Piston Engines

Mixture preparation in SI

Prof. Francesco Contino

Vrije Universiteit Brussel
 engine%
parameters
Air
Homogeneous(
Mixture(formation gaseous
Evaporation air5fuel
Fuel
mixture

Sometimes(not(
Composition
exhaust gases homogeneous

2
Piston Engines
Mixture preparation in SI

Carburettor

Indirect fuel injection

Direct fuel injection

Carburettor is outdated but useful
to understand the main challenges

Emission regulations limits

the use of carburettor
(catalytic converter, see emissions SI)

Mostly replaced by fuel injection

Except small
engines (<25 kW)

4
Principle: flow of air needed
greater than flow of fuel

Carburettor works on
the Bernouillis
principle:
the faster the air
moves, the lower the
static pressure, the
higher the resultant fuel
flow.

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6
7
 Mixture preparation is the key in SI

1. Mixing of*fuel and air

Mixture*ratio*is*critical for ignition &*combustion
14.6*mass particules air*for 1*mass particle fuel
Cold start,*stationary conditions,*accelerating:*demand for a*
rich mixture*(1/12B1/14)
calm driving: lean*mixture*(1/18)
2.Evaporation of*liquid*fuel &*mixing with inlet air*to obtain a*
flammable,*gaseous mixture*of*homogeneous quality
gnition &*combustion
air*for 1*mass particle fuel
itions,*accelerating:*demand for a*

(1/18)
ng with inlet air*to obtain a*
homogeneous quality

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In the simplest system, the eq. ratio
change a lot with the throttle
Fixed jet

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 In the simplest system, the eq. ratio
change a lot with the throttle

1 pC pn
1 r= 1
1 r
p0 m! c Ag C p
m! a = AC 2 0 p r
=
1 1 r p = p0 pC m! a AC 0 1
1
1 1 r
r
m! c = Ag 2 c (p pn ) height difference 1 r
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The compensating jet and emulsion
tube get a constant mixture

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The compensating jet and emulsion
tube get a constant mixture

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 Rich mixture needed during strong
acceleration

problem:
problem: totoaccelerate
accelerate (large+power+demand)+a+rich
(large+power+demand)+a+rich mixture+must+bemixture+must+be available during a+short+time.+
available during a+short+time.+
Therefore extra+petrol
Therefore extra+petrol should should beduring
be injected injected duringThe+main+fuel+nozzle+cannot+be+used+
a+short+time.. a+short+time.. The+main+fuel+nozzle+cannot+be+used+
immediatelly due+to+the+flow+inertia+.
immediatelly due+to+the+flow+inertia+.
functioning principle:
functioning principle:
1. at+closed throttle there is++underpressure in+A010the0pistons0move0then to the0right0against the0spring0
pressure
1. at+closed throttle there is++underpressure in+A010the0pistons0move0then to the0right0against the0spring0
2. At+open+throttle theres underpressure at+point+B+and atmospheric pressure at+A+D+the+spring+pushes+
pressure
the+pistons+to the+left and extra+fuel is+injected in+the+venturi.
2. At+open+throttle theres underpressure at+point+B+and atmospheric pressure at+A+D+the+spring+pushes+
the+pistons+to the+left and extra+fuel is+injected in+the+venturi.
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The idle conditions are achieve
using idling fuel line

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The idle conditions are achieve
using idling fuel line

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A choke is used for cold start

problem: at$cold start$+ a$rich mixture$is$required because the$vaporisation of$petrol is$difficult in$the$still
cold intake$manifold.and cylinder
functioning principle:
1.Extra$valve called choke$placed before the$venturi will reduce the$air$flow$$but$will induce locally a$large$
underpressure resulting in$a$rich mixture
2.The$choke$should be fully opened as$soon as$the$engine$becomes warm$A for this reason the$choke$is$in$
most$versions automatically opened at$sufficiently high$engine$temperature
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Piston Engines
Mixture preparation in SI

