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Deficiency leads to
entry of pyruvate into TCA, NADPH
production, FA synthesis, ketoacids in urine
B2- riboflavin Water Component of flavins No toxicity FAD and FMN
FAD and FMNused as Cheilosis inflammation of lips, scaling and are derived from
cofactors in redox fissures at corners of mouth riboFlavin
reactions (ex: succinate (B2 2 ATP)
DH in TCA) Corneal vascularization
2 Cs of B2
B3- niacin Water -Component of NAD+, Glossitis Facial flushing (induced by NAD derived
NADP+ (used in redox soreness/inflamm prostaglandin, not from Niacin (B3
reactions) ation of tongue histamine) = 3 ATP)
-derived from Trp *can avoid by taking aspirin
-synthesis requires B2 severe leads to with niacin
and B6 pellagra:
-lowers levels of VLDL Symptoms of Hyperglycemia
and raises HDL levels pellagra Diarrhea
-used to treat , Dementia (also Hyperuricemia
dyslipidemia hallucinations),
Dermatitis (C3/C4
dermatome,
circumferential
broad collar rash
or Casal
Necklace)
3 Ds of B3,
hyperpigmentatio
n of sun-exposed
limbs
B5- pantothe Water Essential component of Dermatitis No toxicity B5 is
nic acid 1. CoA (cofactor for acyl Enteritis pentothenic
transfers) Alopecia acid
2. fatty acid synthase Adrenal
insufficiency
Vit Fat/wat Function Deficiency Excess/Toxicity Sources Notes
er
soluble
B6- Water Converted to pyridoxal No toxicity
pyridoxine phosphate (PLP), which
is a cofactor used in Convulsions, hyperirritability,
1. transamination (ALT peripheral neuropathy (note the
and AST) neurotransmitters/neuro side effects)
2. decarboxylation
reactions Sideroblastic anemia due to impaired
3. glycogen Hb synthesis and iron excess
phosphorylase
Synthesis of heme,
niacin, histamine,
neurotransmitters epi/n
orepi, dopamine,
serotonin, GABA
B7- biotin Water Cofactor for No toxicity Avidin in egg
carboxylation enzymes whites avidly
(add 1-C group) Relatively rare binds biotin
1. pyruvate deficiencies dermatitis, alopecia,
carboxylase pyruvate enteritis (similar to B5)
(3C) OAA (4C)
2. Acetyl-CoA Caused by antibiotic use or
carboxylase: acetyl CoA ingestion of raw egg whites
(2C) malonyl-CoA
(3C)
3. Propionyl-CoA
carboxylase: propionyl-
CoA (3C)
methylmalonyl-CoA (4C)
B9 folate Water Converted to THF Most common vitamin deficiency in Found in Absorbed in
(coenzyme for 1-C USA leafy jejunum
transfer/methylation green
reactions) Deficiency seen in alcoholism and vegetab Folate from
pregnancy les foliage
Important for synthesis
of nitrogenous bases in Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia Small reserve
DNA and RNA Hypersegmented PMNs pool stored
Glossitis primarily in liver
No neurologic symptoms (as
opposed to B12 deficiency)
Labs: homocysteine, normal
methylmalonic acid levels
Osteoporosis
reduced bone
density, loss of
calcium from
bones due to
inadequate
synthesis of
vitamin D (older
people at higher
risk)
E tocopherol Fat Antioxidant (protects Hemolytic anemia Vitamin E can
or tocotrienol RBCs and membranes Acanthocytosis RBC that has spiked cell enhance
from free radical membrane anticoagulant
damage) Muscle weakness effects of
Posterior column and spinocerebellar tract warfarin
demyelination
Synthesized by Warfarin-Vit K
intestinal flora antagonist