CHAPTER 7:

Forces in Beams
Beams
Various types of loading and support
Shear and bending moment in a beam
Shear and bending moment diagrams
Relations among Load, Shear, and
Bending Moment

1
7.1 Internal Forces in Members

F F
B F B F
B B

C C
A C A C
F F
F F
C F C F

A A
F F

Tension Compression

2
 The diagram of internal forces of member BCD

Nx1 = +2400 N 2.4 m 1.2 m 2400 N

Nx2 = 0 2400 N
D
Vx1= -1200 N B C 2400 N
x1
Vx2= 2400 N
1200 N 3600 N
Mx1 = -1200x1 Nm
x2
Mx2 = -2400x2 Nm N (N) +2400
x

2400
V (N) A = +2880

x
A = -2880

-1200

M (Nm)
x

-1800 -2880
8
BEAMS
7.2 Various Types of Loading and Support

P1 P2

B C
A D

Concentrated loads

w
A C
B
Distributed load

9
 L L1 L2

Simply supported beam Continuous beam

L L

Overhanging beam Beam fixed at one end and simply

supported at the other end

L L

Cantilever beam Fixed beam

Hinge

10
7.3 Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam
Internal Loadings at a Specified Point
Sign Convention

V
M M
N N

N N

V
M M

V
Positive Sign Convention
11
Shear and Moment Functions
P
x1 x2

A B
L/2 L/2
P/2 P/2
x1 Mx1
+ Fy = 0: Vx1 = P/2
A
Vx1 + Mx1 = 0: Mx1 = (P/2)x1
P/2 Mx2 x2
+ Fy = 0: Vx2 = -P/2 B

+ Mx2 = 0: Mx2 = (P/2)x2 Vx2 P/2

V P/2
x

M PL/4 -P/2

x 12
 P
w

A D
B C
x1

x2

x3

OR
P
w

A D
B C
x1 x2 x3

13
 7.4 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment F1 F2 F3
w = w(x)

A . . . . D
M1 B C M2

x
x

w(x)x w
+ Fy = 0:
w(x)
V w( x) x (V + V ) = 0
x V = w( x)x
V
M O . M + M
+ MO = 0:
Vx M + w( x) x (x) + ( M + M ) = 0
V + V
x
M = Vx w( x) (x) 2 14
 V = w( x)x
M = Vx w( x) ( x) 2
Dividing by x and taking the limit as x 0, these equation become

dV
= w(x)
dx ----------(7-1)
Slope of Shear Diagram = -Intensity of Distributed Load
dM
=V
dx ----------(7-2)
Slope of Moment Diagram = Shear

Equations (7-1) and (7-2) can be integrated from one point to another between
concentrated forces or couples, in which case

V = w( x)dx
Change in Shear = -Area under Distributed Loading Diagram ----------(7-3)
and
M = V ( x)dx
Change in Moment = Area under Shear Diagram ----------(7-4)
15
 F

V V
M
M M + M M
O
. M + M
V + V V + V
x x

+ Fy = 0: V = F

Thus, when F acts downward on the beam, V is negative so that the shear diagram shows
a jump downward. Likewise, if F acts upward, the jump (V) is upward.

+ MO = 0: M = M '

In this case, if an external couple moment M is applied clockwise, M is positive, so that the
moment diagram jumps upward, and when M acts counterclockwise, the jump (M) must be
downward.

16
 P 0
ML MR Slope = VR
MR
0 Slope = VL
VL
VR ML
VL VR
0
0
ML M MR ML
0 MR

Slope = VR
VL
w0 -wo Slope = VL MR
ML MR VR ML

VL VR Slope = -w1 Slope = VR

w2 VL
w1 Slope = -w2 Slope = VL
ML MR
VR ML
MR

VL VR Slope = w1 Slope = VR
VL
w1 Slope = -w2 Slope = VL
ML w2 M MR
R ML
VR

VL VR 17
Example 7.2

From the structure show. Draw the shear and bending moment diagram
for the beam and loading.
(a) use the equations each section.
(b) use the relations among load, shear, and bending moment.
20 kN 40 kN

