Nr.

1-2 / 2014

REVISTA ROMN
DE CONCUREN

Consiliului Concurenei Romnia

Piaa Presei Libere nr. 1, sector 1, 013701, Bucureti
E-mail: competition@consiliulconcurentei.ro
www.consiliulconcurentei.ro Romanian Competition Journal
REVISTA ROMN DE CONCUREN /
ROMANIAN COMPETITION JOURNAL

Apare sub egida Consiliului Concurenei Romnia

Piaa Presei Libere nr. 1, sector 1, 013701, Bucureti, Romnia
E-mail: competition@consiliulconcurentei.ro

CONSILIUL TIINIFIC
Adriana Alman Universitatea din Bucureti
Mihai Berinde Universitatea din Oradea
Anca Chiri Durham Law School
Bogdan Chirioiu Universitatea din Bucureti
Anthony Collins Tribunalul General al Uniunii Europene
Sorin David Universitatea din Bucureti
Daniel Dianu coala Naional de Studii Politice i Administrative
Dalina Dumitrescu - Academia de Studii Economice
Ioannis Kokkoris University of Reading
Ioannis Lianos University College London
Csongor Istvn Nagy Universitatea din Szeged
Gheorghe Oprescu Universitatea Politehnic din Bucureti
Mnika Papp Universitatea Etvs Lornd din Budapesta
Theodor Purcrea Universitatea Romno-American
Catalin S. Rusu Universitatea din Nijmegen
Jean Marc Thouvenin - Universit de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Dfense
Gabriela igu Academia de Studii Economice
Liviu Voinea Academia de Studii Economice
Peter Whelan - University of Leeds

COMITETUL EDITORIAL
Florin Andrei
George Anglioiu
Daniel Stan
Mirela Apostol

RECENZENI
Prof.univ.dr. Gabriela igu
Conf.univ.dr. Adriana Alman
Conf.univ.dr. Mihaela Mosora
Conf.univ.dr. George Anglioiu

ISSN 2343 9785

Copyright 2014, Consiliul Concurenei Romnia

Opiniile exprimate n cuprinsul articolelor constituie preri personale ale autorilor

i nu reprezint n mod necesar punctele de vedere ale Consiliului Concurenei.
The opinions expressed in the content articles are the personal opinions of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the view of Romanian Competition
Council.
REVISTA ROMN
DE CONCUREN
Romanian Competition Journal

Nr. 2 / 201

 CUPRINS

1. Concurena (ne) loial /p. 3

Adriana Alman
Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din Bucureti
Avocat, Baroul Bucureti
2. Aplicarea normelor comunitare de concurena n Romnia: Conceptul de "efect
asupra comerului" n practica Consiliului Concurenei / p. 11
Alexandr Svetlicinii, PhD
Universitatea din Macau, Facultatea de drept
3. Detectarea cartelurilor prin metode analitice / p. 24
Florin Andrei
Direcia Cercetare-Sinteze, director
Mihail Buu
Direcia Cercetare-Sinteze, inspector de concuren
4. Indicele agregat de presiune concurenial o versiune nou i mbuntit /
p. 31
Radu A. Pun
Direcia Cercetare-Sinteze- Inspector de concuren
Paul Prisecaru
Direcia Cercetare-Sinteze- Director adjunct
5. Analiza sectoarelor de activitate frecvent intalnite n operaiunile publice de
preluare in Romania / p. 39
Radu Ciobanu
Academia de Studii Economice din Bucureti
6. Efectele concureniale ale integrrilor verticale / p. 45
Drd. Ioan Lucian Alexa
Drd. Georgiana Oana Moraru
Academia de Studii Economice din Bucureti
7. Ce este gun-jumping-ul i cum l putem evita? / p. 50
Ana Maria Udrite

8. Ajutorul de stat i procesul concurenial de pia / p. 61

Emil Duhnea
Master Dreptul Afacerilor, Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea Bucureti
9. Concurena i comerul online/ p. 72
Traian gtefnescu
Facultatea de Drept a Universitii din Bucureti


2
 Table of contents

1. (Un)fair competition / p. 3

Adriana Alman
Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest
Lawyer, Bucharest Bar Association
2. Enforcement of the EU competition rules in Romania: Application of the
effect on trade concept in the enforcement practice of the Romanian
Competition Council / p. 11
Alexandr Svetlicinii, PhD
Faculty of Law, University of Macau
3. Detecting Cartels through Analytical Methods / p. 24
Florin Andrei
Director- Research and Synthesis Department
Mihail Buu
Competition Inspector - Research and Synthesis Department
4. The Aggregate Index of Competitive Pressure a new and improved
version / p. 31
Radu A. Pun
Competition Inspector, Research Department
Paul Prisecaru
Deputy Director, Research Department
5. The analysis of the industries usually found in takeover bids in Romania /
p. 39
Radu Ciobanu
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
6. The competitive effects of vertical integration / p. 45
Ioan Lucian Alexa
Georgiana Oana Moraru
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
7. What is gun-jumping and how can we avoid it? / p. 50
Ana Maria Udrite

Lawyer, Bucharest Bar Association

8. State aid and the competitive market process / p. 61
Emil Duhnea

Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest

9. Competition and online commerce / p. 72
Traian gtefnescu

Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest



2
 Concurena (ne) loial

Conf. univ. dr. Adriana Alman

Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din Bucureti
Avocat, Baroul Bucureti


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 (Un)fair competition

Adriana Alman, Lecturer Ph. D.

Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest
Lawyer, Bucharest Bar Association


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Aplicarea normelor comunitare

de concurena n Romnia:
Conceptul de efect asupra comerului
n practica Consiliului Concurenei

Alexandr Svetlicinii, PhD

Universitatea din Macau, Facultatea de drept

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 Enforcement of the EU competition rules
in Romania: Application of the effect on trade
concept in the enforcement practice of the
Romanian Competition Council

Alexandr Svetlicinii, PhD

University of Macau, Faculty of Law

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Bibliography

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Romanian Competition Journal



         
ECLR


CMLR

 EU Competition Law: Text, Cases and Materials


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e-Competitions Bulletin

          

           
e-Competitions Bulletin


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e-Competitions Bulletin

           

           
e-Competitions Bulletin



e-Competitions Bulletin


         
        e-Competitions Bulletin


         
          

e-Competitions Bulletin


           
European Integration online Papers 


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    Expedia   Expedia Inc. Autorit de la
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23
 Detectarea Cartelurilor prin Metode Analitice


Florin Andrei92
Mihail Buu93

Rezumat
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Cuvinte cheie


 

1. Introducere

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2. Studii teoretice de detectare a comportamentelor anticoncureniale

           

           

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24
 Detecting Cartels through Analytical Methods


Florin Andrei92
Mihail Buu93


Abstract
        


            



           
         
         


Keywords
        





1. Introduction

           

           
              
          



2. Theoretical studies on the detection of anticompetitive behaviours

           



                 
the first-price sealed auction


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3. Exemple de aplicare a metodelor analitice de depistare a cartelurilor

3.1. Depistarea licitaiilor trucate bazate pe evenimente improbabile


           
            

               



  
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3. Practice examples of analytical methods used for detecting cartels

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25
 f            
                


3.2. Metode analitice bazate pe preuri i informaia costurilor

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Graficul nr. 1.

