page

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON
STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT:
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY WATER WORKS.
FROM JUNE TO NOVEMBER, 2015.

PRESENTED BY
IMODAGBE MOHAMMED-KAMIL EHIME
U11WR1045

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF:

PROF. C.A OKUOFU

SUBMITTED TO:
THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE,
NIGERIA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
B.ENG, WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING.
JANUARY, 2016.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report was solely written by me and it is in accordance to the

activities carried out at the Ahmadu Bello University water works.

IMODAGBE MOHAMMED-KAMIL ___________________ _____________

Name of Student Signature Date

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that, Imodagbe Mohammed-Kamil with the registration number

U11WR1045 from the Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, has written this technical report as

part of the requirements for the award of B.ENG in Water Resources and Environmental

Engineering.

PROF. C. A. OKUOFU ______________

__________

Institution Supervisor Signature Date

DR. B. K. ADEOGUN ______________

___________

Departmental SIWES coordinator Signature Date

PROF. A. ISMAIL ______________

___________

Head of Department Signature Date

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this SIWES report to Almighty Allah, for his unlimited blessings throughout my

industrial training programme and for giving me the wisdom and understanding in all areas

during my training.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I will like to use this opportunity to say a very big thank you to everybody who has assisted

me in diverse ways and ensured I had a successful industrial training. Special thanks go to my

family members especially my parents Dr and Mrs. E.M Shuaibu Imodagbe, for their

immeasurable support, you all have been a major part of my success. Thank you for your

unending prayers, the support you granted me morally, financially and otherwise, May God

bless you all abundantly. I cannot forget to mention my university base supervisor, Prof. C.A

Okuofu, for his guidance and assistance, sparing his time energy and effort to supervise and

advise me in my educational pursuits, and all the entire lecturers and staff of Water Resources

and Environmental Engineering for their academic and moral support. May God reward you

abundantly. A special thanks to all the staff of the Ahmadu Bello Univeristy water work. My

training based supervisor Mal Zubairu, the lab technician Mal Sadiq, and the overall Engineer

in charge Mr Ismaila. Thank you all for accepting me. It was really nice working with you all.

Above all I appreciate God for giving me the grace to be alive. I will live to profess your

goodness now and forever.

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 Declaration.................................................................................................... ii
Certification.................................................................................................. iii
Dedication.................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement....................................................................................... v
Chapter One.......................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Preamble............................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 Siwes And Its Importance...................................................................1
1.1.3 Aims And Objectives Of Siwes............................................................2
1.1.4 The Roles Of Siwes Participants..........................................................2
1.1.4.1 The Role Of Federal Government........................................................2
1.1.4.2 The Roles of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)....................................2
1.1.4.3 The Roles of the Institutions...............................................................3
1.1.4.4 Roles of the Employers.......................................................................3
1.1.4.5 Roles of Students................................................................................ 3
1.1.5 Motivation For Selection Of Institution Of Attachment........................4
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................... 5
DESCRIPTION AND BRIEF HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT.....................................5
2.1.1 Brief History Of Ahmadu Bello University Water Works......................5
2.1.2 Description Of Ahmadu Bello University Water Works.......................5
2.1.3 Training Methodology In Abu Water Works.........................................6
chapter three......................................................................................................... 7
ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCES: AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY WATER WORKS....7
3.1.1 Introduction;...................................................................................... 7
3.1.2 Intake Works...................................................................................... 7
3.1.3 Treatment Works................................................................................8
3.1.3.2 Coagulation......................................................................................... 8
3.1.3.4 Sedimentation................................................................................... 10
3.1.3.5 Filtration............................................................................................ 11
3.1.3.8.1 Determination of turbidity..............................................................12
3.1.3.10 Back Washing Process.....................................................................16
3.1.4.1 Distribution Of Water Supply To Student Hostels...............................20
3.1.4.2 Booster Station.................................................................................. 21
3.1.4.3 Some Pipes And Fittings Used In Connections...................................21
chapter four......................................................................................................... 23

