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SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................3
a) 1. List of stakeholders in the development of Chumbe Island ................................................3
a) 2, Benefit to stakeholders from tourism development planning .............................................4
b) 1 Advantages and disadvantage of public and private sector partnership in tourism
development planning at India.....................................................................................................5
development planning at Chumbe Island.....................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
a) The main features of tourism development planning at various levels...................................7
b) Evaluation of interactive planning systems and processes in sustainable tourism
development ................................................................................................................................8
c) Methods of measuring tourism impact at Chumbe Island.......................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
a) The concept of sustainable tourism and its significance..........................................................9
b) Factors that prevent sustainable tourism in Chumbe Island .................................................10
c) The stages involved in planning for sustainability and analyzing the issues involved in it . 11
TASK 4...........................................................................................................................................11
a) Conflicts of issues and suitable methods for resolving the conflicts.....................................11
b) The implication for attempting to balance supply and demand.............................................12
c) Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism..........................................................................12
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................13
a) Comparing recent issue connected with tourism development............................................13
b) Recommendations to develop tourism in India and Chumbe Island in future......................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................15


INTRODUCTION
Travel and tourism is among the extremely growing industry having maximum share in
the economic development. Further, the sector initiates large number of economic advantages
like it drives foreign trade, stimulate foreign and national investment. In addition to this, travel
and tourism sector encourages the development of infrastructure and other services that benefit
international visitors as well as local residents of tourist destination. Furthermore, in year 2014,
the contribution of tourism sector was up to 10% of foreign GDP. In addition to this, it generated
277 million jobs and helped to a large extent in reducing unemployment at global level
(Economic Impact of travel and tourism, 2015). Therefore, to preserve the ample number of
advantages spurred by travel and tourism sector, it is significant for stakeholders of the sector to
ensure sustainable tourism. It further means progress in tourism sector without causing harm on
the environment.
By considering the sustainability aspect, travel and tourism sector should assure that their
operational activities and consumers have affirmative impact on the environment, economic
system and society (Bramwell and Lane, 2008). In this report, various aspects of sustainable
tourism will be elaborated. The learning will be shown regarding the significance of sustainable
tourism on the development of Chumbe Island. It is privately owned island located in East
Africa. In this report, advantages and disadvantages of public and private ownership in tourism
development will also be explained.


TASK 1
a) 1. List of stakeholders in the development of Chumbe Island
Stakeholders are those individuals or groups that can be affected or affect the tourism of
Chumbe Island (Byrd, 2007). It is important for tourism organization to consider the interest of
stakeholders in order to ensure smooth functioning. Stakeholders of cited destination are as
follows:
Government: It plays a key role in the functioning of tourism industry. Government can
control the activities of tourism entities for the best interest of country. Major concern of
government is to maximize their income in mode of tax and enhance contribution of
travel and tourism sector in GDP. Therefore, government will promote tourism sector by
building infrastructure for the tourism in Chumbe Island.
Environmental groups: There are large number of environmental groups that are
working for protecting environment from the negative impact of tourism in Chumbe
Island. Main aim of these groups is to minimize the over exploitation of resources. For
instance, Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd is a body that works for safeguarding coral reefs
of the region (Carlsen, 2011).
Tourist: They have main interest in the growth and development of tourism. They spend
their money to experience the natural beauty, cultural heritage etc of a tourism
destination. Main aim of them is to get maximum value for the money paid on getting
travel experience of Chumbe Island (Buckley, 2012).
Local residents: It represents those individuals living in Chumbe Island that get their
source of livelihoodfrom the expenditure done by tourist. Main concern of such
stakeholder is to ensure positive impact on their livelihood from tourism.
Tourism companies: The success of tourism companiesin Chumbe Island. depends upon
growth of tourism. Major concern of these entities is to boost tourism and enhance their
profitability (Edgell, 2013).
a) 2, Benefit to stakeholders from tourism development planning


The stakeholders are those individuals or groups that can be impacted by the tourism
development planning. Therefore, they must be considered in planning process. . Explanation of
which is as follows:
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Government: Tourism development will assist government in economic development of

the country (Erku-ztrk and Eraydn, 2010). Government can increase its income from
taxation. Tourism organization will pay service tax while tourist will pay Vat on the
goods and services purchased at Chumbe Island. International tourist will improve
foreign currency reserve of the country.
Environmental groups: Tourism development planning will help in protecting the
interest of these groups. Eco-friendly tourism can be encouraged so as to prevent nature
from any kind of negative harm (Ham and Weiler, 2012).
Local citizens: Tourism development will increase the tourism of region which is
leading to enhance more job opportunities for the local population. Income of local
citizens will be increased from tourism that will result in improving their life style.