6

5
Pre mediu
4
Cost mediu
3

1
concuren coluziune
0

Pret vanzare Cost


Sursa: prelucrari proprii

           

            



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Tabelul nr.1.
Statistici Concuren Coluziune Diferene
Pre   
   
   
   

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3.2. Analytical methods based on prices and cost information

             



Figure 1.

6

5 Average price

4
Average Cost
3

2
Competition Collusion
1

Selling price Cost


Source: Own processing


            
              

            

            







26
 Cost   
   
   
   


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3.3. Depistarea nelegerilor asupra coordonrii preurilor de vnzare
                

            


                


              

               


Graficul nr. 2.             


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0,25
dev. std.

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medie

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VXQWPDLGHSUWDWHIDGHYDORDUHDPHGLH

27
Table 1. 
   

   
   
   

  
  
   
   
   
   


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coefficient94

3.3. Detecting the agreements on sales prices coordination


            
            




             


                

            
            

              




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3.4. Analiza evoluiei cotelor de pia

           




Tabelul nr.2
Cota de pia %
2010 2011 2012 2013
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Graficul nr. 3.

100%
90%
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50%
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30%
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10%
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2010 2011 2012 2013

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28
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0,3

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Source: own processing

               


           

              
            
           


3.4. The analysis of market shares evolution

        

             


Table 2.
Market share %

2010 2011 2012 2013

    

    

    


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4. Concluzii
        
            




            








ACKNOWLEDGMENT
         

         



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Figure 3. 
100%
90%
80%
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60% Undertaking D
50%
Undertaking C
40%
Undertaking B
30%
20% Undertaking A
10%
0%
2010 2011 2012 2013

Source: own processing







4. Conclusions



         


          
             
           


 

            



29
 Bibliografie

        Deciding between competition and collusion  


 

 
 
           
 

            

              
 
             






30
Acknowledgement

         

            
 



References
           

            

 
 
         
 



            
 
           


         
 


30
 Indicele Agregat de Presiune Concurenial
o versiune nou i mbuntit

Radu A. Pun*
Paul Prisecaru**
Rezumat


           
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 The Aggregate Index of Competitive Pressure
a new and improved version

Radu A. Pun*
Paul Prisecaru**
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Figure 1. Points awarded based on the importance of factors

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0.5
0 0
A (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F (6) G (7)
Category A+ Category A Category B Category C


3. AICP application on 21 industries in the national economy


             
 
             
             


34
 Figura 2. Aplicarea IAPC asupra a 21 de industrii din economia naional n anul 2014
0% 20% 40% 60%
53%
Servicii de arhitectura 53%
52%
50%
Distributie piese de schimb pentru autovehicule 49%
48%
49%
Servicii publice de salubrizare 51%
49%
47%
Distributie autoturisme 46%
47%
46%
Productie de medicamente 48%
48%
43%
Retail alimentar - aprovizionare 43%
43%
42%
Servicii de retransmisie a programelor audiovizuale 43%
44%
42%
Retail alimentar - comercializare 41%
41%
40%
Asigurare de viata 40%
40%
37%
Asigurare facultativa auto 37%
35%
36% V4
Constructie de drumuri si autostrazi 37%
36% V2
36%
Distributie en-gross de medicamente 38% V1
39%
36%
Servicii de telefonie mobila 36%
38%
35%
Servicii de acces la infrastructura aeroportuara 38%
41%
35%
Distributie retail de carburanti 36%
38%
34%
Asigurare de raspundere civila auto 34%
35%
33%
Distributie en-gross de GPL aragaz 34%
36%
32%
Transport feroviar de marfa 33%
36%
31%
Transport feroviar de calatori 32%
33%
28%
Servicii notariale 28%
28%
25%
Productie si comercializare ciment 26%
27%
Industrii ordonate n funcie de versiunea V4 a IAPC

               




             
B






             

35

Figure 2. Application of AICP on 21 industries in the national economy in 2014
0% 20% 40% 60%
53%
Architecture services 53%
52%
50%
Distribution of auto parts 49%
48%
49%
Public sanitation services 51%
49%
47%
Wholesale distribution of cars 46%
47%
46%
Production of drugs 48%
48%
43%
Food retail - supply side 43%
43%
42%
Retransmission of audiovisual programmes 43%
44%
42%
Food retail - distribution side 41%
41%
41%
Life insurance 41%
41%
37%
Motor hull insurance 37%
35%
36% V4
Construction of roads and highways 37%
36% V2
36%
Wholesale distribution of drugs 38% V1
39%
36%
Mobile telecommunication services 36%
38%
35%
Airport infrastructure access services 38%
41%
35%
Retail fuel distribution 36%
38%
34%
Motor third-party liability insurance 34%
35%
33%
Distribution of LPG tanks for stove use 34%
36%
32%
Railway freight transportation 33%
36%
31%
Railway passenger transportation 32%
33%
28%
Notary services 28%
28%
25%
Production and sale of cement 26%
27%

Industries ordered by the V4 version of the AICP

              




            


35
          



B             
             


           
               
             
            



B
            


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36
 Figura 3. Aplicarea IAPC (V4) asupra a 21 de industrii din economia naional, 2013-2014
0% 20% 40% 60%

53%
Servicii de arhitectura
52%
50%
Distributie piese de schimb pentru autovehicule
51%
49%
Servicii publice de salubrizare
49%
47%
Distributie autoturisme
49%
46%
Productie de medicamente
46%
43%
Retail alimentar - aprovizionare
43%
42%
Servicii de retransmisie a programelor audiovizuale
42%
42%
Retail alimentar - comercializare
42%
40%
Asigurare de viata
41%
37%
Asigurare facultativa auto
36%
2014
36%
Constructie de drumuri si autostrazi
35% 2013
36%
Distributie en-gross de medicamente
36%
36%
Servicii de telefonie mobila
33%
35%
Servicii de acces la infrastructura aeroportuara
35%
35%
Distributie retail de carburanti
34%
34%
Asigurare de raspundere civila auto
34%
33%
Distributie en-gross de GPL aragaz
33%
32%
Transport feroviar de marfa
32%
31%
Transport feroviar de calatori
31%
28%
Servicii notariale
28%
25%
Productie si comercializare ciment Q1=34% Q3=46%
24%

Industrii ordonate n funcie de rezultatele IAPC (V4) din anul 2014



4. Concluzii
            
          
              
cartel screening



37
 Figure 3. The application of AICP (V4) on 21 industries in the national economy, 2013-2014
0% 20% 40% 60%

53%
Architecture services
52%
50%
Distribution of auto parts
51%
49%
Public sanitation services
49%
47%
Wholesale distribution of cars
49%
46%
Production of drugs
46%
43%
Food retail - supply side
43%
42%
Retransmission of audiovisual programmes
42%
42%
Food retail - distribution side
42%
41%
Life insurance
42%
37%
Motor hull insurance
36%
2014
36%
Construction of roads and highways
35% 2013
36%
Wholesale distribution of drugs
36%
36%
Mobile telecommunication services
33%
35%
Airport infrastructure access services
35%
35%
Retail fuel distribution
34%
34%
Motor third-party liability insurance
34%
33%
Distribution of LPG tanks for stove use
33%
32%
Railway freight transportation
32%
31%
Railway passenger transportation
31%
28%
Notary services
28%
25%
Production and sale of cement Q1=34% Q3=46%
24%

