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USINGBRIXASANINDICATOROFVEGETABLEQUALITY:
LINKINGMEASUREDVALUESTOCROPMANAGEMENT
HYG1651
AgricultureandNaturalResources
Date:01/18/2013

MatthewD.KleinhenzandNatalieR.Bumgarner,DepartmentofHorticultureandCropScience,TheOhio
StateUniversity,OhioAgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentCenter

Cropqualityisimportanttofruitandvegetablegrowers,buyers,andhandlers.Brixreadingsindicatesoluble
solidscontent.Sincesolublesolidsrepresentaproduct'spotentialsweetness(anaspectofquality),Brix
readingscaninterestmanythroughoutthevaluechain.Threestepsarerequiredtomakeeffectiveuseof
Brixreadings:(1)obtainaccuraterepresentativevalues(2)becomefamiliarwithotherrepresentativevalues
forsimilarcropsand(3)ifneeded,adjustmanagementpracticesaccordingtohowtheymayaffectBrix
valuesofyourcrops,usingprovenapproaches.

Fourfactsheetshavebeenpreparedtoguidevegetablefarmers,buyers,andhandlersinusingBrixasan
indicatorofcropquality.ThisLinkingfactsheetprovidesreferenceinformationonrepresentativeBrixvalues
andhowtheyareinfluencedbycropmanagement.Equippedwiththisinformation,vegetablesuppliersshould
bebetterpreparedtomakeeffectiveuseofBrixmeasurementintheiroperation.However,theOverviewfact
sheetprovidesimportantbackgroundinformationonBrix,outlinesitsapplicationinhorticulturalcrop
production,anddescribesthebenefitsandlimitationsofmeasuringBrixduringvegetableproductionand
marketing.TwootherfactsheetsprovidespecificinstructionsforthetakingofBrixreadingsinfivevegetable
crops.

BrixValuesinVegetableCrops
Brixvaluesarerelativelystraightforwardtomeasureandarereadilyavailable.However,fewpeopleappearto
befamiliarwithvaluesthatwouldbe"typical"fortheircrop.Referencevaluesareavailableingovernmentand
scientificreportsandotherdocuments.However,ultimately,themostimportantvaluesformostvegetable
growers,buyers,andhandlersmaybethe"bank"ofnumberstheydevelopintheirownoperationovertime
throughconsistent,conscientiousmeasurement.Nevertheless,inthisfactsheet,wepresentthreesetsof
referenceBrixvalues.

Thefirstset(Table1)includesexamplesofsolublesolidsvaluesthatareusedascriteriainofficialUSDAfruit
andvegetablequalitygrades.Incertainfruitingcrops(i.e.,cantaloupe,watermelon)solublesolidslevels
obtainedwithanapprovedrefractometerinfluencetheofficialgradetowhichthecropisassigned.For
example,basedonthechartbelow,Brixvalueslessthan9%and8%incantaloupeandwatermelon,
respectively,meanthatthecropcannotbelabeledashaving"goodinternalquality"byUSDAstandards.
 Table1.ExamplesofUSDAcropgradingstandardswhichincorporatesolublesolidsvalues.

Crop Gradingdescription Minimumsolublesolidlevel

"Verygoodinternalquality" 11%
Cantaloupe
"Goodinternalquality" 9%

"Verygoodinternalquality" 10%
Watermelon
"Goodinternalquality" 8%
ThesecondsetofreferenceBrixvalues(Table2)wastakenfrompublishedagriculturalresearch.Thisset
includesvaluesreportedonmultiplecropsgrowninresearchplotsinmanylocations.Keepinmindthatthese
plotsweremanageddifferently:growingsystem,nutrientandirrigationregime,andvarietydifferedfrom
oneexperimenttoanother.Becauseofthisvariation,numbersinTable2donotnecessarilyrepresenttarget
values.Thatsaid,theresearchwasusuallyconductedtostudytheinfluenceofgeneticandproduction
factorsoncropquality.And,theresearchofteninvolvedcommerciallikepracticesandcommonvarieties.
Therefore,itisreasonableforgrowersandotherstoobservesimilarBrixvaluesintheirbusiness.