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 EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM PLACE OF ATTACHMENT AND APPLICATION TO
FUTURE CAREER............................................................................................... 23
4.1.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Experiences gained...........................................................................23
4.1.3 Applications in future career............................................................23
chapter five......................................................................................................... 24
LIMITATIONS, DIFFICULTIES, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............24
5.1.2 Limitations Of The Program.............................................................24
5.1.3 Difficulties Faced By Students..........................................................24
5.1.4 Recommendation............................................................................. 25
5.1.5 Conclusion....................................................................................... 26
5.1.6 References....................................................................................... 27

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 PREAMBLE
The Industrial Training Fund (ITF), a well-known organization in Nigeria was

established by the then federal military government back in 1971 under the federal ministry

of information. The Industrial Training Fund plays a vital role in the training process of

students in all disciplines as it furnishes them with practical knowledge in the field while still

in school.

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established in 1973. It is a

programme that is specially organized by the federal government through various tertiary

institutions, to expose students to the basic skills involving their individual fields and make

them keep abreast of their future career pursuit. The scheme is a requirement in tertiary

institutions in fulfillment of the related certificate that will be awarded by the institution.

1.1.2 SIWES AND ITS IMPORTANCE

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S) is a programme established to

serve many important purposes which include: -

a. Enhancing adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries.

b. Bringing a clear connection between practical and theory related understandings.
c. Exposing students to equipment, machines, professional work method and safe

practices in an organization.
d. Promoting student familiarity with work method and techniques in handling equipment

and machines that may not be available in their institutions.

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1.1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
a. To facilitate an understanding between the theoretical and the practical aspect of the

course of study.
b. To make transition and connections between student and employer easier and can

sometimes serve as an employment opportunity.

c. To provide hands-on activities to improve practical skills.
d. To prepare students for the challenges they are likely to meet after graduation.

1.1.4 THE ROLES OF SIWES PARTICIPANTS

The SIWES programme involves the participation of the Federal Government, the

Industrial Training Fund, the participating institution, Employers at institutions and students.

The roles of these are elaborated below.

1.1.4.1 The Role Of Federal Government

a. To make it mandatory for all ministries, companies, and government parastatals to offer

attachment places to students.

b. To make it a policy to include a clause in every major contract lasting over six (6) to

nine (9) months being awarded, for contractors to take students on attachment.
c. To make adequate funds available to the federal ministry of industry to fund the

scheme.

1.1.4.2 The Roles of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

a. To formulate guidelines and policies on the scheme.
b. To organize biennial seminars and conferences on SIWES.
c. To get master list of the students compiled and signed by the SIWES coordinator of

each institution.
d. To provide logistic material necessary to administer the scheme.
e. To compile list of employers and available training places for industrial attachment and

forward such lists to the coordinating agencies (NBTE, NUC, and NCCE).

1.1.4.3 The Roles of the Institutions

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 a. To establish SIWES coordinating unit headed by SIWES coordinators with supporting

staff.
b. To prepare and submit master and placement list to the respective coordinating

agencies.
c. To place students on attachment with employers.
d. To appoint full time industrial coordinators/supervisors to operate the scheme at

industrial level.
e. To write comprehensive report including problems and successes. To ensure payment of

outstanding allowances.
f. To organize orientation programs for students to prepare them for industrial training

and invite an ITF staff to give a talk to students during orientation.

1.1.4.4 Roles of the Employers

a. To control and discipline students as they would permanent staff.
b. To accept students and assign them to the relevant on-the-job training.
c. To provide medical care for students within the limits of employers conditions of

service during attachment.

d. To pay students monthly allowance as and when due.
e. To attach experienced staff to students for effective training and supervision.
f. Supervisors are not to handle more than 10 students at a time.

1.1.4.5 Roles of Students

a. To attend SIWES orientation and all training programmes before attachments.
b. To be diligent, honest and loyal.
c. To comply with employers rules and regulations.
d. To be regular and punctual at the place of attachment.