Tourist: Visitors can get desired level of travel experience from tourism development
planning. It will further help in furnishing superior quality of services and products to the
visitors of Chumbe Island (Hall, 2011).
development planning at India.
Public private partnership refers to coordination and cooperation between government
bodies and privately owned companies for sustaining mutual interest related to the tourism
growth and development (Dodds and Graci, 2012). It further involves sharing of resources,
infrastructure, technology, knowledge, power etc for attaining mutually beneficial goals and
objectives.
Advantages
Value for money: Public private partnership helps in building value for money.
Therefore, tourism project can be developed with improved focus on quality with the
identical amount of expenditure. For instance: public and private sectors are collaborated
to redevelop tourism at Uttarakhand (-Oyola and et.al., 2012).
Risk sharing: Risk involved in tourism project is divided in between public and private
sector. Therefore, risk can be managed at lower cost. For instance: tourism development
at Jammu and Kashmir involves various risks like terrorist attack etc that may result into
loss of investment in tourism project, infrastructure development etc. However, this risk
is shared in partnership (Pomering, Noble and Johnson, 2011).
Output based specifications: Public private partnership leads to enhance innovation to
a large extent (Liburd and Edwards, 2010). Resources, talents, knowledge and skills of
both the sector are combined to generate fruitful outcomes.
Cost efficiency: Such partnership helps in enhancing the cost efficiency of the project
which is also output of improved rivalry, risk sharing and innovation in the sector.
Further, burden of cost is shared among both the parties (Michalena and
Tripanagnostopoulos, 2010).
Disadvantage


Higher capital cost: This partnership may also result into higher capital cost because of
loan and other borrowings taken by private sectors. This may result into an increase in the
overall cost of project.
Difference in objective: Major disadvantage in public and private partnership is related
to clash of interest of both the parties (Public and private partnership in tourism. 2015).
Main aim of private bodies is to build market image and increase revenue while, public
sector has objective of gaining social recognition and ensures to protect the interest of
various stakeholders.
Insecurity: Public and private sectors enter into partnership contract in which they agree
to share profits and losses. However, inefficiency or lack of cooperation may have
negative impact on the overall tourism project (Michalena and Tripanagnostopoulos,
2010).
development planning at Chumbe Island.
There is a partnership between the revolutionary government of Zanzibar and Chumbe
Island Coral Park Ltd. This alliance has large number of advantages and disadvantages for the
Chumbe Island:
Advantages
Optimum utilization of resources: Partnership in private and public sector in travel and
tourism sector will result in proper utilization of resources. Further, resources like,
human, natural, heritage, capital, technology and heritage etc can be used in an effective
and efficient manner (Chen, Chen and Lee, 2011).
Reduction on the public treasury: Partnership helps in minimizing the need of capital
on infrastructure development projects that results to decrease in treasury. Therefore,
private sectors will also contribute in the development of infrastructure and allow public
to invest fund in other areas (Anderson, 2011).


Establish quality standards: Synergy effect due to public private partnership helps in
improving the quality of services. Both the parties can conduct research at their level that
will help in bringing innovations and developments (Crysta, 2011).

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Disadvantage
Short term rigidness: In public and private partnership, both the parties depend upon
each other for various activities which further leads to short term rigidity. Therefore, it
becomes difficult for both the parties to consensus at particular subject and adjust with
the changing conditions (Carlsen, 2011).
Loss of government control: Partnership in tourism sector consists of sharing risk, cost
and profit among the private and public sector. However, this may weaken the control of
government on capital decisions.
Political uncertainty and labor issues: Issues in political stableness of East Africa and
regional government of Tanzania can impact the entire functions of public private
partnership. Further, rigid labor laws made by government can also cause adverse impact
(Hjalager, 2001).


