij
yij
yij
Iij Vx
tap
1:a
Iij
Vj Bus j Vj
Bus j
Power
output at
Figure 3.4 Voltage Calculation/Iteration via excel sheet
PF=cos
STEP 1:
CALCULATION OF BUS VOLTAGES AND PHASE
ANGLES
STEP 2:
CALCULATION OF POWER AND CURRENT
FLOWS
STEP 3:
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
Bus 2 V2
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.08946+j0.054898 S4=0.07898+j0.048099
Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1
At Bus 2 by KCL, ,
Current flowing into Bus 2 from Bus 1 and considering transformer
tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using Equation 3.1:
V V2
I12" y12 1
aTRM1 a 2
TRM1
V3
I23 y23 V2
aTRL3A
V4
I24 y24 V2
aTRL3B
S*
2
V2*
S*
2 y12 V V3 V4
y23 y24
V2* aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
S*
2y V V3(k) V4(k)
12 1 y23 y24
V*(k) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
Equation (3.3)
V2(k 1) aTRM1 2
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
At Bus 3 by KCL, ,
V V3
I23" y23 2
aTRL3A a 2
TRL3A
S*
3
V3*
At bus 3 by KCL, ,
S*
4
V4*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of currents out
of Bus 4.
S* (k)
4 y24 V2
V *(k) aTRL3B
(k 1)
V4 4 Equation (3.5)
y24
aTRL3B2
S*
2 y12 V1 V3(0) V4(0)
y 23 y 24
V2*(0) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2(1)
y12
y 23 y 24
aTRM12
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(1) 1 1
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566
0.558210 - j 0.3319971 0.695415 - j4.2036981
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(1) = 0.991093-j0.013184p.u
S*
3 y23 V2(0)
V3*(0) aTRL3A
V3(1)
y23
aTRL3A 2
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611p.u
V2(2) 1
0.990201 - j0.014405*
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566
0.693282 - j4.2065700.983882 - j0.018611
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
S*
3 y V (1)
23 2
V3*(1) aTRL3A
V3(2)
y23
aTRL3A 2
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
V3(2)
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.983882 - j0.018611*
0.991093 - j0.013184
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784p.u
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(2) 1
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446*
0.991093 - j0.013184
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u
second iteration
Since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6 then further
iterations are required until all errors are less than 1x10-6 in which
case the solution is said to converge to the correct value.
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(3) 1
0.987138 - j0.018375*
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566
0.693282 - j4.2065700.973467 - j0.033004
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(3) = 0.986328-j0.020102p.u
S*
3 y23 V2(2)
V3*(2) aTRL3A
V3(3)
y23
aTRL3A 2
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
V3(3)
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.973467 - j0.033004*
0.988081 - j0.017155
V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697p.u
S*4 y V (2)
24 2
V4*(2) aTRL3B
V4(3)
y24
aTRL3B2
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(3) 1
0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843*
0.988081 - j0.017155
V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543p.u
errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the 2nd iteration and the third
iteration:
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
V2(3) = 0.986328-j0.020102 p.u
ereal =|0.988081-0.986328| =0.001752721 (>1x10-6)
Calculation results:
V2(15) = 0.985034-j0.022069 p.u
V3(15) =0.967601-j0.040572 p.u
V4(15) =0.969782-j0.038424 p.u
V2 = 0.985281/-1.2830 p.u
V2 = 6.798/-1.2830 kV
V3 = 0.968451/-2.4010 p.u
V3= 464.856/-2.4010 V
V4 = 0.970543/-2.2690 p.u
V4= 465.8609/-2.2690 V
S12-1
yTL1
I12
yTRM1 S12-2
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.118437+j0.072 S4=0.103948+j0.06
Figure 3.8 Admittance Network with Power and Current
Flows
Current Flows
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I 12) as referred from the primary
side (13.8kV) of TRM1:
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=(0.959989-j32.341297) (1-0.9850347+j0.022069)
I12= 0.728131-j0.462808 p.u
As referred to secondary:
I12= 360.955671 x (13.8/6.9)
I12=721.91 A
PFTRL3A3=0.85232 lagging
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3B:
S2TRL3B= V2I24*
S2TRL3B = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.079354-j0.052741)*
S2TRL3B = 0.079331+j0.0502011 p.u
%VDTL2:
MagI23 MagZ TL2
%VD TL2 x 100%
MagV2
3
%VDTL2
1303.6430.008412 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDTL2 0.2794%
%VDTL3:
MagI24 MagZ TL3
%VD TL3 x 100%
MagV2
3
%VDTL3
1146.079 0.009347 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDTL3 0.27292%
Eqpt Acceptance
From To %VD Conclusion
ID Criteria
<3% Acceptable
Primary
TL3 Bus 2 0.273
of TRL3B
%VDKM5806 0.081%
%VDKM7601:
MagI MagZ
%VD x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM7601
485.8940.06520 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM7601 0.807%
%VDKM8639:
MagI MagZ
%VD x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM8639
33.0290.03631 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM8639 0.031%
%VDKM8601
26.8530.06746 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM8601 0.046%
%VDGM1412
53.7930.132 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDGM1412 2.656%
For ZCBL-GM-1413:
[R per km jXper km ][length]
ZCBL -GM-1413
wire per phase
%VDGM1413:
MagI MagZ
%VDGM1413 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM1413
53.7930.132492613 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDGM1413 2.656%
%VDYM4078:
MagI MagZ
%VD YM4078 x 100%
MagV
3
%VD YM4078
2.8662.854 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDYM4078 3.048%
%VDYM4089 2.473%
Equipment % VD
Description Size (mm2)
ID (Normal)
PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery Ref 150 5.292
Compressor Motor
PE- Main Cooling Pump motor 6 3.417
GM5806A-2
PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 10 6.747
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass flowmeter motor 4 6.065
KM8607 Wash Air fan motor 25 3.850
PE-Y5160 Product purge bin filter 10 5.833
PE-Y5619 Low product purge bin filter 10 5.833
For each 480V motor from the above table that has
unacceptable voltage drop, recommendations with re-calculations
are as follows:
For PE-VM5814:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance
with the tap of TRL3A at -2.5%:
MagI MagZ
%VDVM5814 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDVM5814 2.580%
For PE-GM5806A-2:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance
with the tap of TRL3A at -2.5%:
MagI MagZ
%VDGM5806A -2 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM5806A -2
7.1560.641 x 100%
476.776
3
%VDGM5806A -2 1.666%
For YM7730:
Change the wire size from 1 x 3C-10mm2 to 2 x 3C-16mm2
MagI MagZ
%VDYM7730 x 100%
MagV
3
%VD YM7730
18.4410.311 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDYM7730 2.078%
For YM7733:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance.
MagI MagZ
%VDYM7733 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDYM7733 2.957%
For YM8607:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance.
MagI MagZ
%VDKM8607 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM8607
63.8880.081 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDKM8607 1.877%
For Y5160:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance.
MagI MagZ
%VDY5160 x 100%
MagV
3
%VD Y5160
15.9410.492 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDY5160 2.843%
For Y5619:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance.