Table2.Examplesofsolublesolids(Brix)valuesfrompublishedagriculturalresearchreports
acrossavarietyofcropsandlocations.

CropLocation ReportedBrixvalue Citation

BeetsNewZealand 6.09.0 Renquistetal.,2005

CabbageNewZealand 9.012.0 Renquistetal.,2005

CarrotsGA 8.010.0 Gillsetal.,1999

HoneydewTX 8.512.0 LesterandShellie,1992

MuskmelonMD 5.016.0 AulenbachandWorthington,1974

MuskmelonCA 9.011.0 Yamaguchietal.,1977

OnionNewZealand 6.09.0 Renquistetal.,2005

PepperNewZealand 6.09.0 Renquistetal.,2005

SweetcornSC 15.027.0 Haleetal.,2005

ProcessingtomatoesCA 4.76.0 Barrettetal.,2007

Greenhousetomatoes
4.35.0 Thyboetal.,2006
Denmark

GreenhousetomatoesNC 3.84.7 Peetetal.,2004

FreshmarkettomatoesCO 3.55.3 Aldrichetal.,2010

FreshmarkettomatoesFL 4.15.3 Tandonetal.,2003

CherrytomatoesNewZealand 5.08.0 Renquistetal.,2005

WatermelonSpain 9.011.0 Pardoetal.,1996

ThethirdsetofreferenceBrixvalues(Table3)wascreatedinOhioduringthecompletionofaproject
supportedbyTheOhioStateUniversity/OARDC/OSUExtension,theDepartmentofHorticultureandCrop
Science,theWarnerEndowmentFundforSustainableAgriculture,andareafarmers.Withthissupport,the
OhioStateUniversityVegetableProductionSystemsLaboratoryobtainedhundredsofBrixreadingson
stationandfarmgrownvegetablecropsfromtwelvelocationsin2011.Cropsweregrownconventionallyand
organicallyandmostofthedatawerecollectedbygrowersusinghandhelddigitalrefractometersasdescribed
intwofactsheetsinthisseries.ThevaluesinTable3weredevelopedin2011only.Theymayormaynot
representvaluesexpectedinyouroperation.ContactMattKleinhenzformoreinformationonthesevalues.

Table3.Solublesolids(Brix)valuesgatheredduringanonfarmresearchprojectcarriedoutin
Ohioin2011.

Crop Brixaverage Brixrange #Observations #Farms

Beet 7.8 2.813.6 26 4

Bean 6.9 2.915.7 57 3

Swisschard 4.6 2.66.5 15 2

Cucumber 3.3 2.25.4 60 4

Summersquash 4.3 3.55.3 43 4

Sweetcorn 16.2 9.526.5 66 2

Cherrytomato 7.5 4.511.7 102 6

Tomato 4.6 2.38.2 433 10

Turnip 6.0 4.56.9 20 3

Watermelon 10.8 9.012.8 66 4

Zucchini 4.0 2.46.0 71 5

Factors that Inuence Vegetable Brix Values

Inthetablesabove,thereportedBrixvaluesforindividualcropsdisplayedwideranges(e.g.,inTable3,2.9
15.7forbeanand9.526.5forsweetcorn).Theserangesareduetothefactthatatanyonetime,many
factorsinfluenceavegetablecrop'sconditionand,therefore,itsBrixlevel.Goingforward,vegetablesuppliers
interestedinhavingtheircropsachievetargetBrixvalueswillbenefitfrombeingfamiliarwiththesefactors
andhowtheycanbemanipulated.

Varietyselection,cropmaturity,cropphysiologyormetabolism,andmajorabioticcomponentsofthegrowing
environment(e.g.,moisture,fertility,light,andtemperature)areknowntoinfluenceBrixlevels.Variety
selectionandcropmaturity,metabolism,andwaterstatustendtohavedirectandoftensignificantand
immediateimpactsonvegetableBrixlevels.Incontrast,soilandcropnutrientstatusandenvironmentallight
andtemperaturelevelsappeartohavemoreindirectandsubtleeffectsonvegetableBrixvalues.The
followingisabriefsummaryofsomeofthespecificeffectsofvariousfactorsonvegetableBrixlevels.
InformationgiveninthissectionissupportedbyarticlescitedintheReferencessectionandfarmer
experience.

