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College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Communications LAB
Experiment No.2
Tuesday 14/FEB/2017
- :Objectives
To recognize the functions of the main parts of the ANACOM 1/1 and 1/2 1
.boards
.Learn basic concepts of AM modulation 2
.To show the massage signal and carrier signal on the oscilloscope 3
.To learn some deferent techniques to calculate modulation index 4
- :Theory
In communication systems information is transmitted from one place to other using
electrical signals (telephone and radio broadcast etc.). The basic communications
.system has transmitter, channel and receiver as shown in Figure
Usually the information bearing signals (message signals) are not suitable for
transmission due to its propagation qualities (a large wavelength). Also, since these
signals generally exist in the same frequency range it is necessary to transmit them
using different frequency allocations to avoid interference One of the methods used
to solve these problems is linear modulation, which is merely the frequency
translation of the spectrum of the information (or message) signal to a usually much
.higher frequency
The process of modulation means to systematically use the information signal
to vary some parameter of the carrier signal. The carrier signal is usually just a
simple, single- frequency sinusoid (varies in time like a sine wave). Any sinusoidal
:signal can be expressed as
x(t) = A cos (2 f t +)
where x(t) is the voltage of the signal as a function of time, A the amplitude of the
.signal, f the frequency of the signal, and the phase of the signal
To modulate the signal just means to systematically vary one of the three
parameters of the signal: amplitude, frequency or phase. Therefore, the type of
modulation may be categorized as either amplitude modulation (AM), frequency
.modulation (FM)or phase modulation (PM)
Amplitude Modulation
If the amplitude of a high frequency sinusoid A cos (2fc t) carrier, is forced to
vary in proportion to a desired low frequency message signal m(t), a modulated
signal xAM(t) is generated whose frequency spectrum is concentrated in the vicinity
:of the carrier frequency. A typical amplitude modulated carrier has the form
When > 1 the envelope has no longer the shape of m(t) resulting in envelope
.distortion. This condition is referred to as over modulation
Instead of using the envelope display to look at AM signals, an alternative is to use
the trapezoidal pattern display as shown in Fig. This is obtained by connecting the
modulating signal to the x input of the scope and the modulated AM signal to the y
:input. The modulation index is measured as
- :Conclusions
We can't transmit a low frequency signal for long distances without using 1
.modulation techniques
.AM modulation depends on the amplitude of the carrier signal 2
The modulation index present the relation between the distance from the x- 3
.axis and the envelop of the message signal
Modulation index must be greater than 0 less than 1, to avoid losing the 4
.message information
There is an error deviation between calculated modulation index theoretically 5
.and experimentally