1.1.5 MOTIVATION FOR SELECTION OF INSTITUTION OF ATTACHMENT

The primary reason for selecting my institute of attachment is its relevance to the field of

water resources and environmental engineering and my interest in water distribution systems.

CHAPTER TWO

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DESCRIPTION AND BRIEF HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT

2.1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY WATER WORKS

Ahmadu Bello University water supply scheme construction was started as far back as the

70s. The design was made in Phases. Phase 1 consists of dam construction with an active

impounding capacity of 2.6 million meters. A treatment plant, a water storage tower and pipe

line network. Similarly, a booster station was constructed to boost water to residential areas

on the campus. This phase was expected to be completed in 1990 but was partially

completed. The contract to complete the phase 1 project was awarded by the Kaduna water

works.

Construction of Phase 2 of the project was proposed to commence in 1990, and was awarded

by the Federal Ministry of Water Resources under the supervision of Upper Niger River

Basin Authority. It consists of expansion of the existing scheme to about twice its capacity.

2.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY WATER WORKS

The Ahmadu Bello University Water Works has its raw water supply from Kubani Dam

constructed on two tributaries that feeds Kubani River.

Involved in the collection of Raw water, the Water Works has an Impounding Reservoir with

a dam embankment which is the major source of water to the University, a spillway and an

intake control tower. Water collected in the reservoir is transported through the spillway by

two 15 suction pipes. Which is then transported to the water works station by pumps.

At the water works station, water from the Intake first of all comes in contact with an aeration

chamber, which increases the oxygen content of the water. This is then sent to a coagulation

tank where substances are added for the dissolved solids to settle. This then goes to the

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sedimentation tanks where the clear water is obtained and filtered in a filteration chamber.

The water is then channeled to a tank where disinfecting is carried out to the water, the water

is then kept to settle and distributed to various parts of the university.

Ahmadu Bello University water supply was designed to cover the population of 20,000

people as such the little water obtained is rationed to students and staff living on the campus.

From the water works water is pumped to various parts of the university.

For distances far from the water works, a booster station was designed to increase the

pressure of water to the various areas in the university. Large capacity tanks are also available

to these various areas in order to store and balance the supply of water, so as to increase the

availability of water. There are also boreholes in student hostels to tackle the demand of water

and reduce the dependencies on the university dam.

2.1.3 TRAINING METHODOLOGY IN ABU WATER WORKS

Trainees are expected to observe as the trainers work, after which are then allowed to try the

various activities. Assignments are given to attachment students in order to further familiarize

them with the work theyve been observing.

During maintenance work which requires going out of the laboratory, attachment students are

usually carried along for observation and participation where necessary.

Trainees are grouped into various units such as Laboratory and Plumbing sections. This

ensures comfortable opportunities for interaction with workers at the site.

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 CHAPTER THREE

ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCES: AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY

WATER WORKS.

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION;
At the Ahmadu Bello University Water Works, I was deployed to various sections of the

water works for each a week. At each section I worked under constant supervision. Most of

the work I carried out in the water works will be discussed in detail in this chapter as I

discuss and illustrate (with diagrams) the working format of the water works from the

Reservoir down to the end users (hostels and residential houses in the university).

3.1.2 INTAKE WORKS

Intake is a structure built at the dam, where the raw water is abstracted from the dam using

the low lift pumps and then conveyed to the treatment facility. The abstraction point is

located at a point of minimal turbulence in the dam, so as to reduce the amount of impurities

such as debris and also the turbidity of the raw water to be treated. The basic function of the

intake structure is to withdraw water from the source over predetermined pool levels and then

discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit (the intake conduit) through which it flows

up to the water treatment plant. The intake house consists of three sections, the intake well,

control section and the pump house. The pump house is where the low lift pumps are

installed to lift the water from the source and convey it to the treatment plant. In the intake

house, 2 low lift pumps are used for normal operation with the third at standby. Each pump

has a capacity of 190m3/hr. There are two 10 Asbestos cement pipes from the intake to the

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water treatment plant covering a distance of 1.2km. The intake house was visited severally

where the capacity of the pumps and size of the pumps where noted.