MagI MagZ
%VDY5619 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDY5619 2.843%
Size Z % VD % VD
Eqpt. ID wire/ I (A)
(mm2) () Before After
Bus 2 V2
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.08946+j0.054898 S4=0.07898+j0.048099
At bus 2 by KCL, ,
Current flowing into Bus 2 from Bus 1 and considering transformer
tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using Equation 3.1:
V V2
I12" y12 1
aTRM1 a 2
TRM1
V3
I23 y23 V2
aTRL3A
V4
I24 y24 V2
a TRL3B
S*
2
V2*
Qcap
Scap j
V2*
S*
2 S*
cap y V V3 V4
12 1 y23 y24
V2* V2* aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
y
S*2 S*cap 12V1 y23
V3(k)
y24
V4(k)
V2*(k) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
Equation (3.7)
V2(k 1)
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
At bus 3 by KCL, ,
Current flowing into Bus 3 using Equation 3.1:
V V3
I23" y23 2
aTRL3A a 2
TRL3A
S*
3
V3*
S*
3 y23V2
V3* aTRL3A
V3
y23
aTRL3A 2
S*
3 y V (k)
23 2
(k) aTRL3A
(k 1) V3*
V3 Equation (3.8)
y23
aTRL3A 2
At Bus 3 by KCL, ,
Current flowing into Bus 4 using Equation 3.1:
V V4
I24 " y24 2
aTRL3B a 2
TRL3B
S*4
V4*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of currents out
of Bus 4.
V V4 S*
y24 2 4
aTRL3B a 2
V4*
TRL3B
S*4 y24 V2
V4* aTRL3B
V4
y24
aTRL3B2
y24 V2(k)
S*4
*(k) aTRL3B
(k 1) V4
V4 Equation (3.9)
y24
aTRL3B2
S*
3y23 V2(k)
*(k) aTRL3A
(k 1) V3
V3 Equation (3.8)
y23
aTRL3A 2
S*4y24 V2(k)
*(k) aTRL3B
(k 1) V4
V4 Equation (3.9)
y24
aTRL3B2
S*
2 jQcap
*
y V V3(0) V4(0)
12 1 y23 y24
V2*(0) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2(1)
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
S*
3 y23 V2(0)
V3*(0) aTRL3A
V3(1)
y23
aTRL3A 2
S*
2 jQcap
*
y V V3 (1)
V4 (1)
12 1 y 23 y 24
V2*(1) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2(2)
y12
y 23 y 24
aTRM12
V2(2) 1
00.99094 - j0.01445*
0.959989 - j32.341997 1
2.348686 - j40.751565 2.348686 - j40.751565
0.69328 - j4.206570.98388 - j0.01861
2.34869 - j40.75157
0.69542 - j4.203700.98584 - j0.01645
2.34869 - j40.75157
V2(2) = 0.988826-j0.017198 p.u
S*
3 y 23 V2(1)
V3*(1) aTRL3A
V3(2)
y 23
aTRL3A 2
(0.08946 j0.05490)*
V3(2)
1(0.69328 - j4.20657)0.98388 - j0.01861*
0.99183 - j0.01323
S*4 y V (1)
24 2
V4*(1) aTRL3B
V4(2)
y24
aTRL3B2
second iteration
V2(1) = 0.991826-j0.013226 p.u
V2(2) = 0.988826-j0.017198 p.u
ereal =|0.991826-0.988826| =0.0030002 (>1x10-6)
Calculation of results:
V2(15) = 0.985988-j0.022097 p.u
V3(15) = 0.968572-j0.040582 p.u
V4(15) = 0.970751-j0.038435 p.u
V2 = 0.986235/-1.2830 p.u
V2 = 6.805/-1.2830 kV
Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 2 Page 170
Converting V3(15) to polar form:
V3 = (0.968572)2+(-0.040582)2 =/Arctan(-0.040582/0.968572)0
V3 = 0.969422/-2.3990 p.u
V3= 465.322/-2.3990 V
V4 = 0.971512/-2.2670 p.u
Actual value of bus voltage is
V4 =(0.971512/-2.2670)(Vbase)=( 0.971512/-2.2670)(480V)
V4= 466.325/-2.2670 V
Current Flows
Using Equation 3.1 and admittance values from Table 3.22
to calculate the current flows:
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I12) as referred from the primary
side (6.9kV) of TRM1
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=( 0.959989-j32.341297) (1- 0.985988+j0.022097)
I12= 0.728104-j0.431945 p.u
TRM1
TL1 Bus 1 0.012 0.012 0.0119 0.0117 0.01152 0.01135
Primary
Primary
TL2 Bus 2 of 0.278 0.278 0.27776 0.27722 0.27668 0.27614
TRL3A
Primary
TL3 Bus 2 of 0.272 0.271 0.27132 0.2708 0.27027 0.26975
TRL3B
Based on the calculation for both cases, all bus bars sizes
are correct and will be able to carry the load current. The loading
performance is further improved by the power factor correction
capacitor and tap change on both TRL3A and TRL3B. For 6.9kV bus
bar, it has been shown that the capacitors reduce the current flow
to as low as 652A at 1800kVAR which is about 9.68% reduction
from current calculated without power factor correction capacitors.
On the other hand for both MCC8 and MCC9, the bus currents are
reduced by changing the primary tap from nominal to -2.5%. These
currents are further reduced by the capacitor to as low as 1263A
and 1110A for MCC8 and MCC9, respectively. This represents about
3.23% reduction on MCC8 and 3.14% reduction for MCC9 currents
from the current based on nominal tap.
SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDY
4.1 Methodology
SHORT- LV
CIRCUIT POWER FUSE MV VCB LV ACB MCC
CURRENT B
I Rated
MOM,SYM, Interrupting
RMS Capacity
I Rated Rated Making
MOM,ASY Asymmetrical (Peak) or Rated Interrupting
M,PEAK Interrupting Peak C&L
I Rated
MOM,ASY Asymmetrical
M,RMS Interrupting RMS
I Rated
INT,ASYM, Interrupting
RMS capacity
Where:
Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Source
Equipment Grounding
-2
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x 2 1 e X/R
Equation (4.3)
X / R
3
0.49 0.1e Equation (4.4)
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
Reference ZTRL3A ZTRL3B
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000917086
+ j0.019257
+j0.03089395
0.0404044
Reference
+j0.237222
1pu
Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000639 0.0413215
+ +j0.268116
j0.019257
1pu
Reference Reference
1
1
ZTH,F1,MOM ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZEQA 1
1
ZTRM1 ZTL1 ZCON
+j0.0179826
1pu
Reference
Reference 0.000869086
BUS2
Reference Reference
0.000639
Reference Reference
0.0006274
Reference
Figure 4.6 Momentary positive sequence Thevenins
equivalent resistance with fault at bus 1
1
1
1
R R TL2 R TRL3A REQB 1 R TL3 R TRL3B REQC 1 REQA 1
1
R TRM1 R TL1 RCON
R=0.0006274 pu
For X F1
BUS1
j0.000137
j0.019257 ZTL1
Reference j0.030756955
BUS2
Reference Reference
j0.019257 j0.265121
Reference Reference
j0.017952
Reference
Figure 4.8 Momentary positive sequence Thevenins
equivalent reactance with fault at Bus 1
1
1
1
X XTL2 XTRL3A XEQB 1 XTL3 XTRL3B XEQC 1 XEQA 1
1
XTRM1 XTL1 XCON
X=j0.017952 pu
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS
0.0007394 j0.0179826
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 23,245.483 A
-2
0.017952
X /R 28.612
0.000627
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 23,245.483 x 1 2e28.612
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 37,523.193 A
Separately
Fault Positive Seq.