Industries ordered by the AICP results (V4) of 2014




4. Conclusions
             
          
             


37
            
            
              
             
               
               




             
            
            


38
              


           
             




              

         

         






38
 Analiza sectoarelor de activitate frecvent intalnite
n operaiunile publice de preluare in Romania


Radu Ciobanu
Academia de Studii Economice din Bucureti


Rezumat

             
              
              


            
             
           
             


Cuvinte cheie
           


JEL Classification


1.Introducere
 B
                  

B
            

 
            

            
            



           

            
            

            

39
 The analysis of the industries usually found
in takeover bids in Romania

Radu Ciobanu
Bucharest University of Economic Studies - ASE

Abstract
              
             

              
             






Keywords
         


JEL Classification



1.Introduction
             


             


        
             

 
          



           

            

             




39
 

           
             



2.Literatura de specialitate
B
            






          


            



B            
             

          
              

              
        B    
           


B
              

           
           
             B   

              
            B
             


3. Baza de date, rezultate i discuii



40
 
             



2.Literature review

            
          
          
          
            

             


             
             




          
          
 



               
           

            




              


            


             


3. Databases, results and discussion
            
                

40
 

                

           
             
             
             
              
               
           
  B          


Tabel 1. Top 5 sectoare de activitate din punctul de vedere al fuziunilor i achiziiilor

Numrul de M&As ntre 2005-
Sector (companie achiziionat)
2014
   


 
 
     


 


B            
            

             


             

               



               


            

B
            

            


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41
          

           

             

Andrade et al., 2001)
                

             



Table 1. Top 5 industries based on merger activity

Major sector (target) Number of M&As during 2005-
2014
  
 
 
 
   
 
 
 


             




               
            
              





           

           

               



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LQIRUPDWLRQRQFRPSDQLHV

41
              
              
B
               
          
               
           


Tabel 2. Numrul de oferte publice de cumprare i preluare pe piaa de capital
romneasc ntre anii 2000 i 2014

Numrul de oferte de Numrul de oferte de cumprare
Anul
cumprare i preluare i preluare ncheiate cu succes
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Total 1433 181


 
        B       
              
            





 Table 3. Numrul de oferte publice de cumprare i preluare reuite i nereuite
pe secoare de activitate

Numrul de Probabilitatea
oferte ca oferta
Sector de activitate
publice public s fie
reuite reuit
  
  

42
           

                

 





Table 2. Number of Public Purchase Offers and Tender Offers on the Romanian
Capital Markets between 2000 and 2014

Takeover bids with successful
Year Takeover bids
transfer of the controlling position
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Total 1433 181




             


             



 Table 3. The number of successful and unsuccessful takeover bids

displayed by industry

The
Number of
probability
Industry successful
of success in
takeovers
a takeover
  

42
   
  
  
  
  
 
    

  
  
  
  
Total 181 

              

             

             
           



 

              

              

            
               




4.Concluzii
            
                 

            









43
   
  
  
  
  
  
 
 

  
  
  
  
Total market 181 

 
           
             


 

              
            

 
           
               
            

             


              


4.Conclusions
          
             

             

             


           

             

43
 



Acknowledgment
          
Q       
       



References


New Evidence and Perspectives
on Mergers 
         
Journal of Accounting and Economics
            
Journal of Banking & Finance

            
The Czech Journal Of Economics And Finance
(Finance A vr)2013,
 

    Review of Financial Studies    

         The impact of industry shocks on
takeover and restructuring activity -  
          
Journal of Financial Economics
             
 International Journal of Industrial Organization   



44






Acknowledgment
          
       




References


         New Evidence and
Perspectives on Mergers         

        
Journal of Accounting and Economics
            
      Journal of Banking &
Finance
           
       The Czech Journal Of
Economics And Finance (Finance A vr)2013,
        
 
     Review of Financial Studies

 The impact of industry shocks on
takeover and restructuring activity -  
          
Journal of Financial Economics
   
International Journal of Industrial Organization



44
 Efectele concureniale ale integrrilor verticale

Drd. Ioan Lucian Alexa

Drd. Georgiana Oana Moraru

Rezumat


B
          
    B         
           
           


Introducere



            



             
           


Referine teoretice

             



B  g           

   g          







            

           

             
           


45
 The competitive effects of vertical integration

Phd. Candidate Ioan Lucian Alexa

Phd. Candidate Georgiana Oana Moraru


Abstract


               


            
             


Introduction







           


Theoretical references





            

            

          

             



            


45
 


 

B                




           
           

             
             
                 
               


B



         


            


B

         









 

           
               





46

             




 




          
            

            
           
            

             



            
           


            
         
             
             
           


                
              
            

             
              
           


           


 







46
  

          
          
             

             



Studii de caz


            
          


Philips i Intermagnetics.





B               
        




B
            



            

 


 
B            
             
           

            

              


B            


47
  

          

            

           

            


Case studies

             
           


Philips and Intermagnetics.







            
            



            
           






              


              
                

              





                


47
 Evraz i Highveld




              





             
             
           
             




           
               


            

             
          B  
            
          


B



            


          





Concluzii

B
             
          


 

48



Evraz and Highveld




          
            







              
           
          
             







               
           


              



         
           








            



48
  
           



             
              
            


Bibliografie

      
      


  


          


           


           
 

            
 

             


49
Conclusions

              
            
            


 
 
 

              
               
           



References

      
    


           





          




 

           
 


             


49
 Ce este gun-jumping-ul i cum l putem evita?

Ana Maria Udrite

Rezumat





            



Cuvinte cheie

      


I. Introducere

B
                 

              


              
          
        B  





             


B      de exemplu 
            
           

         




50
 What is gun-jumping and how can we avoid it?

Ana Maria Udrite

Abstract

The following article is not meant to be an exhaustive presentation of the gun-jumping

phenomenon, but wishes to bring to light a subject of high interest during the last period
of time. Although mergers and acquisitions record a significant increase over the last 10
years on the Romanian legal market, permitted and prohibited conduct during this
operation remains in shadow. With a lacunar EU legal framework on this issue, the parties
find themselves in an awkward situation: what are they allowed to do for the
implementation of a merger, without affecting the competitive environment?

Keywords



I. Introduction


                

                



         
          


            
         
          


        
          

            
            
              
          


50
             
             


 Gun-jumping

Ce este gun-jumpingul?



 

 

               
           

               
              


              
  de exemplu,       



      B    
         




         
         

B


              




          
              
            
              




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51
           
           


 Gun-jumping

What is gun-jumping?



