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The Hashemite University

College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

Communications LAB
Experiment No.2

Introduction to Amplitude Modulation

Qais Mohammad Al-Raoush 1335780


Ahmed Mohammad Jaradat 1335712
Deya'a Al-Deen Al-Oqaily 1335760
Mohammad Kamal Daher 1335793

Tuesday 14/FEB/2017
- :Objectives
To recognize the functions of the main parts of the ANACOM 1/1 and 1/2 1
.boards
.Learn basic concepts of AM modulation 2
.To show the massage signal and carrier signal on the oscilloscope 3
.To learn some deferent techniques to calculate modulation index 4

- :Theory
In communication systems information is transmitted from one place to other using
electrical signals (telephone and radio broadcast etc.). The basic communications
.system has transmitter, channel and receiver as shown in Figure

Usually the information bearing signals (message signals) are not suitable for
transmission due to its propagation qualities (a large wavelength). Also, since these
signals generally exist in the same frequency range it is necessary to transmit them
using different frequency allocations to avoid interference One of the methods used
to solve these problems is linear modulation, which is merely the frequency
translation of the spectrum of the information (or message) signal to a usually much
.higher frequency
The process of modulation means to systematically use the information signal
to vary some parameter of the carrier signal. The carrier signal is usually just a
simple, single- frequency sinusoid (varies in time like a sine wave). Any sinusoidal
:signal can be expressed as

x(t) = A cos (2 f t +)
where x(t) is the voltage of the signal as a function of time, A the amplitude of the
.signal, f the frequency of the signal, and the phase of the signal
To modulate the signal just means to systematically vary one of the three
parameters of the signal: amplitude, frequency or phase. Therefore, the type of
modulation may be categorized as either amplitude modulation (AM), frequency
.modulation (FM)or phase modulation (PM)

Amplitude Modulation
If the amplitude of a high frequency sinusoid A cos (2fc t) carrier, is forced to
vary in proportion to a desired low frequency message signal m(t), a modulated
signal xAM(t) is generated whose frequency spectrum is concentrated in the vicinity
:of the carrier frequency. A typical amplitude modulated carrier has the form

x AM (t) = Acos (2 f c t) + m(t) cos (2 f c t) = [A + m(t)] cos (2 f c t)

:The spectrum of the modulated signal is given by

:The modulation index for AM signal is defined as

When > 1 the envelope has no longer the shape of m(t) resulting in envelope
.distortion. This condition is referred to as over modulation
Instead of using the envelope display to look at AM signals, an alternative is to use
the trapezoidal pattern display as shown in Fig. This is obtained by connecting the
modulating signal to the x input of the scope and the modulated AM signal to the y
:input. The modulation index is measured as

Any distortion, over modulation, or non-linearity is easier to observe with this


method, see Figure. This distortion is exhibited as a departure from straight lines for
.the upper and lower edges of the trapezoid
The total power of the AM signal is the sum of the carrier power (Pc) and the
sideband power (Ps). The sideband power is the useful power and the carrier power
:is the power wasted. Hence the power efficiency is
:For the special case of tone modulation with modulation index 0 1

Since a large amount of power carries no information, the carrier is sometimes


.removed before transmitting the AM signal
The simplest modulation method to implement is the Double Sideband
Suppressed Carrier Modulation (DSB-SC), in which the translated spectrum of
the message signal is transmitted without further modification. The modulated
:signal is expressed as
xDSB (t) = A m(t) cos (2 fc t)

:ANACOM 1/1 DSB/SSB AM transmitter


.Procedure and calculations represented in the page after this page

- :Conclusions
We can't transmit a low frequency signal for long distances without using 1
.modulation techniques
.AM modulation depends on the amplitude of the carrier signal 2
The modulation index present the relation between the distance from the x- 3
.axis and the envelop of the message signal
Modulation index must be greater than 0 less than 1, to avoid losing the 4
.message information
There is an error deviation between calculated modulation index theoretically 5
.and experimentally

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