Fault Location Reduced
Point Impedance (pu)
X/R
F1 13.8kV Power 0.000739 + j0.017982 28.612
Plant Bus
F2 Primary terminals 0.000783 + j0.0181 26.826
of TRM1
F3 6.9kV switchgear 0.002274 + j0.041512 27.768
(bus)
F4 Primary terminals 0.003709 + j0.042493 14.407
TRL3A
F5 Primary terminals 0.003861 + j0.042591 13.695
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 0.043135 + j0.257877 6.574
F7 MCC9 Bus 0.043743 + j0.252115 6.447
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault Contribution Contribution
Fault Location
Point (A, sym (A, sym
RMS) RMS)
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus 21,713.60 1,542.19
Primary terminals of
F2 21,558.56 1,543.01
TRM1
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) 16,676.38 3,477.16
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 19,456.65 173.22
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 19,341.16 239.97
F6 MCC8 Bus 43,542.54 2,609.34
F7 MCC9 Bus 43,501.20 3,684.74
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.000137
j0.019257
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
2.2276687 1.525111
Zth
+4.287880 +3.137595
1pu 1pu
1
1
ZTH ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZCON ZTRM1 ZTL1
ZTH = 0.0020197 + j0.049027 pu
0.008415
0.0406 0.8258 0.0020197
1.0195
+ j0.007008
F8
0.5440 3Ph +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829
+ j0.049027
+j3.6268
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
1pu
Reference Reference Reference Reference
Reference
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601 Zth
ZTH,F8,MOM=0.010480+j0.049115 pu
VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS
Z TH,F8,MOM
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS
0.010480 + j0.049115
0
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.765 pu
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x 836.739 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 16,914.55 A
GM1412 F13
5.56775+j1.438211 F12
3Ph
0.040286 18.823231
2.325952
+j0.273285
+j4.283648
+j44.8172173
GM1412
VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS
Z TH,F8,MOM
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS
5.036830 + j2.010275
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 p.u
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x 12028.13 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 2217.91 A
IMOM,
Fault Point
Fault Point IMOM, SYM,RMS (p.u) SYM,RMS
Impedance (p.u)
(A)
GM1412
5.03683 + j 2.01027 0.17125 - j 0.06835 2052
(F13)
GM1413
5.03683 + j 2.01027 0.17125 - j 0.06835 2052
(F14)
KM5814
1.75164 + j 1.47179 0.33463 - j 0.28117 4195
(F15)
GM8103A
4.31435 + j 2.09191 0.18766 - j 0.09099 2315
(F16)
GM8103S
4.31435 + j 2.09191 0.18766 - j 0.09099 2315
(F17)
MNDB (F18) 0.20308 + j 0.39405 1.03337 - j 2.00513 27132
EMBD (F19) 0.20308 + j 0.39405 1.03337 - j 2.00513 27132
YM7607
0.343 + j 0.38154 1.30307 - j 1.44947 23444
(F20)
SM8645
0.79707 + j 0.94461 0.52177 - j 0.61835 8498
(F21)
GM7612
1.70714 + j 1.78667 0.27955 - j 0.29258 4375
(F22)
7601M1
4.11122 + j 2.13814 0.19145 - j 0.09956 2316
(F23)
KM8607
6.09 + j 1.83224 0.15057 - j 0.0453 1692
(F24)
3Vpre fault
IaFAULT,pu 3Ia1 3Ia2 3Ia0
Z1 Z2 Z0 3ZFAULT
3Vpre fault
IaFAULT,pu
Z1 Z2 Z0 3ZFAULT Equation (4.6)
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Source
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.12 Illustration of bolted single line-to-ground fault
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia1
1pu
Reference
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia2
Reference
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843 ZTL3,ZERO
+j0.000325 =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430 +j0.230430
0.000555
+ j0.017761 Ia0
Reference
0.000555
ZMOM,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761
0.0007394
ZMOM,NEG,F1
+j0.0179826
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 ZMOM,POS,F1
1pu
Reference
Using Equation 4.6 and Figure 4.17, the SLG fault current is
calculated below.
3VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG
Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM,2 Z TH,F1,MOM,0
3(1)
3(1)
0.0020338 j0.0537263
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 23,344.393 A
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 37,772.456 A
X / R
0.49 0.1e 3
0.49 0.1e
29.652
3 0.489
-2x0.498x
IMOM, ASYM,PEAK 23,344.393 x 2 1 e 29.652
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 62,772.059A
ISYSTEM Ia1pu Ia2pu Ia0pu xIBASE
Ia0puZ1,LOAD Ia0puZ2,LOAD
ISYSTEM Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD
I0pu
I
MOM,SYM,RMS,SLG
0.703599 - j18.586211 pu
3
0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.703599 - j18.586211 x (418.369)
ISYSTEM 22,318.64 A
ILOAD Ia1pu Ia2pu Ia0pu xIBASE
Ia0puZ1,SYSTEM Ia0puZ2,SYSTEM
ILOAD Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD
0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.703599 - j18.586211 x (418.369)
ILOAD 1,032.50 A
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
Ia 0; Ib Ic IFAULT
Ia0 1 1 1 Ia
I 1 1 a a2 Ib
a1 3
Ia2 1 a2 a Ic
Ia0 1 1 1 0
I 1 1 a a2 Ib
a1 3
Ia2 1 a2 a Ib
Ia0 0
Ia1
1
3
1
aIb a2Ib (a a2 )Ib
3
Ia2
3
1 2 1
a Ib aIb (a2 a)Ib
3
Ia1 Ia2
Ph-A
Ph-B
IFAULT
Ph-C
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Figure 4.19 Illustration of bolted line-to-line fault
Z1 Z2
Va1 Ia1 Ia2 Va2
VF
VF Equation (4.8)
Ia1 Ia2
Z1 Z2
Ia 1 1 1 Ia0
I 1 a2 a Ia1
b
Ic 1 a a2 Ia2
Ia 0
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.21 Momentary positive sequence impedance for
fault point 1
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.22 Momentary negative sequence impedance for
fault point 1
0.0007394 0.0007394
+j0.0179826 +j0.0179826
1 pu
Ia1 Ia2
Using Equation 4.9 and 4.10 to calculate the line b and c fault
current
Actual value
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x 418.369 A
0.49 0.1e
28.612
3 0.489
-2x0.498x
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,LL 20,131.179 x 2 1 e 28.612
IMOM, ASYM,PEAK,LL 54,035.28 A
j 3 Ia1Z1LOAD
IbSYSTEM xIBASE
Z
1SYSTEM Z
1LOAD
j 3 Ia1Z1SYSTEM
IbLOAD xIBASE
Z
1SYSTEM Z
1LOAD
IbSYSTEM 18,804.53 A
IbSYSTEM 1,335.58 A
Ph-A
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Ph-B
IBFAULT
Ph-C
ICFAULT
Source
IN
Equipment Grounding
Using the relation between the sequence voltage and phase voltage
and condition 3 (VB=VC=0)
Va0 1 1 1 Va
V 1 1 a a2 0
a1 3
Va2 1 a2 a 0
1 1 1
Va0 Va; Va1 Va; Va2 Va
3 3 3
So it follows that
Va0 Va1 Va2
VF
- - -
Figure 4.25 Interconnected sequence networks for double