 

 

           
         
        
           



          
             
            

             
           
           




            
            

             
              
              



              
          

             


            



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51
 
              



B
         
 Regulamentul CE        
           
 B             
 


 B
            
Legea concurenei

             
          


Care sunt situaiile ce dau natere fenomenului de gun-jumping?

B               


1. Analiza de tip due-dilligence


          
           



         
              



           
 
           


2. Restriciile de natur contractual cu privire la investiii i cheltuieli

             

            



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52




 
           





 
             
         
          
Competition Act



           



What are the situations that raise the phenomenon of gun-jumping?




1. Due diligence



          
         


          
 




            



2. Contractual restrictions on investments and expenses


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52
 




 

3. Marketing-ul comun al tranzaciei i alte activiti desfurate n comun

           





Care este comportamentul permis i nepermis al prilor?

              


x B

x         


x 
           


            

           



           
            

            
            
B
              
            


Probleme de cod rou

          

     B       
       per se    


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53
            

             


        
          
         
            
            
 

3. Joint marketing transaction and other activities carried out jointly

             
         

          


What is the allowed and prohibited behavior of the parties?

 


x           


x           


x          
            


            





            
            
               

           
             
             



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53
                





          

controlul decurge din
drepturi, contracte sau orice alte elemente care, fiecare n parte ori luate mpreun i innd
seama de circumstanele de fapt sau de drept, confer posibilitatea de a exercita o influen
determinant asupra unei ntreprinderi. 

           


B
             

               

         
           
             



             


Probleme de cod galben

 

         
          
          
           
             


B            
         



           



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54
 Red code issues

             
            

per se
            
            
           





             
            


                
            



              
            
                
          


                

            
         


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54
 


Ce sunt informaiile sensibile?

         

             
B
         

               
         
           
           
    B     
             
             



 


            
            










            
           
            
          


            


          
              
          




55
          
       
            



          



What is sensitive information?

        
         
          




        
        
          
        
          

            


 


           
           



           

           
           
            




             
           


           


55
 
          


        


 


ntlnirea comun
modificrile aduse comportamentului de afaceri    


B
            
B
           

        B     
             B

             
 B          


             






            
B
            


Probleme de cod verde

          
             


             

         
         
        


            
          

56
 
            
          

             


            
          
           
          


 

           
             




         
           
           
 
             
            
              

        
            
           




          
            
            

             
           



Green code issues




           
           

56
         
         


B
               

           
           


A. Comportament permis anterior finalizrii tranzaciei



x             
            


x 


x             
        


x 
             
              
             


x 
             
           





B. Comportamentul interzis anterior finalizrii tranzaciei

B


x 
           


x 



x 

57
          
          










               

           


A. Permitted behavior before the closing of the transaction



x 
          


x           
          


x           

           


x          
          
            
             


x 
        
            
           




B. Prohibited behavior before the closing of the transaction

i.e


57
 x 
        
          


x 


x 

          


x            


              


x             


             
 B            


Schimburi cu risc sczut. B          






Schimburi ce implic o supraveghere minim.     

          
           

              


Schimburi ce implic o supraveghere moderat.     


             

          
           
          
             


Schimburi ce implic supraveghere semnificativ.      

             
            
       

58
 x          
           


x          



x 

x           
           



x             
            


x          
            
        


x 




x 



              
           


Low risk exchanges



            


Exchanges involving minimal supervision     

          
          

             


Exchanges involving moderate supervision     

        

58
 
            
             
              
            


III. Sanciuni

                





             
Instruciunilor privind individualizarea sanciunilor pentru contraveniile prevzute
la art. 51 din Legea Concurenei


             
         
           





x            


x           


x           


x           


               
            


              
     de facto     
B

                



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59
            
           





Exchanges involving significant supervision      

         
            
            
            
         
            



III. Penalties

                


               


             
     
      


          
            
        





x 


x            


x             


x             


59
 
               
           
             


IV. Concluzii

            
             
                
            





 Bibliografie

 

          


 

 

 

          
 


 

  



&DX]D7Electrabel v. Comisia European.

60




            
            
           
            
              
           

               
             



IV. Conclusions

           



            



V. References

 


         


  

 

 

 



 

  



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&DVH7Electrabel v. Commission.

60
 Ajutorul de stat i procesul concurenial de pia

Emil Duhnea
Master Dreptul Afacerilor, Facultatea de Drept,
Universitatea Bucureti


Rezumat

B           
          
             
 B

            
              

            


            

       B   



Cuvinte cheie



           


           
           
             



              

            


61
 State aid and the competitive market process

Emil Duhnea
Master Dreptul Afacerilor, Facultatea de Drept,
Universitatea Bucureti


Abstract

            

 
               





              
            



            



Keywords






          
 
           




           

            

61
               

B
           
           
           
           
            
           


            
         
          
          



            
            

             
            



B
               
poate 
            
ajutoarele acordate de state sau prin intermediul resurselor de
stat, sub orice form, care denatureaz sau amenin s denatureze concurena prin favorizarea
anumitor ntreprinderi sau a producerii anumitor bunuri, n msura n care acestea afecteaz
schimburile comerciale dintre statele membre.    
 
           


          
B
 





&Servizi Ausiliari Dottori Commercialisti, SDUD&3Chronopost and La Poste v UFEX and
OthersSDUD

&DVHItalian Republic v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

62


            



           

        
        


           
         

        












               
may 
             
        any aid granted by a
Member State or through State resources in any form whatsoever which distorts or
threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of
certain goods, in so far as it affects trade between Member State   
 








 
              



&Servizi Ausiliari Dottori Commercialisti, SDUD&3Chronopost and La Poste v
UFEX and OthersSDUD

&DVHItalian Republic v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

62
                  
diminueaz cheltuielile care sunt
n mod normal cuprinse de bugetul unei ntreprinderi i care, fr a fi aadar subvenii n
nelesul strict al cuvntului, sunt similare n caracter i au acelai efect
           
          
          
          

           


            
             
           
    sau        


           Stardust Marine 
            
             

dedus dintr-o serie de indicatori ivii n circumstanele speei i n contextul n
care msura a fost luat B          
 ,
          

         
          o implicare de ctre
autoritile publice n adoptarea unei msuri sau improbabilitatea neimplicrii acestora, avnd
n vedere i amploarea msurii, coninutul acesteia sau condiiile pe care le presupune

            


             


             
             
             



&DVHDe Gezamenlijke Steenkolenmijnen in Limburg v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel
CommunitySDUD

&DVH&French Republic v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

-RLQHGFDVHVDQG Kwekerij Gebroeders van der Kooy BV and others v Commission of the European
Communities

63


mitigate the charges which are normally included in the budget
of an undertaking and which, without, therefore, being subsidies in the strict meaning of
the word, are similar in character and have the same effect


           

             



               

or 
          
             
               
 Stardust Marine118 

            
         inferred from a set of
indicators arising from the circumstances of the case and the context in which that
measure was taken             

            

            

an
involvement by the public authorities in the adoption of a measure or the unlikelihood of
their not being involved, having regard also to the compass of the measure, its content or
the conditions which it contains 




                

            
            
          



&DVHDe Gezamenlijke Steenkolenmijnen in Limburg v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel
CommunitySDUD

&DVH&French Republic v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

-RLQHGFDVHVDQG Kwekerij Gebroeders van der Kooy BV and others v Commission of the
European Communities

63
 Stardust Marine 
                

              
          
           




            constituie o povar adiional pentru
stat

nu reclama vreun transfer direct sau indirect de resurse statale ctre acele ntreprinderi
ci deriv numai din intenia legiuitorului de a prevedea un cadru legislativ specific pentru
raporturile de munc dintre angajatori i angajai i de a evita impunerea asupra acelor
ntreprinderi a unor constrngeri financiare care ar putea mpiedica dezvoltarea lor 
             
            




              
             
B

              
            




             
              
              
per se

           


-RLQHGFDVHV&DQG&Firma Sloman Neptun Schiffahrts AG v Seebetriebsrat Bodo Ziesemer der
Sloman Neptun Schiffahrts AGSDUD

&DVH&Petra Kirsammer-Hack v Nurhan SidalSDUD

-RLQHGFDVHV&&DQG&Epifanio Viscido, Mauro Scandella and Others, and Massimiliano
Terragnolo and Others v Ente Poste Italiane.

&DVHMinistre public du Kingdom of the Netherlands v Jacobus Philippus van Tiggele

&DVH&PreussenElektra AG v Schhleswag AG, in the presence of Windpark Reuenkge III GmbH and
Land Schleswig-HolsteinSDUD

64
 Stardust Marine
              


            
           
           
               
         

           
             
     constitute an additional burden for the state120  

          
        entail any direct or indirect
transfer of state resources to those businesses but derives solely from the legislatures
intention to provide a specific legislative framework for working relationships between
employers and employees and to avoid imposing on those businesses financial constraints
which might hinder their development121
         
           
              



              

            
            

              

           
              



               

per se              

             

-RLQHGFDVHV&DQG&Firma Sloman Neptun Schiffahrts AG v Seebetriebsrat Bodo Ziesemer der
Sloman Neptun Schiffahrts AGSDUD

&DVH&Petra Kirsammer-Hack v Nurhan SidalSDUD

-RLQHGFDVHV&&DQG&Epifanio Viscido, Mauro Scandella and Others, and
Massimiliano Terragnolo and Others v Ente Poste Italiane.

&DVHMinistre public du Kingdom of the Netherlands v Jacobus Philippus van Tiggele

&DVH&PreussenElektra AG v Schhleswag AG, in the presence of Windpark Reuenkge III GmbH
and Land Schleswig-HolsteinSDUD

64
 

         
          justificat de faptul c alte
state membre de asemenea nu i ndeplinesc 


            

              

            
            

nu depinde
aadar de caracterul local sau regional al serviciilor furnizate sau de scara domeniului de
activitate vizat           



nsi nu particip n activiti transfrontaliere       

oferta interna poate fi meninut sau sporit ntreprinderile stabilite n alte State Membre
au anse mai mici de a-i exporta produsele ctre piaa acelui Stat Membru   
nu este imposibil ca ajutorul pentru export s afecteze comerul
intra-Comunitate

B

Borice entitate
angajat n activiti economice, indiferent de statutul legal al entitii i de maniera n care
este finanat, cuvntul anumite indic faptul c ajutorul este marcat de o component
discriminatorie, conferind un avantaj ntreprinderilor n mod selectiv, spre exemplu celor
angajate n producia de bunuri n comparaie cu alte ntreprinderi care sunt ntr-o situaie
legal i faptic care este comparabil n lumina obiectivului urmrit de ctre msura n cauz,
cum ar fi furnizorii de servicii; nu este o aprare pentru stat s arate c un numr mare de


&DVHPhilip Morris Holland BV v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD&DVH7
Confederacin Espaola de Transporte de Mercancas (CETM) v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

-RLQHGFDVHVDQGKingdom of the Netherlands and Leeuwarder Papierwarenfabriek BV v Commission of
the European CommunitiesSDUD

&DVHSteinike & Weinlig v Federal Republic of GermanySDUD

&DVH&Altmark Trans GmbH and Regierungsprsidium Magdeburg v Nahverkehrsgesellschaft Altmark
GmbH, and Oberbundesanwalt beim BundesverwaltungsgerichtSDUDSDUD

&DVH7SDUD&DVHFrench Republic v. Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD
UHVSHFWLY

&DVH&Kingdom of Belgium v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUDDQGWKHIROORZLQJ

&DVH&Klaus Hfner and Fritz Elser v Macrotron GmbHSDUD

65



justified by the fact
that other member states are also failing to fulfil     


          
            
               



           

does not therefore depend on the
local or regional character of the  services supplied or on the scale of the field of
activity concerned128
             
              

 does not itself participate in crossborder activities    
           
 internal supply may be maintained or increased  undertakings established in
other Member States have less chance of exporting their products to the market in that
Member Stateit is not impossible for export
aid to affect intra-Community trade130


             
           every entity
engaged in an economic activity, regardless of the legal status of the entity and the way in
which it is financed, the word certain indicates that the aid has a component marked
by discrimination, conferring an advantage only to select undertakings, for example those
involved in the production of goods, in comparison with other undertakings which are in a
legal and factual situation that is comparable in the light of the objective pursued by the
measure in question, such as service providers; it is no defense for the state to show that a


&DVHPhilip Morris Holland BV v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD&DVH7
Confederacin Espaola de Transporte de Mercancas (CETM) v Commission of the European
CommunitiesSDUD

-RLQHGFDVHVDQGKingdom of the Netherlands and Leeuwarder Papierwarenfabriek BV v
Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

&DVHSteinike & Weinlig v Federal Republic of GermanySDUD

&DVH&Altmark Trans GmbH and Regierungsprsidium Magdeburg v Nahverkehrsgesellschaft
Altmark GmbH, and Oberbundesanwalt beim BundesverwaltungsgerichtSDUDSDUD

&DVH7SDUD&DVHFrench Republic v. Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD
UHVSHFWLYHO\

&DVH&Kingdom of Belgium v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUDDQGWKHIROORZLQJ

&DVH&Klaus Hfner and Fritz Elser v Macrotron GmbHSDUD

65
 ntreprinderi dintr-o varietate de sectoare ale economiei beneficiaz de pe urma msurii, i
aceasta nu pune la ndoial natura selectiv a msurii.

