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Chapter III

TERMS OF REFERENCES

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A. Review of Related Literature

1.1 The article / news talks about the Government plans to build a new

commuter rail service using Philippine National Railway Right of Way.

2.1 Relevant Information

The article said that the government plans to build a commuter rail from north

to south of Metro Manila that is expected to be operational by 2020.

In a briefing today, Department of Transportation and Communications

(DOTC) Secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya said the P117.30-billion Phase 1 of the

North-South Commuter Railway Project is expected to start operation by third

quarter of 2020. Construction will start in the first quarter of 2017. The

government expects a daily ridership of 340,000 in its first year of operation,

before reaching 523,000 by 2040.

The project, which will use the Philippine National Railway's (PNR) right-of-

way with 10 stations and a depot at Valenzuela involves the construction of a

36.7-kilometer narrow-gauge elevated commuter railway from Malolos to

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Tutuban. Financing will come from official development assistance or the

national budget.

The P170.70-billion North-South Railway Project South Line, which will be

implemented through public-private partnership (PPP), will also start operation

by first quarter of 2020. The bidding is scheduled in the second quarter of this

year, while the notice of award is on the fourth quarter. The construction will start

by first quarter of 2016.

The project consists of commuter railway operations between Tutuban and

Calamba, Laguna. It also includes a long haul railway operation between

Tutuban and Legaspi, Albay and on the branch line between Calamba and

Batangas and an extension running between Legaspi and Matnog.

Daily passenger traffic is expected to hit 340,543 in its first year of operation,

increasing to 783,952 by 2045. Abaya said the two infrastructure projects are

critical for a mega city like Metro Manila. "It is clearly a consequence of a

growing economy is the growing capacity of our people to own their own

vehicles. Clearly, with our traffic that is not the way to go. And the solution to that

natural tendency is to develop mass transit systems. Thus government is

investing in rails, in BRTs, likewise reforming the bus system," Abaya said.
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At present, 80 percent of Filipinos use public transportation, while the

remaining 20 percent have their own cars. "However, we are all in smaller

modes like jeeps, tricycles and UVs. The direction is to migrate the smaller

PUVs to mass transport systems and eventually migrate private owners into

mass transit systems," Abaya said.

Besides the PNR, the country's mass rail systems include Light Rail Transit

Lines 1 and 2, and the Metro Rail Transit Line 3. The government is also

building the Metro Rail Transit Line 7, the extension of LRT1 to Cavite, Manila

Bus Rapid Transit and Cebu Bud Rapid Transit systems.

Source: http://interaksyon.com/business

3.1 The news gives the researcher information about the plan of the Government

to build a new railway system using a PNR ROW.

1.1 The article of a news website explain the funding assistance from Japan.

2.1 Relevant Information

Zen Hernandez explain the involve securing funding for PNR North Railway
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AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION
Project. President Benigno Aquino's 4-day state visit in Japan will involve

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securing funding for the Philippine National Railways (PNR) North Railway

project, which goes from Tutuban to Malolos, Bulacan.

PNR General Manager Joseph Dilay is optimistic the President will be able

to get a pledge from the Japanese government so that a loan agreement will be

made in August.

The PNR North Railway project, as well as the South project, received

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) approval last February

16. If a loan agreement is reached by August, a detailed engineering plan may

be started to prepare for project construction by the first quarter of 2017.

The PNR South Railway program, meanwhile, which goes from Tutuban to

Calamba, will be placed under the PPP program and put up for bidding this

quarter as well, in order to start construction at about the same time. However,

some Naga residents are opposing some elements of the modernization plan.

According to Melvin del Puerto from Ateneo de Naga, the government's plan will

not necessarily modernize the system because it will continue to use old

technology. Del Puerto said the PNR plans to continue using narrow gauge

tracks instead of standard gauge tracks, which majority of countries worldwide

are already using.

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Standard gauge tracks are bigger than narrow gauge, and allow more

modern and faster trains to run. But the NEDA said consultants recommended

maintaining the old technology because the right of way is not big enough for

bigger tracks and faster trains will not be optimized due to the number of

intersections.

3.1 The article helps the researcher to know the situation about the funding

assistance of the proposed project.