TASK 2
a) The main features of tourism development planning at various levels
Tourism development planning is conducted at all the authoritarian level, international,
national, regional and local level. However, features and requirements of tourism development
may vary at every level. Explanation of which is as follows:
International: Tourism development planning at international level is mostly concerned
with encouraging the number of international visitors. It further involves improving the
international transportation services like, connecting Chumbe Island with different
countries through air routes (Iroegbu, 2006). supportive policies that assist international
tourism can be encouraged. Further, for marketing international tourism, multi country
promotional program and strategy can be used.
National: Development planning at national level is majorly focused on developing
infrastructure and other facilities for the local and international visitors. It further aims at
connecting Chumbe Island and other famous tourist destination of Tanzania by
developing and improving major routes. Thereafter, it involves marketing at national
level. Main concern is to enhance the economic development of nation (Lovelock, 2013).
Regional: Tourism development planning considers policies framed by the regional
government of Zanzibar West. Major focus of tourism planning is to promote tourism at
the regional level. It further aims at economic development of tourism attraction points of
the region. Therefore, infrastructure development is ensured at the regional level
(Mehmetoglu, 2004).
Local: Local level also plays an important part in tourism development planning. Its
major focus is to develop tourism without causing damage to the local attraction points.
Further, tourism is major source of livelihood of local population of the Chumbe Island.
Therefore, tourism development planning should ensure to create positive impact on the
local residents of destination (Michael, 2014). Thereafter, it should generate employment
for the local individuals. However, major concern at local level lies on minimizing
negative impact of tourism on local destination. Further, training and education are

provided to local individuals in order to enhance the alternative livelihood that will help
when there is downfall in tourism.
b) Evaluation of interactive planning systems and processes in sustainable tourism development
Interactive planning refers to the combined and participate planning process conducted
by the key stakeholders of travel-tourism sector. In this process, view points, thoughts,
knowledge of them etc. are combined into tourism planning and development. It further assists in
obtaining consent of members on a specific decision that is likely to generate fruitful outcomes
on tourism industry (Tourism Planning. 2012). Main aim of interactive planning is to make
continuous improvement in the tourism services of Chumbe Island and enhancing mutual interest
of all the stakeholders. Further, interactive planning will assist in encouraging international and
domestic tourism of cited destination. It will further help in ensuring eco-friendly and sustainable
tourism. Further, more focus will be provided on conserving the natural resources of Chumbe
Island. Major advantage of interactive planing is that it helps in conducting cost benefit analysis
so that cost of developing tourism plan does not exceed the benefit. Further, it will help in
boosting the travel demand of cited destination. However, interactive planning may be affected
by difference in opinions of the stakeholders (Williams, 2006).
c) Methods of measuring tourism impact at Chumbe Island
There are large number of impact of tourism in terms of varied factors which are
described below:
Economic impact: Tourism affects directly on economic growth and development of
Chumbe Island. It further contributes to the GDP and GNP of country. Tourism is a
leading service sector of the country which gives contribution of more than $1 billion
USD in revenue (Economic Impact of travel and tourism. 2015). Likewise, it also
contributes in the reduction of unemployment in the country. Tourism impact can be
studied by monitoring improvement in GDP, disposable income of residents etc. Other
than this, pro poor benefit can be used to state the impact of tourism on improving the
living standard of poor people.


Social impact: Tourism has positive impact on the social aspect of country like,
improving the living standard of local population as well as conserving the heritage,
culture and customs of Chumbe Island. Tourism will help in encouraging the demand of
local food, craft and other services. Social impact can be measured with surveys, etc . In
addition to this, Cambridge economic impact model can be used that determines number
of visitors and their expenditure in cited destination (Michalena and
Tripanagnostopoulos, 2010).
Environmental impact: Natural attractions are the main factors that drive tourism. Main
aim of visitors is to provide experience of wildlife, marine life, national parks etc. Impact
of tourism and tourist can be measured through shift in pollution level, deforestation etc.
Further, environmental impact model can be used to determine the positive and negative
impact of tourism on its surroundings (Hall, 2011).

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TASK 3
a) The concept of sustainable tourism and its significance
The concept of sustainable tourism deals with reducing the adverse impact of tourism on
the surrounding environment, locality and being responsible while fostering revenue and
employment for national economy (Dodds and Graci, 2012). As per the World Tourism
Organization, sustainable tourism also includes meeting the social responsibility of safeguarding
environment, fulfilling earnestness towards nature and involvement of local communities in
developing tourism. There are many benefits of sustainable tourism to Chumbe Island which are
explained below:
Competitive advantage: Cited destination is awarded for its conservation project.
Richness in natural resources is main reason that drives international and domestic
travelers. Sustainable tourism will help destination in retaining competitive benefits in the
respect of tourism in the long run.
Preservation of environment: Sustainable tourism will help in maintaining cultural
heritage for the present and future generation. It will help in protecting coral reefs that is
major reason for the tourists visit (Chen, Chen and Lee, 2011).
Improved well-being of local citizens: Sustainable tourism will have positive impact on
the local population as it will increase tourist flow which will directly enhance the
income level of local individuals. Further, it will lead to increase in job opportunities,
cross cultural integration etc (Liburd and Edwards, 2010).
b) Factors that prevent sustainable tourism in Chumbe Island
Lack of awareness: Lack of knowledge about the significance of sustainable tourism can
adversely impact the motive of sustainable tourism (Iroegbu, 2006). Further, local bodies
do over exploitation of resources for enhancing their revenue from tourism business.
Therefore, government of country should provide proper training and education on the
significance of sustainable tourism so that they can boost their business without misusing
resources.