3.1.3 TREATMENT WORKS

Ahmadu Bello University water supply has a conventional treatment plant consisting of

Aeration chamber, chemical mixing and dosing units(coagulation), Sedimentation tanks

Filtration, Softening and disinfection points.

3.1.3.1 Aeration Chamber

Water pumped from the intake is directly connected to the aeration chamber, where the

pressure is utilized to spray the water into the air. This movement of water in the air mixes the

water and increases its oxygen content as it converts iron II to iron III, and as a result reduces

the odour of the water. The Aeration chamber consists of a 10 steel pipe with some nozzles

connected on them. The rising mains from the intake pump house are connected directly to it

to enable the raw water to leave the nozzles with high pressure.

3.1.3.2 Coagulation
Coagulants(Alum) are mixed and dosed manually in the emergency mixing and dosing

chamber constructed besides the sedimentation tank. This is connected directly to the

flocculation chamber. The mixed chemical is allowed to drop into the raw water coming from

the aeration chamber. This type of coagulation has the disadvantage of being ineffective and

uneconomical.

3.1.3.3 Flocculation
In the channel that conveys the coagulated water to the sedimentation tanks there are some

baffle mixers constructed to provide vigorous mixing of the channels with water and the

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water then moves to the sedimentation tanks where it receives additional mixing, during this

process larger flocs are formed due to the combination of the vigorous and gentle mixing.

And this completes the flocculation processes. The process is very effective. Also hydrated

lime is applied in a second emergency chamber to soften water when needed.

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3.1.3.4 Sedimentation
The flocculated water enters the sedimentation tanks and the flocs get settled in the tanks and

clean water is collected through decanting through to the filters. There are 5 sedimentation

tanks in good working conditions. About twice a month, the sedimentation tanks were

dislodged to reduce the dissolved solid content in the tanks. During the period of six months

about two tanks were washed at very separate times so as not to affect the total output of

water to send to the distribution system. Below is a picture showing the upper surface of the

sedimentation tank with the pipes connected for decantation.

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3.1.3.5 Filtration
There are 3 filter units at the water works. As taught, one had received rehabilitation in 2008

while the other one was rehabilitated on direct labor basis to improve on the water filtration

in the water works. During the six months program one of the units was emptied, washed

filled with pebbles and later opened for use. The filter maintenance is carried out using

compressors (air scour blowers) machine and wash water pumps.

3.1.3.6 Disinfection
The water works had been using liquefied chlorine gas as disinfectant but changed due to its

hazardous nature and danger to life of animals and plants within the water works environment

when it fails. As such calcium hypo chloride was introduced. (A mixture of chlorine powder

with lime in proportion of 60%chlorine and 40%lime). This is usually mixed and dosed at the

filtered water point and also at the clear well.

3.1.3.7 Clear Water Well

The filtered water goes to the clear water tank by gravity. It has a capacity of 1.5 million liters

and is in good working condition. On careful survey it was noticed that the tank had not been

washed for quite a long time due to lack of big dewatering pump or mud pumps that will be

used in evacuating the settled mud.

3.1.3.8 Quality Control Laboratory

Before raw water is treated, there is need to know about the properties of the water such as

pH, turbidity etc. These properties were used to determine to a great extent the quantity and

concentration of different chemicals to be used to treat the water. Water treatment cannot be

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controlled effectively unless the operator has some means of checking and evaluating the

quality of water being treated and produced. And also, after treating the water, it was

monitored for the efficiency for human consumption. The principal importance of the quality

control laboratory is to monitor the quality of the water before, during and after the treatment

in order to ensure that it is safe for consumption. To ensure the safety of water consumption, a

check is required for the quality of water samples. At the laboratory, various physical and

chemical tests were carried. These physical tests include Turbidity, pH, conductivity, total

dissolved solids. Below Is a clear description of Turbidity for the physical parameters and Jar

test for chemical requirement.