Source: ABS-CBN News

1.1 The article talks about the station office suites or additional space for

professional worker.
2.1 Relevant Information
Regus, the worlds largest provider of flexible workspaces, has drop-in satellite

work places at major stations around Europe, such as Luxembourg Central

Station, Amersfoort Station in the Netherlands, and Geneva Station in

Switzerland. The Regus station network offers a variety of facilities for the

mobile professional worker, making working in noisy public areas a thing of

the past. Members can use the business lounge or a private office to meet,
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email, print, and conduct business. These spaces can be booked at short

notice and on a flexible basis.

3.1 The article gives an extra information about the spaces needs of the

passengers to relax, to work or to conduct business matters.

1.1 The article talks about the Virtual shopping wall and Mobile Stores in metro

station

2.1 Relevant Information

Virtual supermarkets could become more common especially in metro stations.

In 2011 in Seoul, South Korea, Homeplus (which is 95% owned by Tesco)

set up the first virtual shop along the platform of the Seonreung subway

station, displaying over 500 of its most popular supermarket products.

Smartphone users scan the QR code of a product to order it. If the order is

placed before 13:00, Homeplus will deliver the shopping the same day. After

a trial in the Shanghai metro, Chinas biggest online retailer Yihaodian plans

to open 1,000 virtual supermarkets in the country. As Smartphones or other

smart devices become ubiquitous in the future, the opportunities for e- and

m-commerce will continue to grow. There may even be virtual shopping walls

inside the carriages themselves.

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3.1 Based on the relevant information discussed in the article, the researcher

wants to adopt the ideas of installing Virtual Supermarkets but the virtual

shops in the station are not exactly set up along the platform because of the

dos and donts of the station, virtual shops best location to set up is along

the concessionaire area.

1.1 The researcher wants to include the study of Jica about the types of train that

will be used in the proposed Project. And the time table of arriving and

departing of the train, it also includes the distance of every stations and the

systems that the researcher wants to adopt.

2.1 Relevant Information

Number of stations: 19
Route Length: 103.9 Km
Maximum Interval Distance: 15.8 Km
Minimum Interval Distance: 1.4 Km
Average Interval Distance: 5.8

Station Interval Distance Stopping Train Remarks

Type
CIA Express and Underground
Commuter
Clark 7.7 Km Commuter Elevated
Angeles 4.0 Km Commuter Elevated
San Fernando 15.6 Km Commuter Elevated
Apalit 12.1 Km Commuter Elevated
Calumpit 4 Km Commuter Elevated
Malolos 8.5 Km Commuter Elevated
Guiguinto 6.2 Km
A PROPOSED STATION PLAZAS IN PAMPANGA Commuter Elevated
Bocaue 8.5 Km
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION Commuter Elevated
Marilao 5.8 Km Commuter Elevated
Valenzuela 4.9 Km Commuter Elevated

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Caloocan 6.1 Km Commuter Elevated

Blumentritt 4.8 Km Express and Elevated
Commuter
Espana 1.8 Km Commuter Elevated
Sta. Mesa 1.4 Km Commuter Elevated
Paco 3.7 Km Commuter Elevated
Buendia 2.6 Km Commuter Underground
Edsa 1.8 Km Express and Underground
Commuter
NAIA 4.4 Km Express and Underground
Commuter

Train Operation
Salient Features

Service runs for 18 hours a day (6am to Midnight)

Station dwell time of 30 seconds for commuter, 1 minute for
express
Minimum turnback time of 6 minutes for commuter, 8 minutes
for express
Maximum speed of express train is more than 160 KPH
An express train is composed 8 cars, and the commuter is 10
cars.

Train formation (Salient Formation)

Express train seats are all reserved before boarding by each

passenger.
Considering passenger luggage and the long distance traveled,
commuter train passenger capacity is flexible with standing riders at 4
pax/m2.

Type Express Commuter

Cars of train Set 8 Cars 10 Cars
Seat Capacity 400 520
Passenger Capacity 400
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AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION
Approximate Travel Time and Schedule

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Approximate travel time are calculated from the estimation of average running

speed. Average running speed of the express is 120 km/h from CIA to

Caloocan or Valenzuela. Due to alignment the average speed is reduced by 5

km/h to 115 km/h and it is 40 km/h from Caloocan to NAIA. Commuter train

average running speed 80 km/h from CIA to Caloocan or Valenzuela. Due to

alignment also the average speed is reduced by 5 km/h to 75 km/h and it is 40

km/h from Caloocan to NAIA.