Aceast ultim condiie a prilejuit discuii i dificulti n domeniul msurilor de stat din
domeniul fiscal, determinnd Comisia s elaboreze o comunicare privind aplicarea normelor
privind ajutorul de stat n cazul msurilor referitoare la impozitarea direct a activitilor
economice. Comisia arat c n aplicarea regulilor referitoare la ajutorul de stat msurilor
fiscale, mai nti ar trebui determinat sistemul de impozitare comun i apoi ar trebui examinat
msura pentru a decide dac exceptarea sau diferenierea, i.e. tratamentul special, pe care o
acord anumitor ntreprinderi este justificat de natura sau aranjamentul general al sistemului
fiscal, derivnd direct din principiile de baz sau cluzitoare ale sistemului fiscal. Un exemplu
facil al justificrii de ctre natura sau aranjamentul general al sistemului fiscal este statutul
fundaiilor sau asociaiilor non-profit scutite de impozit. Regula stabilirii unui standard fa de
care msura s fie testat se bazeaz pe reguli naintate de ctre Curte care arat c o msur
constituie ajutor dac, cznd asupra unor ntreprinderi sau sectoare economice particulare,
excepteaz parial acele ntreprinderi de la costul financiar rezultat din aplicarea normal a
sistemului general de impozitare pretins de lege. Testul este completat de posibilitatea pentru
statul membru s justifice natura diferenial a unei msuri pe baza unei motivaii economice
care o face necesar funcionrii i eficacitii sistemului fiscal. Spre exemplu, introducerea unei
cote mai ridicate de impozitare a primei de asigurare n contractele de asigurare ale anumitor
dispozitive electrocasnice, care anterior erau supuse unei cote standard, a fost gsit a fi o
msur justificat de natura i aranjamentul general al sistemului naional de impozitare
ntruct acoperea o lacun a legii prin intermediul creia vnztorii de electrocasnice mutau
preul de vnzare mai mult asupra asigurrii dect asupra produsului n sine pentru a se eschiva
de la plata cotei mai ridicate de TVA.

Definirea corect a pieei relevante n dreptul concurenei este cauza multor dezbateri
privitoare la constatarea unei posibile nclcri a reglementrilor concureniale i este prin
urmare cel mai important punct de plecare ntr-un astfel de caz. n mod asemntor, n
examinarea selectivitii unei msuri de ajutor de stat n domeniul politicilor fiscale, stabilirea
standardului sau etalonului n relaie cu care msura va fi judecat este un efort ndeosebi de
delicat, dar esenial. La fel cum restrngerea pieei relevante poate face ca orice ntreprindere s
dein o poziie dominant, spre exemplu, tot astfel restrngerea sistemului fiscal de referin
poate face o msur s par non-selectiv: n consecin, pentru a identifica ce anume constituie
un avantaj n considerarea jurisprudenei pe Ajutorul de stat, este imperativ s fie determinat
punctul de referin n sistemul din cauz n legtur cu care acel avantaj va fi comparat
B
           

            


&DVH&Adria-Wien Pipeline GmbH and Wietersdorfer & Peggauer Zementwerke GmbH v
Finanzlandesdirektion fr KrntenSDUDSDUD&DVH& Kingdom of Spain v Commission of the European
CommunitiesSDUD

&RPXQLFDUHD&RPLVLHLSULYLQGDSOLFDUHDQRUPHORUSULYLQGDMXWRUXOGHVWDWvQFD]XOPVXULORUUHIHULWRDUHOD
LPSR]LWDUHDGLUHFWDDFWLYLWLORUHFRQRPLFH

&DVHItalian Republic v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

&DVH&GIL Insurance Ltd and Others v Commissioners of Customs & ExciseSDUD

&DVH7Salzgitter AG v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

66
large number of undertakings from various sectors of the economy benefit from the
measure, and this does not call into question the selective nature of the measure.

This last condition occasioned some discussions and difficulties in the area of state fiscal
measures, prompting the Commission to give a Notice on the application of state aid rules
to measures relating to direct business taxation. The Commission shows that in applying
state aid rules to fiscal measures, the common taxation system applicable should first be
determined and then the measure should be examined to decide whether the exception or
differentiation, i.e. the special treatment, it provides for certain undertakings is justified by
the nature or general scheme of the tax system, deriving directly from the basic or guiding
principles of the tax system. An easy example of justification by the nature or general
scheme of the tax system is the tax exempt status of non-profit making foundations or
associations. The rule of setting a standard against which the measure is tested draws on
rules set forth by the Court which show that a measure constitutes aid if, devolving upon
particular undertakings or a particular economic sector, it partially exempts those
undertakings from the financial charge arising from the normal application of the general
system of taxation imposed by law. The test is completed by the possibility for the
member state to justify the differential nature of a measure on an economic rationale that
makes it necessary to the functioning and effectiveness of the tax system. For example, the
introduction of a higher rate of insurance premium tax on certain domestic appliance
insurance contracts, which were previously subject to a standard rate, was found to be
justified by the nature and general scheme of the national system of taxation because it
closed a legal loophole through which appliance suppliers loaded their prices onto
insurance rather than the product itself in order to escape the higher rate VAT. 

The correct definition of the relevant market in competition law occasions much debate
in determining a possible violation of competition regulations and is thus the most
important starting point of any such case. Similarly, in examining the selectivity of a state
aid measure in the realm of fiscal policies, determining the standard or benchmark in
reference to which the measure is judged is a most delicate, but essential, effort. Just as
narrowing down the relevant market can make any undertaking hold a dominant position,
for example, so can narrowing down the referential tax system make any measure seem
non-selective: Consequently, in order to identify what constitutes an advantage as
contemplated in the case-law on State aid, it is imperative to determine the reference point
in the scheme in question against which that advantage is to be compared136 Returning to
a case mentioned above, a tax scheme favourable to the production of goods, but not
applicable to undertakings providing services, can be argued to be non-selective if the
reference system excludes provision of services; and even though this may at first glance
seem reasonable, since undertakings that produce goods and undertakings that provide
services are not in legal and factual situations that are readily comparable, the Court
adopted a broader system of reference in which both kinds of undertakings were included.
This more prudent type of approach should also be taken when dealing with relevant
market definitions.

&DVH&Adria-Wien Pipeline GmbH and Wietersdorfer & Peggauer Zementwerke GmbH v
Finanzlandesdirektion fr KrntenSDUDSDUD&DVH& Kingdom of Spain v Commission of the
European CommunitiesSDUD

&RPPLVVLRQ1RWLFHRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH6WDWHDLGUXOHVWRPHDVXUHVUHODWLQJWRGLUHFWEXVLQHVVWD[DWLRQ
>@2-&

&DVHItalian Republic v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

&DVH&GIL Insurance Ltd and Others v Commissioners of Customs & ExciseSDUD

&DVH7Salzgitter AG v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

66
              
              




               
              



are, dintr-un punct de vedere constituional, un statut politic i
administrativ separat de acela al guvernului centralfr ca
guvernul central s poate interveni n mod direct      B 
    urmrile financiare a unei reduceri a cotei naionale de
impozitare pentru ntreprinderile din regiune nu trebuie compensate de asisten sau subvenii
din partea altor regiuni sau guvernului central       


asume consecinele politice i financiare ale unei astfel
de msuri. Nu trebuie s existe vreun stimulent extern care s motiveze autoritatea intra-
statal s reduce impozitele pur i simplu deoarece repercusiunile msurii, n special cele
bugetare, sunt suportate sau acoperite de ctre alte autoriti.

Am vzut aadar condiiile n care o msur public ar putea fi considerat ajutor de stat,
precum i unele consideraii succinte cu privire la motivele pentru care ajutorul de stat este
interzis de ctre lege. Ar fi de asemenea util de avut n vedere de ce anume asemenea msuri de
stat nu ar trebui experimentate indiferent de legalitatea lor. Va s zic, dac exceptrile ar fi
mult mai cuprinztoare sau nivelul de minimis        


           permitem

            

           



dac de
ce 
        aa cum i-ar dori ei    


&DVH&Portuguese Republic v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

&RPPLVVLRQ5HJXODWLRQ(&1RRI'HFHPEHURQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI$UWLFOHVDQGRIWKH
7UHDW\WRde minimisDLG

5VSXQVXOGHVLJXUHVWHFDD]LVXOHHFGHSLDQXHVWHMXGHFDWvQFRPSDUDLHFXDUDQMDPHQWHLQVWLWXLRQDOHVDX
VROXLLDOWHUQDWLYHSRVLELOHFLvQFRPSDUDLHFXHURDUHDORJLFDXQHLQRUPHLGHDOHLLPDJLQDUHvQFHHDFH+DUROG
'HPVHW]QXPHDRDERUGDUHGHWLSQLUYDQD

67
 Selectivity in the matter of taxation measures can also come in the form of geographic
or regional policies, and the Court has established a test with which to assess whether a
fiscal measure that is regional in scope is selective or not. Three conditions regarding
institutional, procedural and economic autonomy must be cumulatively proven in order to
show that a regional taxation measure is not selective. Thus, a measure can be regarded as
having been adopted by a local or regional authority in the exercise of sufficiently
autonomous powers if that authority has, from a constitutional point of view, a political
and administrative status separate from that of the central government, and the adoption
process operated without the central government being able to directly intervene as
regards the content of the measure. Lastly, economic autonomy means that the financial
consequences of a reduction of the national tax rate for undertakings in the region must
not be offset by aid or subsidies from other regions or central government. Taken together,
these conditions make it mandatory for the infra-state body to have the competence to
reduce the tax rate in a particular region independent of any considerations related to the
conduct of the central government, and that in addition that body assumes the political
and financial consequences of such a measure137. There must not be any outside incentives
that motivate the infra-state body to reduce taxes simply because the measures
repercussions, especially budgetary ones, are borne or covered by other bodies. 



             
              de
minimis 
             
             
 allow 
              
           

            



           if 
why
the way they want it to
prima facie 
            
           
              

            



&DVH&Portuguese Republic v Commission of the European CommunitiesSDUD

&RPPLVVLRQ5HJXODWLRQ(&1RRI'HFHPEHURQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI$UWLFOHVDQG
RIWKH7UHDW\WRde minimisDLG

7KHDQVZHURIFRXUVHLVWKDWWKHVRFDOOHGIDLOXUHRIWKHPDUNHWLVQRWMXGJHGLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKSRVVLEOH
DOWHUQDWLYHLQVWLWXWLRQDODUUDQJHPHQWVRUVROXWLRQVEXWDJDLQVWWKHORJLFDOIDOODF\RIDQLGHDODQGLPDJLQDU\
QRUPLQZKDW+DUROG'HPVHW]FDOOHGDQLUYDQDDSSURDFK

67
 prima facie 


      B           


              
                 
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pierderilor
             
            


            
          
         
             
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69
              
           

          
              
          
              
             
             
            
             

           


               
             
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           i pierderi B 

               


70





            

          
          


          
             



           
             


             
             
             allowed to



         and loss   
               
            




 Additional chapter on State Aid

EU Competition Law: Text, Cases and Materials 



EU Law: Texts, Cases, and Materials 


  State aid and taxation in EU Law    

Research Handbook on European State Aid Law

   Competition and State Aid Policy in the European Community

 

     EC control of aid granted through State

resources

70
 

     Additional chapter on State Aid      EU

Competition Law: Text, Cases and Materials 


EU Law: Texts, Cases, and Materials 


  State aid and taxation in EU Law     Research

Handbook on European State Aid Law

 Competition and State Aid Policy in the European Community 

 

 EC control of aid granted through State resources



Some Reflections on the Notion of State Resources in European Community

State Aid Law  


 

Interventionism: An Economic Analysis 

   Human Action: A Treatise on Economics    



Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics 

   Man, Economy and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles 



Economics in One Lesson

The Law

71
   Some Reflections on the Notion of State Resources in European
Community State Aid Law  


 

Interventionism: An Economic Analysis 

   Human Action: A Treatise on Economics   



Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics 

   Man, Economy and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles



Economics in One Lesson

The Law

71
 Concurena i comerul online

Traian gtefnescu
Facultatea de Drept a Universitii din Bucureti,
student

Rezumat


 

B
           
           


Cuvinte cheie



1.Influena comerului online asupra concurenei n general

comerul electroniccomerul online

          

           
        


              


a) reducerea costurilor de documentare,b) impactul asupra costurilor
de distribuie, c) extinderea zonei de activitate din punct de vedere geografic, d) informaiile
asimetrice

a. Reducerea costurilor de documentare

           
            
            
           
  shopbots         


142
/LHEHU( 6\YHUVRQ&2QOLQHYVRIIOLQHFRPSHWLWLRQPeitz, M., Waldfogel

72
 Competition and online commerce

Traian gtefnescu
Student, Bucharest University, Faculty of Law


Abstract

            
            

            

            


Keywords



1. Influence of the online commerce on competition in general

             



        
          
          
          




            


 a) reduction of the documentation costs, b) impact on distribution costs, c)
geographical extent of activity area, d) asymmetric information

a. Reduction of the documentation costs

141
/LHEHU( 6\YHUVRQ&2QOLQHYVRIIOLQHFRPSHWLWLRQPeitz, M., Waldfogel

72
             


b. Impactul asupra costurilor de distribuie

          



             

            
               


             


          
          
             


B                
            




              
            

              
             



          
           


 c. Extinderea zonei de activitate din punct de vedere geografic 

          
           

               






73
              
          


         shopbots  
          
            


b. Impact on distribution costs





            
           
        
            

              
             



         


          
               
           


             
  

               
           
               



            


 c. Geographical extent of activity area

           

         
              
            

73
 d. Problema informaiilor asimetrice

          
             
          


B            

    B        
             
Doi juctori, un cumprtor i un vnztor ai unei maini uzate, trebuie
s ia o decizie. Vnztorul care ofer maina tie de la bun nceput dac aceasta este o main
bun sau nu, pe de alt parte, cumprtorul nu tie nimic despre calitatea mainii uzate. n acest
caz, informaia asimetric mpiedic piaa s ating eficiena, iar produse inferioare sunt
selectate de consumator.

              
               


2.Impactul asupra pieei relevante

2.1.Piaa produsului

             

             


B  
         

diferena de satisfacie oferit clienilor

 

 
 
 

             
           

B


143
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74
               



         



d. Asymmetric information problem

            
         
           





            
            Two
players, a buyer and a seller of a used car, must make a decision. The seller that offers the
car knows from the start if this is a good car or not, a lemon; on the other side, the buyer
doesnt know anything about the quality of the used car, except for probability
distribution. In this case, the asymmetric information prevents the market to achieve
efficiency, and inferior products are selected by the consumer.