A B
D
C
2.5 m 3 m 2 m

18
(a) use the equations each section.
20 kN 40 kN
x1 x2 x3
A B
D
C
2.5 m 3 m 2 m
Dy = 20 + 40 - 46 = 14 kN
40( 2) + 20(7.5)
By = = 46 kN
5
20 kN
+ Fy = 0: Vx1 = -20
x1 Mx1
A
+ Mx1 = 0: Mx1 = -20x1
Vx1
20 kN
B x2 Mx2 + Fy = 0: Vx2 = 46-20 = 26
A
2.5 m + Mx2 = 0: Mx2 = 46x2 - 20(2.5 + x2)
Vx2 Mx2 = 26x2 - 50
46 kN
Mx3 x3
+ Fy = 0: Vx3 = -14
D
+ Mx3 = 0: Mx3 = 14x3 14 kN 19
Vx3
(a) use the equations each section.
20 kN 40 kN
x1 x2 x3
A B
D
C
2.5 m 3 m 2 m
14 kN
46 kN
Vx1 = -20 Vx2 = 26 Vx3 = -14
Mx1 = -20x1 Mx2 = 26x2 - 50 Mx3 = 14x3
V (kN)
26

x
-14
-20
28
V (kNm)

-50 20
(b) use the relations among load, shear, and bending moment.
20 kN 40 kN

A B
D
C
2.5 m 3 m 2 m
14 kN
46 kN

V (kN)
26 26
A = +78
x
A = -50 A = -28
-14 -14
-20 -20

M (kNm)
28

-50 21
Example 7.3

Draw the shear and bending moment diagram for the the mechanical link
AB. The distributed load of 40 N/mm extends over 12 mm of the beam,
from A to C, and 400 N load is applied at E.

40 N/mm

A B
C D
12 mm 6 mm 4 mm 10 mm
400 N
32 mm

22
 480 N

A B
C D
480(6) + 400(22)
Ay = 480 + 400 - 365 By =
12 mm 6 mm 4 mm 10 mm 32
= 515 kN
400 N = 365 kN
32 mm
480 N
1600 Nmm

515 N 400 N 365 N

515
V (N)

A = +3300 35
x
A = 210 A = 5110

-365 -365
V (Nmm) 5110
3510
3300
x 23
Example 7.4

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in the figure.

20 kN/m

9m

24
 x
(1/2)(9)(20) = 90 kN
3
(2/3)9 = 6 m 20 kN/m 1 x
( )( x )(20 )
2 9
x
(20 )
9 M

90-60 = 30 kN 90(6)/9
9m
= 60 kN V=0
30 kN
V (kN) x

30
V=0 + Fy = 0:
+
x 1 x
x = 5.20 m 30 ( )( x)(20 ) = 0
- 2 9
x = 5.20 m
60 + Mx = 0:
M (kNm) 104 1 5. 2 5. 2
M + [( )(5.2)(20 )]( ) 30(5.2) = 0
2 9 3
+ M = 104 kNm
x 25
Example 7.5

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in the figure.

3 kN
5 kNm
A B
C D
3m 1.5 m 1.5 m

26
 3 kN
5 kNm
A B
C D
0.67 kN 2.33 kN
3m 1.5 m 1.5 m

0.67
V (N) + x (m)
-
-2.33

3.52
2.01
M (kNm) + +
- x (m)
-1.49

27
Example 7.6

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam shown in
the figure. Assume the supports at A is fix C is roller and B is pin
connections.

8 kN 30 kNm
hinge

B C
A
12 m 12 m 15 m

28
 8 kN 30 kNm
hinge

B C
A
12 m 12 m 15 m

30 kNm
0 = Bx

By = 2 kN
Cy = 2 kN

MA = 48 kNm 8 kN
By = 2 kN
Bx = 0
Ax = 0

Ay = 6 kN

29
 8 kN
30 kNm
48 kNm

B C
A
12 m 12 m 15 m
6 kN 2 kN

6 6

V (kN)
x (m)
-2 -2

24

8m x (m)
M (kNm)

-30

-48
30
 Example 7.7

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam shown in
the figure. Assume the supports at A and C are rollers and B and D are
pin connections.

60 kN m 2 kN/m 5 kN
3 kN/m
Hinge
A
B C D
10 m 6m 4m 6m 6m

31
 60 kN m 2 kN/m 5 kN 3 kN/m
Hinge
A
B C D
10 m 6m 4m 6m 6m

20 kN
60 kN m By = 16 kN
Bx = 0 kN
4m 4m
Ay = 4 kN
5 kN 9 kN 9 kN

Dx = 0 kN
0 = Bx
Cy = 45 kN Dy = -6 kN
By = 16 kN

32
 60 kN m 2 kN/m 5 kN 3 kN/m
Hinge
A
B C D
4 kN 10 m 6m 4m 6m 6m 6 kN

45 kN
24

4 2m 6
V (kN) x (m)

-16 -21
64 -21
60
M
x (m)
(kN m)

-96
-180 33