CIA to NAIA Ter. 3 (103.8 km.)

Travelling time Scheduled Speed
79 Min 78.8 km/h
CIA to Blumentritt (88 km.)
Express Travelling time Scheduled Speed
52 Min 101.5 km/h
Blumentriitt to NAIA ter. 3
Travelling time Scheduled Speed
27 Min 35.1 km/h

CIA to NAIA Ter. 3 (103.8 km.)

Travelling time Scheduled Speed
113 Min 55.1 km/h
CIA to Blumentritt (88 km.)
Commuter Travelling time Scheduled Speed
84 Min 62.8 km/h
Blumentriitt to NAIA ter. 3
Travelling time Scheduled Speed
29 Min 32.6 km/h
Rolling Stack Applied in the Proposed Railway

Rolling Stock
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In Japan, the EMU system is used not only in commuter transport but also in
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

high speed rail. Japan is one of the countries where commuter train

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transportation has the biggest volume. EMUs for commuter trains are capable of

transporting passengers punctually and reliable at adequate speed, playing a key

role as the transportation system in and around metropolitan cities. Japan is a

world pioneer in high speed rail and EMU systems instead of traditional loco-

hauled and has been used from the start. Its technologies are continually being

improved and developed to enhance passenger riding comfort, and make riding

the trains more efficient, reliable and environmental friendly. They are applicable

to semi high speed ratio.

In this project both types of EMU, commuter rail and semi high speed are

proposed. Therefore, japan has much experience in this area and has led other

countries in introducing optimum rolling stock.

Particulars of these technologies are lightweight car structure, highly efficient

propulsion system and easy maintenance structure.

Light-Weight Technology

Weight of the Rolling Stock directly affects operation energy consumption and

thus operation cost. Besides light-weight rolling stocks have an advantage in

construction of compact infrastructure because lightweight reduces load

A PROPOSED STATION PLAZAS IN PAMPANGA

resistance of the infrastructure resulting in reduction of construction cost.

AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

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Japanese rolling stock manufacturers along with railway operation companies

have been pursuing light weight technology and now they are excellent in this

field. Especially, technology of light eight stainless structures had made possible

cars as light in weight as those with an aluminum alloy body. In japan, stainless

steel as well as aluminum alloy is used for metro and commuter rolling stocks.

Passengers Capacity and Body Length, Width, Train Configuration

Body length, width and train configuration reflect passenger capacity and

influence construction gauge. In the study on the Clark-Manila airport line, the

passenger capacity, 1800 pax for a commuter train and 400 pax for an airport

express, is required by the railway plan based on the demand forecast.

Body Type Standard

Car body size (mm) 20000 x 2950
Length x Width
Cars in a train set 10 Cars
Train Length (m) 200 M
Seat Capacity 520 Seats
Passenger Capacity 1800
AW2:4 Pax/m2
Aw3;7 pax/m2 2800
Train Formation 6 motor cars and 4 trailers
Weight of Train 320 tons

Efficient Propulsion System

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Induction motors and VVVF and IGBT system are the most popular recent
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

propulsion system for rolling stock. It is energy efficient and requires less

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maintenance, however technology in this field is constantly advancing, seeking

more efficient system.

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is the one example of the

latest technology. MMSM has permanent magnets in its rotor, and makes the

most use of the magnetic energy. So the efficiency of MPSM is even higher than

that of an induction motor. This contributes to less energy consumption. Since

PMSM generates less heat, fully hermetically enclosed structures would be

possible and this contributes to maintenance reduction. Nowadays some

manufacturers in japan are developing VVVF inverter with silicon carbide (SiC)

modules, which is more efficient than a conventional IGBT inverter. The best

suited system could be selected from among a variety of systems, considering

cost performance.

Easy-Maintenance Structure

Maintenance is one of the most important subjects which influences reliability of

rolling stocks. Additionally, it is desirable to reduce maintenance work because it

accounts for a certain portion of operation cost. The structure of the bolster-less

bogies is very simple and reduces the number of wearing parts. Automatic

inspection functions of train information management system and self-diagnosis

functions for major equipment save maintenance work. Rolling stocks

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manufactured through Japanese technology satisfy both high reliability and easy-

maintenance.

Train Operation Management

1) