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The main sources of emission during the construction period are the
movement of equipment at site and dust emitted during the excavation,
leveling, earthworks, foundation works and other construction related
activities as well as during the transportation of raw materials to the site.
Providing suitable surface treatment to ease the traffic flow and regular
sprinkling of water will reduce the uncontrolled dust generation.
To control air pollution from boiler stacks, coal crushers and coal mill,
installation of ESP/ Bag house and Bag filter Coal is recommended. SOx
emission can be controlled by the use of alternative Low sulphur containing
fuel or Lime dosing during the respective operation process, while for NOx
emission control can be done by using low NOx burner and by Flue gas
recirculation. High length stack should be preferred.
Due to diversion of tributary for the construction and operation phase, there
are many chances of downstream river bed becoming dry, which may cause
the river change its course over a period of time. As a result the population
of the species may be affected. The ground water table in the downstream
areas decreases. The irregular release of water on the main course river bed
increases soil erosion in the downstream. Which causes salt water invasion in
the downstream. The impact on water quality during construction phase will
be mainly due to run off from the construction area. Adequate arrangements
for proper drainage and disposal of waste water and routing of the effluents
from construction area through sedimentation basins and provision of proper
sanitary facilities with treatment will eliminate problems of water pollution
during construction phase. The impacts of the project during operation phase
could result from discharge of hot cooling water, discharge of main plant
effluents and sanitary effluents and discharge of ash pond overflow. These
effluents will be treated adequately to conform to the regulatory standards to
minimize the impacts.
Q.2 The project proponent proposes to construct a Greenfield port at Z. This
project involves the following activities-
The location of a port cause changes in current patterns and drifts due to
alteration of wave. This change in pattern and drift may lead to erosion or
augmentation in shore zones. Altered currents or reflected waves may
endanger small ships moving near structures. The creation of a port may
cause changes in flow and waterfront drainage. Strategic approach towards
site selection and port design could minimize changes in current patterns
and other coastal hydrology. Measures for erosion are construction of sea
walls, jetties, offshore breakwaters, and periodical beach nourishment.
The location of a port affects fauna and flora through changes of water
quality, coastal hydrology and bottom contamination. Land reclamation from
the sea destroys bottom habitat and displaces fishery. Terrestrial fauna and
flora may also be altered by the location of a port. Decrease in bottom biota
leads to a reduction of fishery resources and increase of undesirable species.
Deterioration of water quality usually gives rise to changes in aquatic life
chain. Decrease in number of plants in a shore zone degrade its aeration
capability and worsen water pollution. Mangroves in wetlands play an
important role in providing habitat for terrestrial and aquatic biota and
indirectly recovering water quality. The rise in maritime traffic and
consequently the impacts from engine noise and anchoring will result in
higher levels of disturbance on ecosystems. At the same time it may
discourage marine fauna from occupying the area.
Port projects involve changes in land terrain like cutting of high grounds and
hillocks, filling of low lying areas for creation huge extant of port
infrastructure. Such terrain changes affect the drainage patterns. Coastline
changes like erosion or augmentation is expected due to the establishment
of ports in as much as the and construction of breakwaters, floating concrete
caissons etc. Transportation of huge quantities of construction material for
the breakwater, operational, land filling, development etc., during the
construction phase and transport of cargoes to/from the port during the
operations phase of the port may result in excessive use of existing public
infrastructure like roads, railways and in-land waterways etc., resulting in
congestion and early ageing etc. Similarly public utilities such as water
supply, drainage, electrical power etc may also get undue demand.
Land reclamation from the sea usually brings the problem of effluent of
turbid water in the landfill site. It is sometimes economical to reclaim the
land by dumping landfill material without any revetment or retention bunds.
In order to prevent turbid water from land reclamation retaining bunds are
usually built in advance of landfill. Settling ponds play an important role in
reducing the effluent of turbid water. The use of coagulants encourages the
settlement of fine materials but should be monitored at the outfall and
nearby points in the sea. Filtration of discharge water through sand layer is
also an effective method to reduce suspended solids and thereby turbidity.
Careful site selection and port design should be carried out, focusing on the
possibility of limiting the extent of land area requirement. The impacts of
such changes in the terrain is assessed in order to incorporate desired
methods in the EMP and monitor the same during the construction as well as
operational phases of the port
Q.3 List out the relevant legal mechanisms that have been adopted
by the Government of India in an attempt to control pollution.
(Atleast 8)
Water
Water quality standards especially those for drinking water are set by the
Indian Council of Medical Research. These bear close resemblance to WHO
standards. Legislation to control water pollution are listed below:
Air
Solid Waste
The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF & CC)
recently notified the new Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM), 2016.
These will replace the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000. The new rules have mandated the source segregation of waste
in order to channelise the waste to wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle
The Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016 published vide
notification number S.O 249(E), dated 4th February, 2011 by the Government of
India in the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and Forests, as amended from time to
time, provided a regulatory frame work for management of plastic waste generated
in the country.
As per the notification, the coastal land up to 500m from the High Tide Line
(HTL) and a stage of 100m along banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and
rivers subject to tidal fluctuations, is called the Coastal Regulation
Zone(CRZ).
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is an Act of the Parliament of India for
preservation of biological diversity in India, and provides mechanism for
equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of traditional biological re
sources and knowledge.