Weathereffectsonsolublesolidslevelsbeginatplantingandcontinuethroughharvest,inpartbecause
plantingandharvestingdatesdeterminetheenvironmentalconditionsunderwhichcropsgrowandmature.
EnvironmentalconditionsthatmoststronglyinfluencecropqualityandBrixincludesunlight,temperature,
andmoisture.Exposuretovariouscombinationsoftheseconditionsduetoplantingandharvestschedules
caninfluenceelementsofquality(includingBrix)andflavorinfieldandgreenhousegrowncrops.These
conditionsinfluencetheamountofsolublesolids(mostlysugars)thatareinmarketableleaves,stems,fruits,
tubers,roots,etc.,atanyonetime.ThesefactorsinfluenceBrixlevelsaloneandincombination.For
example,temperatureandlightinteracttosettherateofsugarproduction,buttemperaturemayhavea
strongerinfluenceontomatofruitsolublesolidscontentthansunlight.
Weather,plantingandharvestingdates,andsomesoilcharacteristicsoftencannotbealteredsignificantly.
Often,vegetablegrowersmustadheretocertainplantingandharvestingwindows.Also,theycanonly
establishprotectivemicroclimatesaroundcrops(e.g.,usingmulches,films,orloworhightunnels)which
lessenthemoreradicaleffectsthattemperature,moisture,andotherextremeconditionscanhaveoncrop
quality.Likewise,soilamendmentscanincreasesoilorganicmatteroralterothersoilproperties,thereby
creatinggrowingconditionsmoreconducivetocrophealthandquality.Yet,somestepstolimitenvironmental
fluctuationsorenhancesoilqualitymaybeunavailabletosomefarmers.Moreover,theeffectsofthesesteps
oncropqualityintheneartermmaybeindirect.Therefore,vegetablegrowersmayprefertotakeeasysteps
proventohaveimmediateandsignificanteffectsonquality,perhapsespeciallyBrix.Stepsinthiscategory
includepropervarietyselection,waterandfertilitymanagement,andplantingandharvesttiming.

Allthingsbeingequal,varietiesofthesamecroptendtodifferintheirbaselineBrixlevel.Thatis,varieties
haveanaturalinclinationtowardlowerorhigherlevelsofsolublesolidswithintheportionthatismarketed.
Therefore,varietyselectionisoneofthemostimportantanddirectmethodsofshapingBrixandcropquality.
IfBrixisimportanttoyou,considerdiscussingvarietaltendencieswithseedsuppliersandreviewingother
dataonvarieties.Productqualitybeginswithvarietyselection.

Regardlessofvariety,solublesolidslevelstrackcropmaturity.Allvegetablecropsundergochangesintheir
makeupthroughtheirlifetime,regardlessofwhatthefarmerdoes.Sweetcornkernelsturningfrommilkyand
sweettodryandstarchyisoneexampleofthenatural,preprogrammedcropmaturationprocess.So,crop
stageandharvesttiming,inparticular,stronglyinfluencecropqualityandBrixlevels.

Infact,thedegreeofripeningatharvestinfluencesthefullchemicalmakeupofthefruitorimmatureseed
and,therefore,itsflavorandtexture.Solublesolidsandsugarstendtoincreaseduringripening,whileacids
tendtodecrease.Whentomatofruitareharvestedataveryearlystageofripening,thecombinationof
sugars,acids,andvolatilecompoundsrelatedtoflavormaybesuboptimum.Thatsaid,somefruitandseed
continuetomatureafterpicking.And,theymaybemoresusceptibletophysicaldamageduringpostharvest
handlingifpickedtableripe.Regardless,itisclearthatharvesttimingisimportanttoallgrowersandthat
measuringBrixvaluescanhelpdetermineharvestandmarketreadinessinsomecrops.