3.1.3.8.1 Determination of turbidity

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Turbidity meter is commonly employed for turbidity analysis and measured in Nephelometric

turbidity unit.

APPARATUS
i. Turbidimeter machine.
ii. Beaker.
iii. Cotton
iv. Water sample (raw water, clarified water, filter and treated water).
v. Distilled water.
vi. Test tube.

PROCEDURE

i. The machine is put (ON) for about 5-10 minutes.

ii. The test tube is rinsed with distilled water and water sample.
iii. The test tube is then filled with water sample to be analyzed.
iv. After removing the standard, the test tube with water sample is then put into the

machine, covered and the turbidity is read in (NTU).

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 3.1.3.8.2 Jar Test

Jar test is a basic test that will be carried out in the laboratory in order to determine the

optimum dose for coagulation and determine the numbers of bags of alum to be used in daily

in the treatment plant.

APPARATUS

i. Six standard beakers of 1000ml cylinder

ii. Flocculator
iii. Measuring pipette graduated in 0.1ml steps for dosing sample rapidly with

necessary coagulant suspension.

iv. Turbidity meter.
v. PH meter.
vi. A bucket to fetch the raw water.
vii. Bromothymol blue and purple solution.
viii. A stop watches for proper timing of the sample

PROCEDURES

i. The six beakers are thoroughly rinsed with distilled water.

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 ii. The six beakers are filled with the raw water after taking the turbidity and PH of the

raw water.
iii. Each beaker is filled with a different amount of aluminum sulphate(alum) solution in

ascending order that is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 respectively.
iv. The beakers are then placed into the flocculating machine.
v. The paddles of the stirrer are dipped into the beaker.
vi. The flocculating machine is put on and the stirrer rotates at a flash-mixing speed of

250rpm representing the flash-mixing chamber and then at a slow mixing speed of

120rpm representing the balancing chamber and at 40rpmrepresenting the flocculation

chamber.
vii. Once the stirring is complete, the stirrers are stopped and the beakers are left to settle

for 20 minute for the flux to settle representing the sedimentation process.
viii. The turbidity of the six beakers is measured with the turbidity meter and also the PH

of all the beakers are taken and recorded.

ix. The beaker with the closest flux formation i.e. with a small value of turbidity is

chosen as the beaker for the dose, and subsequently the jar with the best PPM (part

per million) is determined. The PPM is very important because it helps in calculating

the stroke setting.

JAR TEST EXPERIMENTAL DATA RECORDS

Initial raw water turbidity=234NTU

0
Initial raw water temperature-2.8 C

Initial raw water PH=6.8

Alum solution concentration=25

Number of bags * weigh of bags * 100

Volume of each tank

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JAR NO 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume of raw water (ml) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Alum solution(ml) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

PPM of sample (mg/L) 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5

Turbidity of sample (NTU) 177 26 13 12 11 9

PH of sample 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5

TABLE 3.1: JAR TEST RECORD

Alumdose
PPM= concentration of alum (%) 106
1000

0.1 25
= 1000 100 1,000,000=25 PPM

Quantity demanded= PPM flow rate

Flow rate= (2*300) L/S of pump 60 60=2,160,000.

87.5
Q.D= 1,000,000 2.160,000

=189kg/hr

QD=189 kg/hr 24hr

=4536 kg/day

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Each bags of alum is 50kg

4536
50 =90.72 bogs of alum per day

Stroke setting

10 stroke=1300L/hr

1 stroke=130L/hr

130 25
100

=32.5 kg/hr

The kg/hr needed for one day=189kg/hr

189 kg /hr
Stroke= 32.5 kg /hr

3.1.3.9 High Lift Pumps

Water from the clear water tank is pumped to the central water tower near the senate for the

effective distribution. There are 5 high lift pumps at the water works. 3 of the pumps have

capacities of 190m3/hr were installed within the 6 months of the training.

3.1.3.10 BACK WASHING PROCESS

Untreated Water from the dam which is pumped to the treatment plant contains high sand and

silt content. When pumped, the water gets aerated, and eventually sent to the sedimentation

tank where the needed clear water will then be decanted. The bottom of the sedimentation

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tank houses high quantities of settled sand and silt. This is reduced by opening valves under

the sedimentation tanks for water the sand and silt to flow out of the sedimentation tank and

back to the reservoir through some uninhabited areas having big trees which are used as a

way of reducing the sand and silt going back into the dam. The back washing process

involves this reduction of silt from the sedimentation tank and all other tanks which are to be

relieved from their high silt content. This is propagated with the use of back washing pumps (

2 out of the 5 pumps installed) and involves opening some valves in order to enable the

washing and drainage of the tanks in order to clean them.

The next page shows the water treatment process and movement of water from the

reservoir to the intake house for pumping to the water works main building where the

pumped water gushes out of the aeration chamber and flow to the coagulation tank. From the

coagulation tank where mixing with alum occurs, the water then flows through the

flocculation chamber to the sedimentation chamber where it is decanted to the decantation

chamber and then flows to the filtration chamber. The filtered water is then channeled to the

clear water well, where it is disinfected and kept for pumping to the distribution system.

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3.1.4 DISTRIBUTION WORKS
From the water works the water is pumped to the tower constructed near the senate building.

It is then distributed to the various location by gravity through 2 major pipe lines. Line 1 to

the residential area A and the second line to the other residential areas through booster

station located near Danfodio hostel. The same water serves the student hostels and academic

areas. The major problem encountered in the water supply scheme is most of the pipe lines

were laid about 32 years ago and have no washouts on them that will be used by the plumbers

to flush them whenever they carry out any maintenance work on the lines. Similarly, no air

valves installed on them as such the lines trap air inside them that in turn reduce air pressure

when pumping direct on the lines to a long distance and also this causes regular burst on the

pipe lines. Roots of trees grows near the pipe lines and also penetrate through the pipes

causing leakages. The table below shows the pipe types as used in the various locations in the

university.

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The table below shows pipes around the University which supply most of the major areas

around

S/N LOCATION TYPE SIZE

1 Suction pipe from dam to intake Steel pipe 15(350m
m)
2 Intake pump house to T/plant Class D Ac 10(250m
pipe m)
3 Treatment plant to senate tower Class D Ac 15(350m
pipe m)
4 Senate tower to Pharmacy R/about Class C Ac 12(300m
pipe m)
5 Booster station to Area C Class C & D 8(200mm
Ac pipe ),
10(250m
m)
6 Booster station to Area BZ,G,F Class C Ac 8(200mm
and E pipe )
7 Pharmacy to North Gate Class C Ac 6(150mm
pipe )
8 Amina hall R/about to Area A 8 bar uPVC 6(150mm
pipe )
9 Faculty of Engineering to booster Class C Ac 8(200mm
pipe )

3.1.4.1 DISTRIBUTION OF WATER SUPPLY TO STUDENT HOSTELS

The water supply to student hostels is in two ways. The supply from the water works and that

of bore holes constructed and developed in Suleiman, Amina, Alex Ribadu and Akenzua

hostels. This helps in balancing the high need of water in this areas.

3.1.4.2 BOOSTER STATION

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A booster station was constructed near Danfodio hostel to boost water supply to residential

areas. It consists of 4 pumps, 3 of which are functioning. There are 2 storage reservoirs that

are used to store water for pumping. The booster is connected on two lines 10 and 8 Ac

pipelines connected to Area C and 8 Ac line connected to Area BZ, E,F,and G.

3.1.4.3 SOME PIPES AND FITTINGS USED IN CONNECTIONS

Pipes used in Ahmadu Bello University water works include Asbestos cement pipes, uPVC

pipes and steel pipes. Steel pipes are mostly situated in the dam to intake house and within

the water works. Asbestos Cement pipes has been reported to have bad health implications

and has been subjected to change. But due to the fact that round the university Asbestos

Cement pipe has been used, only a few has been changed to uPVC pipes. Size of steel pipes

is mostly 15 inches in diameter. Size of Asbestos cement pipes are about 15inches, 12, 10,8,6

and 3 inches in diameter. Most of the smaller pipes are used as service pipes to houses of end

users.

Various fittings and valves are used in connection with pipes and these include connectors,

joints, isolation valves, and other plumbing utilities in various sizes for different pipes.

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 Below is an illustration of some of the distribution pipes, their diameters and their

various supply around the university faculties, some key locations and residential houses.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM PLACE OF ATTACHMENT AND

APPLICATION TO FUTURE CAREER.

4.1.1 INTRODUCTION.
In summary, the period of my industrial training was effective as it gave me the opportunity

to experience the practical application of my course of study as well as its relevance to my

future career choice in hydraulics and hydrology engineering.

4.1.2 EXPERIENCES GAINED

i. Basic principles and treatment of raw water.

ii. Quality control tests carried out in the laboratory.

iii. Understanding of the mechanical processes involved in the treatment of water.

iv. Maintenance and correctional processes carried out at a water treatment plant.

v. Water Distribution management and design requirements along with pipes, fittings,

valves and practices carried out in a distribution system

vi. Effective use and planning of the volume of obtained at different seasons of the year

and managing this shortage and surplus with the demand from the surrounding

dependents

4.1.3 APPLICATIONS IN FUTURE CAREER

The training undergone has given the benefits in the following fields of:

i. Hydraulics engineering: For designing or managing a water board or a water

distribution system

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 ii. Hydrology: For effective planning towards any and all water related projects using

the right set of analysis.

CHAPTER FIVE

LIMITATIONS, DIFFICULTIES, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This final chapter shows the limitations, difficulties and recommendations I experienced and

have about the SIWES program. In order to educate, so as to reducing these limitations and

difficulties.

5.1.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROGRAM

i. The industrial training fund (ITF) delay on payment of SIWES students reduce the

level of seriously which students put into the scheme.

ii. A lot of recognized, respected and well equipped organizations rarely participate in

the program. When some do, students are taken as extra laborers.
iii. Schools where students emerge from seem to have no relations with well-known

organizations. This reduces the chances of students picking the appropriate places for

their training.

5.1.3 DIFFICULTIES FACED BY STUDENTS

It is certain that there is no perfect system or organization. The difficulties and

challenges I encountered before and after my attachment were as follows;

i. Inability to secure a place of attachment at the right time

ii. No medical insurance for students on industrial training

iii. No financial motivation from the company attached

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 iv. Lack of staff bus for students transportation to and/ or from work.

5.1.4 RECOMMENDATION
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is quite an interesting

program that provides practical experience to students to complement the theoretical

knowledge gained in the class. The following are some recommendations I will like the

scheme to consider.

i. Departments should organize orientation programs to their students to undergo the

program, as this will make them be informed about where and how to select a place of

attachment.

ii. The school should collaborate with industries and organizations to enhance proper

learning and easy enrolment for internship.

iii. Every organization in the country should be compelled to accept students for SIWES

training.

iv. The university should also encourage the staffs concerned with supervision of

students on SIWES training to carry out this responsibility during the period of the

training as it will go a long way in facilitating it efficiency.

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5.1.5 CONCLUSION
The importance of SIWES and the experience gained can never be overemphasized as it has

prepared me for the future. Though there were hitches during the period of the SIWES, it was

nevertheless a worthwhile experience and worthy of support and continuity because I did not

only gain but also my employers enjoyed my contribution to the growth and development of

the organization.

After engaging in industrial training for six months, it has afforded me an opportunity to

acquaint myself with professionals who had encouraged and developed my knowledge and

ability to meet up with industrial challenges.

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 5.1.6 REFERENCES
Edwin Windle Tylor; The examination of waters and water supplies
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/water.treament.html
Kaduna state water board, method for the examination of drinking water
Pant water quality laboratory Zaria