Carburettor

Indirect fuel injection

Direct fuel injection

 There are three sorts of injection

Single point Multi point Direct

early days, similar PFI (port fuel inspired by diesel
to carburettor injection) but different goal
injecting on inlet
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valve
 Injection provides big advantages
! First tests date from around 1900
! 1930: application in airplane engines because
1. Probability of freezing in carburettor
2. Probability of overflow & fire
! Carburettor outdated by indirect injection for car
engines:
1. Better performance
2. Conform to emission requirements
! Indirect injection more and more replaced by direct
injection
1. Higher power output
2. Lower fuel consumption and therefore CO2 emission
3. Requires other catalysts ( 1)

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Injection provides big advantages

1. high power and torque

! better and more equal filling of cylinders
! air flow not disturbed; intake manifold can be designed on air flow
! injection " gives improved cylinder cooling " increase of
volumetric efficiency knock limits increase and consequently can
be increased
2. lower specific fuel consumption
! cylinders receive optimal and equal fuel quantity
! increase gives efficiency raise
3. adaptability and response time
! system reacts more rapidly to load variations
4. clean exhaust gases
! more complete combustion " less toxic exhaust gases
! Equipped with lambda-sensor + catalyst + fuel injection system
complies with EC-standards
5. integration with other systems (ALB, TC, DSTC)

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 Overflow%pipe

fuel%tank Pressure
control

Common%rail%
fuel%pump fuel%filter

2.5@3%bar

Electrical . operated pump >10%micrometer%

!blocking

to
Intake%manifoldk

injector
dp=cte
injected mass dx=1mm
cold%start%
depends on dp dt=1ms injector

and opening duration

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 Standard in industry to use
electronics
injected fuel quantity
sucked in
Air/quantity.

Air/temp.

Throttle
position

fuel
Rpm
pump
extra/air/quantity

Engine/temp..
extra/fuel quantity.
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(cold start)
Injection is not linked to air flow,
need to know how much air goes in

Measuring principle relies on/the/measurement of/the/force/exerted by the/air/flow/on/the/rotating valve

Rotation of/the/valve is/counteracted by a/radial spring.
Logarthmic relationship between angle and air/flow/! sensitive for small/quantities
Compensation part/of/valve for neutralization of/vibrations due to the/inlet strokes
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Piston Engines
Mixture preparation in SI

Carburettor

Indirect fuel injection

Direct fuel injection

Using direct injection improves the
efficiency

Higher volumetric efficiency by more efficient

evaporative cooling at high load
and less pumping losses at low/part load through
stratified load

Leaner mixture leads to better cycle efficiency

through higher ratios of heat capacities

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Three main preparation strategies
with direct injection

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Wall-guided relies on interaction
wit the piston crown

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Wall-guided relies on interaction
wit the piston crown

Injection pressure
(low, 50 bar)

Single hole nozzle

Air motion important for

part load

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 Position)throttles

Homogeneous filling

inlet Start))inject ing fuel Mixing

Ignition

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video homogeneous direct injection

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video mixture formation

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 Position0throttles

Laminated filling

inlet Beginning compression Start0injecting fuel

Ignition combustion

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Wall-guided has some drawbacks

Operation requires good air flow and good

injection timing to have good mixture
(homogeneous or stratified)

Important effect on emissions

(see lesson on emissions) in particular PM

Importance of having a controlled air motion

=> reduce the advantage of improved volumetric
efficiency

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Spray-guided uses more advanced
tech. but addresses drawbacks

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Spray-guided uses more advanced
tech. but addresses drawbacks

Higher volumetric efficiency, no need for

high velocity in-cylinder flows

More homogeneous mixture

Wider stratified mode operation

No wall contact => lower emissions

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Spray-guided uses more advanced
tech. but addresses drawbacks

Piezo-injectors: fast response,

multiple injections per cycle possible

Centrally positioned, spark plug out of center

(to exhaust valves)

Injection at 200 bar

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video direct injection engine

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video audi system

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Lets see what you have learned

http://tinyurl.com/mixture-formation

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Piston Engines
Mixture preparation in SI

Prof. Francesco Contino

Vrije Universiteit Brussel