2. Impact on relevant market

2.1. Product market

          

            





           


             

 
 
142
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143
&DVH1R,902772*5$77$1

74
               
            


B
            


             



          


             
B
            
               




             
           


          
            
 B             
            
           

  B
               
             


  B            
               



B
              
              


146
&DVH1R,90$GYHQW,QWHUQDWLRQDO(0,:+6PLWK
147
&DVH1R,90%(57(/60$11021'$'25,

75
              

              
          

           

            
         
               

          




            








              




 




              

            





             

144
&DVH1R,90%(57(/60$11+$9$6%2/
145
&DVH1R,90$GYHQW,QWHUQDWLRQDO(0,:+6PLWK
146
&DVH1R,90%(57(/60$11021'$'25,

75
 B

              
           
             
              




2.2.Piaa geografic


             
.B
            


           
         
          





           
           
            


B          
             
            
            


B          
                




3. Cele mai frecvente acorduri verticale n comerul electronic

B
               



148
&DVH1R,90BERTELSMANN /HAVAS / BOL

76
              




          
              



         

            

              
            




2.2. Geographic market

           
           
 
          
         




           

             



           

             
          


           
           

            


147
&DVH1R,90BERTELSMANN /HAVAS / BOL

76
 3.1 Restrngeri verticale privitoare la pre

 3.1.1 Acordul de paritate ntre platforme (Across-Platforms Parity Agreement)149

            
            


                
          B  




B
 
 

              



               
 


               
            
            



             

             
    B       
     Garania preului cel mai mic,     


149
3HQWUXRSUH]HQWDUHPDLSHODUJDFODX]HORUGHDFHVWIHODVHYHGHDVL2(&'9HUWLFDO5HVWUDLQWVIRU2QOLQH
6DOHV

77
 
            



 

3. The most frequent vertical agreements in electronic commerce

           

           

 

3.1. Vertical restraints regarding the price

3.1.1. Across-Platforms Parity Agreement148

          

               
          

             



            
   most favoured nation clause (MFN)     
        per se      

             
          



 
 


              





148
)RUDPRUHH[WHQGHGSUHVHQWDWLRQRIFODXVHVRIVXFKW\SHVHH2(&'9HUWLFDO5HVWUDLQWVIRU2QOLQH
6DOHV

77
 
Efectele APPA asupra concurenei


          
         
 

Posibile efecte negative


              


             

              



B
             

            
          
              
           
           
          


B

           

150
&DQ)DLU3ULFHV%H8QIDLU"$5HYLHZRI3ULFH5HODWLRQVKLS$JUHHPHQWV6HSWHPEHU

78



             
     lowest price guarantee,   



Effects of APPA on competition

          

         
  

Possible negative effects



             


           




           


149
Prices Be Unfair? A Review of Price Relationship Agreements , September 2012

78
              
            

         



3.1.2.Alte restrngeri referitoare pre



B

            
            
            B 
          
             


3.2 Restriciile verticale cu privire la alte elemente dect preul

3.2.1 Distribuia exclusiv

        
             

          
B
           


            
             
           

B


Vnzrile pasive i internetul

B              

              
             


B


79

            


              
            

 



            





           


3.1.2. Other restraints regarding the price


            
           
           


              

           


3.2 Vertical restrictions regarding elements other than the price

3.2.1. Exclusive distribution

       

               
           
             




             
           
            

79
 B



B

B


B            
                
            


Restricii inacceptabile privind vnzrile "pasive"


          


           

            
B

 


          

 




Vnzrile active si internetul

             




B              
           B    


 

Restricii acceptabile privind vnzrile "active".

          
          

80



Passive sales and the internet

               
               

             
           
              

                



              

             
            
            
        
            


Unacceptable restrictions regarding passive sales.    

            



          

             
        
            

            
             

 

           


Active sales and the internet 

          
              

80
 
               




 

           

            


          

             



3.2.2. Distribuia selectiv i interdicia general a vnzrilor on-line






           
            

            
              

 

B
B
         



            
            


           
           
      B        



81
 




            
              


Acceptable restrictions regarding active sales.



            




           
          


          

         
 
          

 


3.2.2. Selective distribution and general interdiction of online sales.






             

         
             
            
           
 


           
         
             
            

81
 3.2.3Concluzii.Regulile de concuren ale Uniunii Europene i Internetul
           
            B
            
          
            


B
           
       B    



B
           
           


BIBLIOGRAFIE





  

 

82



 

             
           



3.2.3. Conclusions. Competition rules of the European Union and the internet.
           







                



            




    
     


References






  

 


82
REVISTA ROMN DE CONCUREN /
ROMANIAN COMPETITION JOURNAL

Apare sub egida Consiliului Concurenei Romnia

Piaa Presei Libere nr. 1, sector 1, 013701, Bucureti, Romnia
E-mail: competition@consiliulconcurentei.ro

CONSILIUL TIINIFIC
Adriana Alman Universitatea din Bucureti
Mihai Berinde Universitatea din Oradea
Anca Chiri Durham Law School
Bogdan Chirioiu Universitatea din Bucureti
Anthony Collins Tribunalul General al Uniunii Europene
Sorin David Universitatea din Bucureti
Daniel Dianu coala Naional de Studii Politice i Administrative
Dalina Dumitrescu - Academia de Studii Economice
Ioannis Kokkoris University of Reading
Ioannis Lianos University College London
Csongor Istvn Nagy Universitatea din Szeged
Gheorghe Oprescu Universitatea Politehnic din Bucureti
Mnika Papp Universitatea Etvs Lornd din Budapesta
Theodor Purcrea Universitatea Romno-American
Catalin S. Rusu Universitatea din Nijmegen
Jean Marc Thouvenin - Universit de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Dfense
Gabriela igu Academia de Studii Economice
Liviu Voinea Academia de Studii Economice
Peter Whelan - University of Leeds

COMITETUL EDITORIAL
Florin Andrei
George Anglioiu
Daniel Stan
Mirela Apostol

RECENZENI
Prof.univ.dr. Gabriela igu
Conf.univ.dr. Adriana Alman
Conf.univ.dr. Mihaela Mosora
Conf.univ.dr. George Anglioiu

ISSN 2343 9785

Copyright 2014, Consiliul Concurenei Romnia

Opiniile exprimate n cuprinsul articolelor constituie preri personale ale autorilor

i nu reprezint n mod necesar punctele de vedere ale Consiliului Concurenei.
The opinions expressed in the content articles are the personal opinions of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the view of Romanian Competition
Council.
 Nr. 1-2 / 2014

REVISTA ROMN
DE CONCUREN

Consiliului Concurenei Romnia

Piaa Presei Libere nr. 1, sector 1, 013701, Bucureti
E-mail: competition@consiliulconcurentei.ro
www.consiliulconcurentei.ro Romanian Competition Journal