Heavy expenditure and low profit: Employment of sustainable development plan
includes heavy expenditure. This further increases the cost of tourism project. Further,
this amount is recovered by government in the mode of service tax, Vat etc. Therefore, it
increases the outlay for the tourism organization, tourist etc. Therefore, they resist the
concept of sustainable tourism in Chumbe Island (Overview of Chumbe Island. 2012).
Poor coordination: Ineffective and poor coordination among the government authorities
and stakeholders of the target sector leads to non-attainment of the objective of
sustainability.
Economic consideration: The major consideration of major stakeholders working in
tourism sector is to enhance the profitability. However, with the consideration on
sustainability they have to compromise the economic benefit. Therefore, they do not
favor sustainable tourism in positive manner (Carlsen, 2011).
c) The stages involved in planning for sustainability and analyzing the issues involved in it
There are various stages that are involved in planning sustainable tourism development at
Chumbe Island which are elaborated below:
Objective: It is the initial stage of tourism development where stakeholders of sector
determine the key objective and modes of attaining them. For example, major concern of
sustainable development is to safeguard the coral reefs of Chumbe Island, reduce over
exploitation of marine resources and over use of land as well as other resources.
Policy: It is the next step which involves implementation of effective policies to attain
the targets of sustainable development. It provides overall directions to the efforts of the
stakeholders of tourism. However, designed policy for sustainable development should
not be rigid and upgraded as per the requirement of tourism industry (Edgell, 2013).
Plan: It refers to determine a set of actions that helps in the smooth attainment of
aforementioned objectives. The plan should take into consideration the varied needs and
interests of stakeholders of tourism. Thereafter, it should confirm with the policy framed
by government to promote e-tourism (Bramwell and Lane, 2008).


Strategy: The strategy helps in attaining the plans and policies of sustainable tourism. It
will help in ensuring adoption of viable steps that reduce the adverse impact of tourism
on the natural beauty of Chumbe Island.
TASK 4
a) Conflicts of issues and suitable methods for resolving the conflicts
Chumbe island has planned for an enclave development consisting of 400 luxury
apartments with a private beach for the site that is commonly used by the fishermen for landing
their catch and storing nets (Gssling, Hall and Weaver, 2009). However, the site is also used for
an important local festival thus, development of the apartment may also result in arising different
conflict of issues. The foremost conflict of the issues arises is that fishermen are opposed to the
development as the place where development has been planned is the place of livelihood of the
numerous fishermen. They catch fishes as well as repair and build the boats at that place. Thus,
major conflict of interest arises among the local fishermen.
Therefore, to overcome such conflict, government must focus on initiating different
education and learning programs for the fishermen so that they may create awareness regarding
the other field through which they can earn their livelihood. However, authorities must also focus
on various activities that will support fishermen in developing their mindset (Hunter and Shaw,
2007).
b) The implication for attempting to balance supply and demand
Chumbe island is the leading tourist destination existing within the Tanzania that is
famous for their ecological activity. However, it is a privately owned island that features
attractive location and places to be visited by the tourist and travelers that is Clumbe Reef
Sanctuary. In the above situation, where destination is planning for developing luxury apartment
must focuses on improper balance of the tourist and travelers within the destination. Therefore,
management of Chumbe island must focus on analyzing the past ratio of travelers and visitors
who have visited the island (Buckley, 2012).
Different implications for attempting the balance between demand and supply of visitors
and tourists at the time of enclave development include implication of limits by the owners of the


Chumbe island. Therefore, consistency in quality of services can be ensured. (Lansing and De
Vries, 2007). For this, management must estimate the overall number of visitors that prefer to
visit the destination so that they can manage tourists by identifying their numbers. For instance:
management can impose control on the inbound visitors so that they can manage the supply and
demand with continuing the development of luxury apartments.
c) Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism
As per the situation of enclave development, it has been identified that there are different
moral and ethical issues that impact sustainable development of the destination. From the above
outlined scenario, main moral issue that arises within the enclave tourism is related to the cutting
of trees. With the development of 400 luxury apartments within the island, it may result in
cutting the forests and tress that is the key factor for which Chumbe island is being famous for
(Girard and Nijkamp, 2009). Such development activities are beneficial for the island as it results
in enhancing and developing travel and tourism sector so that large number of visitors get
attracted towards it. On the other hand, it is beneficial for the travel and tourism sector but it also
results in impacting negative on the environment condition of the Chumbe island. Therefore, in
order to overcome the evaluated issues of enclave tourism, authorities who are in-charge of the
activities must focus on different ways and approaches through which they can minimize issues.
TASK 5
a) Comparing recent issue connected with tourism development
These are the major issues faced by Chumbe Island in fostering tourism growth and
development which are as follows:
Socio-cultural issues: With the boost in tourism at Chumbe Island, various changes in
the societal norms and values are identified. Tourists have lack of understanding
regarding social values of Tanzania. Therefore, they unknowingly or knowingly cause
negative impact on the cultural norms of country (Anderson, 2011).
Increase in illegal activities: Number of illegal activities in Chumbe Island and nearly
regions of Tanzania are increasing rapidly. Therefore, large number of cases like, drug


smuggling, illegal alcohol importing, black marketing of diamonds have been increased
that are affecting tourism image of the destination.
In the contrast, the problems faced by emerging country like India are as follows:
Poor infrastructure: India is a developing nation. It majorly faces issue of poor
infrastructural development. This puts negative impact in case of foreign visitors who
prefer high tech facilities. The low level connectivity to tourist destinations through train
and air routes can also impact the tourism (Lansing and De Vries, 2007).
Lack of availability of funds: High level of unemployment, poverty, recession and
inflation are some economic abuse that impact the growth of tourism sector. Therefore,
government cannot invest significant funds in the development of such sector.
b) Recommendations to develop tourism in India and Chumbe Island in future
Following are the recommendations that can boost the growth of tourism sector in both
the aforementioned tourist destinations. These are,
For the growth of tourism in Chumbe Island, government of country can set
environmental benchmarks that will also result in environment friendly tourism
(Overview of Chumbe Island, 2012).
Improvement in transportation facility can increase tourism opportunities in India. Ozone
friendly recreational facilities can be developed.
To overcome economic issue, government can increase wealth tax, capital gain and
consumption of leisure products and services. Multi country promotion will help in
encouraging the international tourism. Local individuals can be trained and educated to
take jobs in the sector and promote sustainable tourism (Hunter and Shaw, 2007).
Tourism can be marketed in peak seasons whereas in other season, measures can be taken
to safeguard the environment.
By imposing limits on international tourist, illegal activities and black marketing can be
reduced.


CONCLUSION
From the aforementioned report, it is concluded that sustainable tourism is an important
aspect that helps in meeting tourism demand without damaging environment. Chumbe Island has
ample number of growth opportunities in tourism sector. Public-private partnership in tourism
development planning helps in risk sharing, enhancing quality of services etc. Recent issues of
illegal activities can affect the present as well as future tourism of country.

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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Byrd, E. T., 2007. Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying
stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism Review. 62(2). pp.6-
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Carlsen, J., 2011. Strategic analysis of public, private and not-for-profit festival organizations.
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Chen, C. M., Chen, S. H. and Lee, H. T., 2011. The destination competitiveness of Kinmen's
tourism industry: exploring the interrelationships between tourist perceptions, service
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Crysta, P., 2011. Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. Tourism-Marketing
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Erku-ztrk, H. and Eraydn, A., 2010. Environmental governance for sustainable tourism
development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya
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Gssling, S., Hall, C. M. and Weaver, D., 2009. Sustainable tourism futures: Perspectives on
systems, restructuring and innovations. Routledge.
Hall, C. M., 2011. Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: from
first-and second-order to third-order change?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 19(4-
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Ham, S. H. and Weiler, B., 2012. Interpretation as the centerpiece of sustainable wildlife
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Hjalager, A., 2001. Quality in tourism through the empowerment of tourists. Managing Service
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Lansing, P. and De Vries, P., 2007. Sustainable tourism: ethical alternative or marketing ploy?.
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Liburd, J. J. and Edwards, D. eds., 2010. Understanding the sustainable development of tourism.
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Mehmetoglu, M., 2004. Tourist or traveller? A typological approach. Tourism Review. 59(3).
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Online
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<https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/economic
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