IrrigationtimingorsoilmoisturelevelsalsoaffectBrixbutinwaysthatmaycomplicatemanagement
decisions.Forexample,reducedwateravailabilityduringfruitdevelopmentcanincreasefruitsolublesolids
contentbutlowertotalfruityield.So,growersmustbalancetheopportunitytoenhancethequalityoftheirfruit
withthepotentialtoreducetheyieldofthemusingthesamepractice.Indryareaswherewateravailability
canbecarefullycontrolled,preciseirrigationhasbeenabletoincreaseBrixandmaintainacceptableyields.
Hightunnelgrowersmaybeabletobalanceyieldandqualitymosteffectivelythroughirrigationandfertility
management.

Indeed,theinfluenceoffertilityprogramsonBrixisbecomingclear.Increasedfertilizerorsalinitylevels(i.e.,
higherelectricalconductivitylevels)inirrigationwaterarereportedtoincreaseBrixlevelsingreenhouse
growntomatoandpepper.Mineralfertilizationcanalsoinfluencevolatilecompoundsandfruitflavor.

Inadditiontoelectricalconductivity,thereisevidencethatnitrogen(N)nutritioncanaffectBrixlevelsbutin
anindirectandcomplexmanner.Nitrogenavailabilitycanimpacttheefficiencyofphotosynthesisthrough
whichsugariscreatedand,therefore,possiblyaltersolublesolidslevels.However,excessNcanalsoslow
maturationandreducesugarandacidcontent.
 Effectsonsolublesolidcontentintomatoweremeasuredon
8/24/07inGdll,Hungary.Treatmentswereunirrigated(1),
unirrigatedwithKapplication(2),irrigationupto30daysbefore
harvest(3),irrigationupto30daysbeforeharvestwithK
application(4),standardirrigation(5),andstandardirrigation
withKapplication(6).Columnsbearingthesameletterarenot
significantlydifferent.Verticalbarsrepresentsignificant
differencesatp=0.05,n=4.
Brixlevelsareacommonmetricused
todescribethequalityandsuitabilityof
processingtomatoes(Imagecourtesyof
HirzelCanningCompanyandFarms,
Toledo,Ohio).

LinkingMeasuredBrixValuestoCropManagementA
Recap

Productionfactorssuchastemperatureandlightlevelsandsoil
moistureandfertilitystatusinfluencecropBrixlevels.These
factorsdifferwithregardtotheamountofcontrolfieldandhigh
tunnelgrowershaveoverthem.Thesefactorsalsodifferwith
regardtotheapparent,directimpacttheyhaveonBrix,based
onscientificevidenceandgrowerexperience.Biologicalfactors
suchasvarietyandcropmaturityaffectsolublesolidslevels
stronglygrowersselectvarietiesbuthavelittlecontrolover
maturityoutsideofharvesttiming.

Controlledenvironmentgreenhouseproductioninvolvesagreateramountofcontroloverfactorsthatinfluence
cropgrowth,yield,andcertainaspectsofqualitythanfieldproduction.Overall,thegreenhouseindustry
continuestopaycloseattentiontotheeffectsofvarietyselectionandcropmanagementonBrix.Also,
adjustmentsinmanagementregimenstooptimizeBrixandothercharacteristicsaregenerallymorefeasible
ingreenhousethanfieldsettings.Farmersworkingwithsoilsinmoredynamicandunpredictableopenfield
andhightunnelsettingshaveanopportunitytogainfromwhatisdiscoveredingreenhouseproductionand
research.Moreimportant,fieldandhightunnelvegetablegrowerscanlearnfromtheirowntestsofthe
relationshipsbetweenmanagementandBrixandotheraspectsofcropquality.Thisfourpartfactsheet
seriesisdesignedtoassisttheminthatprocess.

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Factsheetsinthisseries:
UsingBrixasanIndicatorofVegetableQuality:AnOverviewofthePractice,HYG1650
UsingBrixasanIndicatorofVegetableQuality:LinkingMeasuredValuestoCropManagement,HYG
1651
UsingBrixasanIndicatorofVegetableQuality:ASummaryoftheMeasurementMethod,HYG1652
 UsingBrixasanIndicatorofVegetableQuality:InstructionsforMeasuringBrixinCucumber,Leafy
Greens,SweetCorn,Tomato,andWatermelon,HYG1653
ThetechnicalcontributionsofStephanieShortandDanaeWolfeinthedevelopmentofthisfactsheetare
appreciated.

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