line-to-ground fault
VF
Ia1
Z2Z0 Equation (4.11)
(Z1 )
Z0 Z2
Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Equation (4.12)
Z0 Z2
Z0
Ia2 Ia1
Equation (4.13)
Z0 Z2
Then, using the relation between the sequence currents and phase
Ia 1 1 1 Ia0
2
a Ia1
currents Ib 1 a Equation (4.14)
Ic 1 a a2 Ia2
Ia Ia0 Ia1 Ia2
Ib Ia0 a2Ia1 aIa2
Ic Ia0 aIa1 a2Ia2
For the ground current IN
IN Ib Ic Equation (4.15)
Actual value
X sep,2 X sep,0
X sep,1
X sep,2 X sep,0
X /R
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,1 Equation (4.16)
R sep,2 R sep,0
1 pu
Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Z0 Z2
0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia0 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia0 -0.645262 j18.667654 pu
Z0
Ia2 Ia1
Z0 Z2
0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia2 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia2 -0.818737 j18.423794 ipu
Ia 1 1 1 - 0.645262 j18.667654
I 1 a2 a 01.4641 - j37.091449
b
Ic 1 a a2 - 0.818737 j18.423794
Ia 0
Ib -49.045505 j26.024573 pu
Ib = 55.522/152.0480 pu
Ic 47.109717 j29.978391 pu
0
Ic = 55.839/32.47 pu
IN Ib Ic
IN = 56.036/91.9790 pu
Ib 55.522/152.0480 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,b 23228.862/152.0480 A
Ic 55.839/32.470 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,c 23361.439/32.470 A
0
IN 56.036/91.979 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
IN 56.036/91.979 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,N 23,443.897/91.9790 A
-2
X sep,2 X sep,0
X sep,1
X sep,2 X sep,0
X /R
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,1
R sep,2 R sep,0
0.017952 x 0.017761
0.017952
X /R 0.017952 0.017761 29.156
0.0006274 x 0.000555
0.0006274
0.0006274 0.000555
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,c 23,361.439 x 1 2e 29.156
0.49 0.1e
29.156
3 0.489
-2x0.489x
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b 23,228.862 x 2 1 e 29.156
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b 62,409.251 A
-2x0.489x
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c 23,361.439 x 2 1 e 29.156
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c 37,758.063 A
a2I aIa2puZ2,SYSTEM
a1puZ1,SYSTEM
IBLOAD xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD
aI
a1puZ1,SYSTEM a2Ia2puZ2,SYSTEM
ICLOAD xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD
IBSystem 22,012.50 A
IBLOAD 1,358.84 A
ICSystem 22,034.85 A
ICLOAD 1,362.17 A
INSystem 22928.75 A
INLOAD 518.45 A
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
Reference ZTRL3A ZTRL3B
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
5.143164
0.051829 7.98358
Reference
+j0.427677
+j11.385556
+j16.59090
1pu 1pu 1pu
F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.000917
+j0.021452 +j0.030893
0.05596569
Reference
+j0.404413
1pu
Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.0568827
+j0.021452 +j0.435307
1pu
Reference Reference
+j0.020453
1pu
Reference
1
1
ZTH,F1,INT ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZEQA 1 ZTRM1 ZTL1 ZCON
1
For R
F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
Reference 0.000869086
BUS2
Reference Reference
0.000685 0.0519012
Reference Reference
0.00067607
Reference
1
1
R R TL2 R TRL3A REQB 1 R TL3 R TRL3B REQC 1 REQA 1
1
R TRM1 R TL1 RCON
R=0.00067607 pu
For X
F1
BUS1
j0.000137
j0.021452 ZTL1
Reference j0.030756955
BUS2
Reference Reference
Figure 4.32 Interrupting positive sequence reactance with
fault at Bus 1
j0.021452 j0.433095
Reference Reference
j0.020439
Reference
Figure 4.33 Thevenins Equivalent momentary positive
sequence reactance with fault at Bus 1
1
1
X XTL2 XTRL3A XEQB 1 XTL3 XTRL3B XEQC 1 XEQA 1 XTRM1 XTL1 XCON
1
X=j0.020439 pu
VPREFAULT
IINT,SYM,RMS
ZTH,F1,INT
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
1.0
IINT,SYM,RMS
0.0007465 j0.020453
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 pu
0.020439
X /R 30.232
0.00067607
0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.34 Thevenins Equivalent interrupting positive
sequence impedance for fault point 1
+j0.020453 Ia2
Reference
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843 ZTL3,ZERO
+j0.000325 =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430 +j0.230430
+ j0.017761 Ia0
Reference
0.000555
ZINT,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761
0.0007465
ZINT,NEG,F1
+j0.020453
0.0007465
+j0.020453 ZINT,POS,F1
1pu
Reference
0.002048 j0.058667
Actual Value
0
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 51.104/-88 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 51.104/-88 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 21,380.522 A
F2 Primary terminals
26.792
of TRM1 21,271.385
F3 6.9kV switchgear
30.908
(bus) 21,019.777
F4 Primary terminals
8.933
TRL3A 20,490.260
F5 Primary terminals
8.291
TRL3B 20,426.803
0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia1
1pu
Reference
+j0.020453 Ia2
Reference
0.0007465 0.0007465
+j0.020453 +j0.020453
1 pu
Ia1 Ia2
Using Equation 4.9 and 4.10 to calculate the line b and c fault
current
Ib j 3 Ia1
Ib j 3 0.891075 - j24.413438
Ib -42.285316 - j1.543387 pu
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 pu
Actual Value
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 x 418.369 A
+j0.020453 +j0.020453
+j0.017761
1 pu
VF
Ia1
Z2Z0
(Z1 )
Z0 Z2
1
Ia1
0.0007465 j0.0204532
0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.000555 j0.017761
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia1 1.187014 - j33.336138 pu
Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Z0 Z2
Ia0 Ia1
0.0007465 j0.0204532
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia0 -0.591878 j17.845399 pu
Ia 1 1 1 - 0.591878 j17.845399
I 1 a2 a 1.187014 - j33.336138
b
Ic 1 a a2 - 0.595135 j15.490739
Ia 0
Ib -43.173133 j25.224712 pu
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 pu
Ic 41.397499 j28.311486pu
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 pu
IN Ib Ic
IN -1.775634 j53.536199 pu
IN = 53.565/91.8990 pu
Actual Value
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,b 20,919.31/149.7030 A
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,c 20,982.334/34.3670 A
IN = 53.565/91.8990 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,N 22410.202/91.8990 A
X / R 28.645
40
30.747
30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.1133
0.1 factor
17Horizontal units x 1 1.1133
15 horizontal units
Adjustment Factor=1.1133
40
30
26.792
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.0836
0.1 factor
12.55 Horizontal units x 1 1.0836
15 horizontal units
Adjustment Factor=1.0836
is
40
30.908
30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.1146
0.1 factor
17.2 Horizontal units x 1 1.1146
15 horizontal units
Adjustment Factor=1.1146
Since the X/R =8.417 and is less than 10, the adjustment
factor is 1.0
Adjustment Factor=1.0
The Asymmetrical RMS of Interrupting Single-Line-to-ground Fault
is IAsym,RMS,INT,F4= 20,551.363
ANSI
13.8kV Power Plant Primary terminals of 6.9kV switchgear Primary terminals
Fault Type Bus TRM1 (bus) TRL3A
NETWORK
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 23.24 37.52 62.39 23.09 37.1 61.77 20.12 32.42 53.93 19.61 29.7 50.15
Single-Line- 23.34 37.77 62.77 23.21 37.19 61.96 22.88 37 61.5 22.24 30.95 53.25
to-ground
Line-to-Line 20.13 32.49 54.03 19.99 32.13 53.49 17.42 28.07 46.71 16.98 25.72 43.43
Momentary
Double-line- 23.22 37.54 62.4 23.14 37.24 61.98 21.74 35.12 58.39 22.33 32.86 55.85
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 23.36 37.75 62.76 23.16 37.26 62.01 22.05 35.63 59.24 20.15 29.65 50.39
to-ground Ic
Three-Phase 20.44 20.31 18.01 17.6
Single-Line- 21.38 23.80 21.27 23.04 21.01 23.42 20.49 20.49
to-ground
Line-to-Line 17.7 17.59 15.6 15.24
Interrupting
Double-line- 20.91 20.85 19.98 20.55
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 20.98 20.81 20.13 18.45
to-ground Ic
Note: highlighted values are the maximum values of short-circuit current within the same ANSI network and fault point location
ANSI
Primary terminals
Fault Type MCC8 Bus MCC9 Bus
NETWORK TRL3B
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 19.56 29.43 49.77 46 61.18 106.2 47 62.26 108.2
Single-Line-to-ground 22.17 30.41 52.48 47.71 63.27 109.9 48.43 64.04 111.3
Momentary Line-to-Line 16.94 25.49 43.11 39.84 52.98 91.99 40.7 53.92 93.69
Double-line-to-ground Ib 22.38 32.65 55.6 46.81 62.16 108 47.56 62.95 109.4
Double-line-to-ground Ic 19.94 29.1 49.54 47.02 62.44 108.4 47.94 63.45 110.3
Three-Phase 17.56
Single-Line-to-ground 20.42
Interrupting Line-to-Line 15.2
Double-line-to-ground Ib 20.59 20.59
Double-line-to-ground Ic 18.27
Note: highlighted values are the maximum values of short-circuit current within the same ANSI network and fault point location
ISC F8 (kA) ISC at F9 (kA) ISC at F10 (kA) ISC at F11 (kA)
ANSI
PE-KM5806 PE-YM7601 PE-KM8639 PE-KM8601
Fault Type Terminals Terminals Terminals Terminals
NETWORK
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 16.91 16.92 17.8 16.06
Single-Line- 18.01 18.35 19.55 16.562
to-ground
Line-to-Line 14.65 14.66 15.416 13.91
Momentary
Double-line- 20.56 20.35 21.64 19.33
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 12.99 14.16 14.92 11.7
to-ground Ic
ANSI
Fault Type PC001 Terminals GM1412 Terminals GM1413 Terminals
NETWORK
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 19.78 2.22 2.22
Single-Line-to-ground 22.49 1.56 1.56
Momentary Line-to-Line 17.13 1.920 1.920
Double-line-to-ground Ib 22.07 2.133 2.133
Double-line-to-ground Ic 20.95 1.882 1.882
ANSI
Fault Type MNDB Terminals EMBD Terminals YM7607 Terminals
NETWORK
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 27.13 27.13 23.44
Single-Line-to-ground 25.95 25.95 21.87
Momentary Line-to-Line 23.497 23.497 20.303
Double-line-to-ground Ib 29.382 29.382 24.477
Double-line-to-ground Ic 23.193 23.193 20.764
ANSI
Fault Type KM8607 Terminals
NETWORK
Sym,
RMS
Three-Phase 1.89
Single-Line-to-ground 1.381
Momentary Line-to-Line 1.637
Double-line-to-ground Ib 1.818
Double-line-to-ground Ic 1.625
Calculated Interrupting
Circuit Breaker Ratings
Ratings
Short-
Maximum circuit
Rated Short- Calculated Type Safety
circuit Asym. where Margin
CB Tag Make/
Interrupting RMS Maximum (%)
Model
Rating Short- Short-
(Asym. RMS) circuit circuit
(kA) Condition
occur
ABB/HD4 SLG Fault at
52-TRM1 50 23.8 110.08
17 F1
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-TRM1 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2178 F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-TRL3A 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-TRL3B 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-KM5806 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-YM7601 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-KM8639 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-KM8601 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-KM7604 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52PC001-1 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52PC001-2 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52PC001-3 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52PC001-4 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52PC001-5 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52PC001-6 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
PROTECTION COORDINATION
CTI (Device operating Times) (measurement and relay timing Errors) Safety Margin
(2ErRe lay ErCT )
CTI (OTCB OTRELAYO/ S ) xOTRELAY OTSAFETY
100
2
ISC 5 234.5 TF
A t 1.18x10 log10 234.5 Ti Equation 5.1
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
2.1 2
TD 11.32
3.922
0.0982
2
273.8
1
68.75
50 Time delay
Instantaneous time delay is set at 0.05 seconds.
c. 49KM5806-Overload Relay
49 Pickup Current Setting
Set at 115% of rated motor current
=(1.15)x(60.84)x(1/125)
=0.55 In
49 pickup current
=(0.55)x(125)
=68.75 A
0.1 1
TD 5.93
0.2663
0.03393
2
617.5
1
224
Say TD=6
51 Pickup Current
= (5) x (4000/5)
=4000 A
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.03 0.2
TD 1.335
3.922
0.0982
2
29,382
1
4000
TD is set at 1.335
3.922
t 0.0982 1.335 0.175 second
2
43,500
4000 1
51 Pickup Current
=(0.44)x(630)
=277
TD>>0.526
TD
2 1 5.76
3.922
0.0982
2
29000
1
277x6.9 / 0.48
TD<5.76
(iii) Should coordinate with the secondary time
overcurrent relay at maximum through fault as
seen by the primary overcurrent relay. The
Maximum though fault is a single line-to-ground
fault at 46kA at the secondary terminals however
for a single line-to-ground fault at secondary, only
58% or about 26.54kA can be seen by the primary
overcurrent relay. The same is true for a double
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.175 0.2
TD 2.855
3.922
0.0982
2
43500x0.48 / 6.9
1
277
51 Pickup Current
=(4.96)x(4000/5)
=3968
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.03 0.2
TD 1.127
3.922
0.0982
2
24477
1
3968
TD is set at 1.127
3.922
t 0.0982 1.127 0.148 second
43,500 2
1
3968
51 Pickup Current
=(0.44)x(630)
=277 A
This setting is less than 300% (753 A) of TRL3A FLA as
required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3.
TD>>0.526
TD
2 1 5.76
3.922
0.0982
2
29000
1
277x6.9 / 0.48
TD<5.76
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.148 0.2
TD 2.65
3.922
0.0982
2
43500x0.48 / 6.9
1
277
51 Pickup Current
=(0.92)x(4000/1)
=3680
This setting is less than 300% (5020A) of TRM1 FLA as
required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3. It will also allow TRM1's
Forced-Air rating (52MVA@2092A) to be utilized.
51 Curve
ANSI Very Inverse curve
3.922
t 0.0982 2.855 0.282 second
22,124 2
1
277
3.922
t 0.0982 2.65 0.261 second
22,000 2
1
277
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.282 0.2
TD 2.297
3.922
0.0982
2
22,124
1
3680
TD is set at 2.297
3.922
t 0.0982 2.297 0.687 second
16,676 2
1
3680
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.052
TD 0.1
3.922
0.0982
2
5933
1
1840
TD>>0.1
TD
2 1 5.835
3.922
0.0982
2
27,194
1
1840x2
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.686 0.2
TD 2.963
3.922
0.0982
2
16,676 / 2
1
1840
Page 321
Table 5.23 MCC9 480V LOADS Protection Settings and Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary
MCCB-Adjustable Instantaneous Trip Breaker
UMP-C (HYUNDAI-DIGITAL Required Minimum
Electronic Type Adjustable Electronic Equipment
MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY)
(Hyundai-UPB) Type(Hundai-UPB) Grounding
Feeder No Equipment ID Description PE Size (mm2) I FL (A) Long Short Ground Fault
Amp Conductor (mm2)
Time Time Rating Current Set Motor Over Current Time
Frame Set (Table 2.50.6.13
Set Set (A) (A) Load Set (A) Setting Delay
(A) PEC 2009)
(A) (A) (A) (s)
1 PE-7601M1 Barring unit motor 95 65.17 125 63 504 8 81.46 0.5 0.2 8
2 PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer motor 35 26.09 125 32 192 6 32.61 0.5 0.2 5.5
3 PE-GM7612 Pelleting water pump motor 240 91.22 250 100 700 7 114.02 0.5 0.2 14
4 PE-7601VG1M Lube oil pump motor 50 31.61 125 32 224 7 39.51 0.5 0.2 5.5
5 PE-7601VG2M Lube oil pump motor 50 31.61 125 32 224 7 39.51 0.5 0.2 5.5
6 PE-7604G1M-A Lube oil return pump motor 10 7.72 125 6.3 50.4 8 9.65 0.5 0.2 2
7 PE-7604G1M-B Lube oil return pump motor 10 7.72 125 6.3 50.4 8 9.65 0.5 0.2 2
8 7604K1M Cooling fan for PE-YM7604 10 6.62 125 6.3 50.4 8 8.27 0.5 0.2 2
9 PE-7601G1M Hydraulic oil pump motor 25 14.22 125 12.5 100 8 17.78 0.5 0.2 3.5
10 PE-7605G1M hydraulic oil pump motor for S/C 50 26.09 125 32 192 6 32.61 0.5 0.2 5.5
11 PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer exhaust fan dryer 16 10.45 125 12.5 75 6 13.06 0.5 0.2 2
12 PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 10 18.44 125 20 140 7 23.05 0.5 0.2 5.5
13 PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass flowmeter motor 4 6.80 125 6.3 50.4 8 8.50 0.5 0.2 2
14 PE-7604G3 Hot oil pump 35 26.84 125 32 192 6 33.55 0.5 0.2 5.5
15 PE-7604G4 Hot oil pump 35 26.84 125 32 192 6 33.55 0.5 0.2 5.5
16 PE-7601VG3M Lube oil pump motor for mixer motor 4 2.99 125 3.2 22.4 7 3.74 0.5 0.2 2
17 PE-7601VG4M Lube oil pump motor for mixer motor 4 2.99 125 3.2 22.4 7 3.74 0.5 0.2 2
18 PE-KM7604 Meltpump purge air fan 50 30.41 250 32 224 7 38.02 0.5 0.2 5.5
19 PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary feeder 6 2.68 125 3.2 19.2 6 3.35 0.5 0.2 2
20 SM8605 Elutriator rotary feeder motor 2.5 3.94 125 3.2 25.6 8 4.92 0.5 0.2 2
21 SM8606 Elutriator Filter rotary feeder motor 2.5 0.72 125 2.5 15 6 0.89 0.5 0.2 2
22 KM8607 Wash Air fan motor 25 63.89 125 63 504 8 79.86 0.5 0.2 8
23 SM8610 Aim grade bin rotary feeder 2.5 3.94 125 3.2 25.6 8 4.92 0.5 0.2 2
24 SM8614A Transition bin rotary feeder motor 4 3.94 125 3.2 25.6 8 4.92 0.5 0.2 2
25 SM8641 Aim grade bin rotary feeder 2.5 3.94 125 3.2 25.6 8 4.92 0.5 0.2 2
26 SM8645 Pellet Blending blower motor 240 223.18 250 290 2320 278.98 0.5 0.2 22
27 PE-SM5611 Product purge bin rotary feeder motor 6 19.68 250 20 140 7 24.60 0.5 0.2 5.5
28 PE-YM5611C Lube oil fan motor 2.5 0.68 125 2.5 15 6 0.85 0.5 0.2 2
29 PE-YM5612 Particle screener motor 6 4.47 125 3.2 25.6 8 5.59 0.5 0.2 2
30 PE-Y5160 Product purge bin filter 10 15.94 125 19.926 40 3.5
31 PE-Y5619 Low product purge bin filter 10 15.94 125 19.926 40 3.5
32 PE-Y5951 Seed bed resin storage bin filter no 1 10 5.17 125 15 30 2
33 PE-Y5952 Seed bed resin storage bin filter no 2 10 5.17 125 15 30 2
34 PE-SM5962 Seed bed rotary feeder motor 10 6.39 125 6.3 50.4 8 7.98 0.5 0.2 2
35 TR-Ex Packaging Panel 240 431.35 400 400 800 30
36 CP-7601 YM7601 starter control panel 4 1.65 125 15 30 2
37 CP-7604 PE-YM7604 control panel 4 2.90 125 15 30 2
38 CP-7600 Hot oil heater control panel 50 35.78 125 50 30 5.5
185 121.97 400 68 0.1
39 PE-YM7607 Pelletizer Motor
120 264.00 330 30
4 2.68 125
40 PE-S5961 Seed Bed rotary feeder no 1
6 5.10 15 2
Page 322
5.3.4 Time Current Curves
1000
KM5806 KM5806
FULL LOAD CABLE
2
CURVE (185mm
1per Ph)
RUNNING THERMAL
OL LIMIT OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
100 VCB:52KM5806 LIMIT
OLR:49KM5806
STARTING
OL LIMIT
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
VCB:52KM5806
OCR: 51PKM5806
10 OCR: 50PKM5806
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
TIME (S)
1 Backup
Trip Time
=578ms
CTI=528ms
0.1
KM5806
STARTING
CURVE
KM5806
CABLE
10000 2
(240mm
1per Ph)
YM7601 THERMAL
FULL LOAD OL
CURVE &
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
1000 RUNNING
OL LIMIT
VCB:52YM7601 VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PYM7601 OCR: 51PTRM1P
OCR: 50PYM7601 OCR: 50PTRM1P
100 VCB:52TRM1S
VCB:52YM7601 OCR: 51PTRM1S
OLR:49YM7601 OCR: 50PTRM1S
TIME(S)
10
STARTING
OL
1 LIMIT
Backup
Trip Time
=673ms
CTI=623ms
0.1
YM7601
STARTING
CURVE
1000 KM8639
CABLE
(185mm2
KM8639 1per Ph)
FULL LOAD THERMAL
CURVE OL
&
SHORT
RUNNING CIRCUIT
OL LIMIT LIMIT
100 VCB:52KM8639
OCR: 51PKM8639 VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 50PKM8639 OCR: 51PTRM1P
OCR: 50PTRM1P
VCB:52KM8639
OLR:49KM8639
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
10 STARTING OCR: 50PTRM1S
OL LIMIT
TIME(S)
1
Backup
Trip Time
=550ms
CTI=500ms
0.1
KM8639
STARTING
CURVE
1000
KM8601
CABLE
RUNNING 2
OL (185mm
LIMIT 1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
VCB:52KM8601 SHORT
OCR:51KM8601 CIRCUIT
100 OCR:50KM8601 LIMIT
VCB:52KM8601
OLR:49KM8601
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
KM8601 OCR: 50PTRM1P
OPERATING
CURVE
VCB:52TRM1S
10 OCR: 51PTRM1S
OCR: 50PTRM1S
TIME (S)
1
Backup
Trip Time
=617ms
CTI=567ms
0.1
PC01
OPERATING
100 CURVE
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
1800kVAR OCR: 50PTRM1P
CAPACITOR
DAMAGE
CURVE
(10% VCB:52TRM1S
Probability) OCR: 51PTRM1S
OCR: 50PTRM1S
10
TIME (S)
1
Backup
Trip Time
=521ms
CTI=471ms
0.1
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CURRENT (A) AT 6.9kV BASE
1000
MCCB:52KM5814
LTD:290A @T:12s KM5814
STD:800% of LTD (6x290A)=2320A CABLE
2
@T:0.3s (150mm
INST:800% of 400A =3200A 1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
MC5814:
SHORT
100 OLR:49KM5814
CIRCUIT
PU:5.25
LIMIT
TD:25
KM5814
OPERATING
CURVE
10 VCB:52TRL3AS
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
OCR: 50PTRL3AS
TIME (S)
0.1
1000
MNDB
MCCB:52MNDB CABLE
LTD:400A @T:12s 2
(240mm
STD:200% of LTD (2x400A)=800A
1per Ph)
@T:0.3s
THERMAL
INST:300% of 400A =1200A
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
100 LIMIT
MAX 400A
10
VCB:52TRL3AS
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
TIME (S)
OCR: 50PTRL3AS
SHORT CIRCUIT
WITHSTAND
25kA 1 sec
@F18,(DLGFault IB)
29382A (MAX)
0.1 CTI=270ms
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CURRENT (A) AT 480V BASE
1000
3MVA (OA) FULL LOAD TL2
2
CURRENT (3,608) (185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
VCB: 52TRL3AP SHORT
OCR: 51PTRL3AP CIRCUIT
CT Ratio: 630:1 LIMIT
ANSI VI
100 51Pickup: 0.43
51TD:2.855
TRL3A (3MVA)
THERMAL
VCB: 52TRL3AS LIMIT
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
CT Ratio:4000:1
ANSI VI TRL3A
51Pickup: 0.43 (3MVA)
10 51TD: 1.335
SC WITHSTAND MECH.
RATING LIMIT
480V SWGR
TIME (s)
TRM1 INRUSH
CURVE
1
CTI
=200ms
282ms
175ms
0.1
@F6,(3PHFault) 43.54 kA
@F4 (SLG) 22.124kA
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000
VCB:52TRL3BS
OCR: 51PTRL3BS
OCR: 50PTRL3BS
10
TIME (S)
KM8645
OPERATING
CURVE
CTI=220ms
0.1
1000
3MVA (OA) FULL LOAD TL3
2
CURRENT (3,608) (185mm
1per Ph)
VCB: 52TRL3BP THERMAL
OCR: 51PTRL3BP OL
CT Ratio: 630:1 &
ANSI VI SHORT
51Pickup: 0.44 CIRCUIT
51TD: 2.65 LIMIT
100
VCB: 52TRL3BS
OCR: 51PTRL3BS
CT Ratio: 4000:1
TRL3B
ANSI VI
(3MVA)
51Pickup: 4.96
THERMAL
51TD: 1.127
LIMIT
TRL3B
10 (3MVA)
MECH.
LIMIT
TIME (s)
TRM1 INRUSH
CURVE
CTI
=200ms
261ms
148ms
0.1
@F7,(3PHFault) 43.5 kA
@F5,(SLGFault) 22 kA (MAX)
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000
VCB: 52TRM1P
100 OCR: 51PTRM1P 40MVA
THERMAL
CT Ratio: 2000:1
ANSI VI LIMIT
51Pickup: 0.92
51TD: 3.5
40MVA
MECH.
LIMIT
VCB: 52TRM1S
10 OCR: 51PTRM1S
CT Ratio: 4000:1
ANSI VI
TIME (s)
51Pickup: 0.92
51TD: 2.297
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
1 SC WITHSTAND
886ms RATING
6.9kV SWGR
0.1
@F3,(3PHFault)
16.67 kA
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CURRENT (A) AT 6.9kV BASE
1000
TL2
2
GRFT: 50GKM5814 (185mm
50Pickup: 58A 1per Ph)
50TimeDelay:0.1s THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
GRFT: 50GMNDB LIMIT
50Pickup: 80A
100 50TimeDelay:0.1s
TRL3A (3MVA)
THERMAL
OCGR: 50GTRL3AS LIMIT
50Pickup: 0.27xIn
50Puckup
current: 1082.5 A TRL3A
50TimeDelay:0.3s (3MVA)
MECH.
10 LIMIT
SC WITHSTAND
TIME (s)
RATING
480V SWGR
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
1
CTI=200ms
0.1
@F6,(DLG-N) 48.5 kA
@F6,(SLGFault) 46.kA
@F18 ,(SLG Fault @ MNDB) 25.95kA
@F18,(DLG-N@ MNDB) 24.37kA
@F15,(SLGFault@ VM5814) 3.8kA
@F15,(DLG-N@ VM5814) 2.8kA
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000
1000
TL3
2
(185mm
GRFT: 50GSM8645
1per Ph)
50Pickup: 58A
50TimeDelay:0.1s THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
100
GRFT: 50GYM7607
50Pickup: 68A
50TimeDelay:0.1s TRL3B (3MVA)
THERMAL
LIMIT
OCGR: 50GTRL3BS
50Pickup: 0.27xIn TRL3B
(3MVA)
10 50Puckup
MECH.
current: 1082.5 A
50TimeDelay:0.3s LIMIT (58%
adjusted)
TIME (s)
CTI
=200ms
0.1
@F7,(DLG-N) 48.4 kA
@F6,(SLGFault) 46.kA
@F21 ,(SLG Fault @ SM8645)7.67kA
@F21,(DLG-N@ SM8645) 6.15kA
@F20,(SLGFault@ YM7607) 21.86kA
0.01 @F20,(DLG-N@ YM7607)20.29kA
1 100 10000 1000000
1000
TL1
2
(630mm
50GKM8601 5per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
50GKM8639 &
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
100
50GKM5806
40MVA
50GYM7601 THERMAL
LIMIT
and
50GPC001
10
TIME (s)
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
SC WITHSTAND
RATING
1 6.9kV SWGR
50GTRL3A
and
50GTRL3B
OCGR: 50GTRM1
50Pickup: 0.25xIn
0.1 50Puckup
current: 1004 A
50TimeDelay:0.25s
SLG-MAX(PC001) 22.495 kA
SLG-MIN(YM7601) 16.43 kA
DLG-N MAX(PC001) 26 kA
0.01 DLG-N MIN(KM8601) 15.68 kA
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CURRENT (A) AT 6.9kV BASE
2
ISC 5 234.5 TF
A t 1.18x10 log10 234.5 Ti
I t
A SC
143
I t (20,340) 0.578
A SC 108.14mm2
143 143
The cross sectional area of the cable used for KM5806 is
185mm2 which is more than the calculated minimum size of
108.14mm2 therefore the cable used is acceptable.
For Medium-voltage
PEC Sizing For KM5806 equipment grounding conductor
As per PEC 2009 Article 2.50.6.13 (d) Motor Circuits, Where the
overcurrent device consists of an instantaneous trip circuit breaker
or a motor short-circuit protector, as allowed in 4.30.4.2, the
equipment grounding conductor size shall be permitted to be based
on the rating of the motor overload protective device but shall
not be less than the size shown in Table 2.50.6.13.
The motor overload pickup setting for KM5806 is 68.75 A
and based in Table 2.50.6.13 (Table 5.25), the minimum size of the
equipment grounding conductor should be 8.0mm2. Note that the
actual equipment grounding conductor is 30mm2 which means that
it can safely handle the fault current flow back to the source.
For Low-voltage
From Table 5.22 and 5.23, the comparison of actual
equipment grounding conductor size and the minimum required as
per PEC is presented. Based on these tables, the size of equipment
grounding conductors of all low-voltage loads are sufficient.
6.1 Methodology
V
VTERM 3 6.9kVBUS ISTARTINGZMOTORCABLE Equation (6.1)
3
TLR
T 2
N VX VX
TLR VNOMINAL Equation (6.2)
T
N VNOMINAL
Where
TLR
is the normalized Locked-rotor torque at
TN VX
I
kVASTARTING LR xkVANOMINAL (4.5)x(727.175)
IFLA
kVASTARTING 3272.287kVA
kVARSTARTING 3206.173kVAR
TLR
TN VX 6756.293
2
0.8 6900
TLR
0.958
TN VX
0.958
0.4
ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS
For Low-Voltage
Log(I ARC ) K 0.662 log(ISC ) 0.0966V 0.000562G
0.5588V log(ISC ) 0.0034G log(ISC )
Equation (7.1)
I ARC 10Log(IARC)
For Medium-Voltage
Log(I ARC ) 0.00402 0.983 log(ISC )
Equation (7.2)
Log(IARC)
I ARC 10
The normalized incident (Ein) energy for 0.2 seconds clearing time
and 610mm working distance is give as
Log(Ein)=k1 +k2 + 1.081log(IARC) +0.0011G
Ein=10Log(Ein) Equation (7.3)
52
AFP-1
AFP-2
6.9kV
Switchgear 52
AFP-3
52 52 52 52 52 52 52
TRL3A TRL3B
AFP-
M M M M 11
To To
MCC8 MCC9
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(22.239) + 0.0011(153)
Log(Ein)=0.956
Ein=100.956=9.047 joule/cm2
Ein=100.88=7.59 joule/cm2
And the clearing time of the same relay at 85% arcing fault is
3.922
t 0.0982 2.963 0.4 second
18.9 2
1
1.84
AFP-12
52
AFP-13
AFP-14 AFP-15
AFP-16
M
TYPICAL
LV
MOTOR EMDB/MNDB
PANEL
AFP-18
AFP-19 AFP-20
AFP-21
M
TYPICAL
LV
MOTOR YM7607 VFD
PANEL
I ARC 10Log(IARC)
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(22.45) + 0.0011(32)
Log(Ein)=0.8278
Ein=100.8278=6.727 joule/cm2
Ein=100.7515=5.643 joule/cm2
3.922
t 0.0982 2.855 0.773 second
0.85(22.45)(0.48 / 6.9) 2
1
0.27
1. Bus Voltages
The calculated voltage of 6.9kV bus is acceptable at
6.798kV and can be further improved by the Power Factor
Correction Capacitors with the calculated maximum value of
6.837kV at 1800kVAR. On the other hand, the calculated bus
voltages on 480V MCC8 and MCC9 are both below permissible
value at 464V and 465V, respectively. It is recommended to
adjust the primary no-load tap changer of TRL3A and TRL3B to -
2.5% tap to improve the bus voltage to at least 477V and 478V
for MCC8 and MCC9, respectively. With TRL3A and TRL3B tap at
-2.5%, there will be further improvement on the 480V bus
voltage thru the power factor correction capacitors and thus,
increasing the voltages to a maximum of 480V for both MCC8
and MCC9.
I. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Home Address : Block 17, Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes, Banay-
banay, Lipa City, Batangas
Sex : Male
Weight : 80kg
Height : 5 7
Citizenship : Filipino
AutoCadTM
ETAPTM
Electrical Troubleshooting
Responsibilities:
Manage daily maintenance activities
Manage and review weekly job plans with planning Dept.
Manage and review turn around maintenance with Planning
department
Review and approval of Failure Analysis Reports
Review of IED maintenance and reliability programs
Spare parts review and approval
Review and approve Design Engineering report
Review installation and commissioning of in-house project
Provide training to Maintenance Technician Trainees
Skills and Knowledge Evaluation of Technicians and Engineers
Responsibilities:
Preparation and review of Project Engineering standards for
E&I
Participate on HAZOPS and SIL reviews
Review and approval of EPC design
Review and approval of EPC electrical studies
Review and approval of SIL studies
Review and approval of vendor bids and technical offers
Review and approval of construction documents
Inspection and approval of job packages for Instrumentation
and Electrical
Participate on equipment FAT and SAT
Commissioning and start up support
Responsibilities:
Supervise in-house detailed engineering design/study and
construction of various plant modifications for Electrical and
Instrumentation System
Conduct Engineering Investigation of equipment failures and
issue engineering recommendation
Review and analyse preventive maintenance program
December 12, 2006 to October 31, 2009
Responsibilities:
Perform in-house detailed engineering design/study and
construction of various plant modifications for Electrical and
Instrumentation System
Conduct Engineering Investigation of equipment failures and
issue engineering recommendation
Review and analyse preventive maintenance program
Responsibilities:
Review and assessment of Customer Service Application
Investigation of abnormalities
Participate in the line design and construction
Designation : Instructor
Responsibilities:
Provide lectures on Electrical and Electronics Subject
VII. PROJECT (Past and Present Engineering Project)
Jurong Island,
Singapore.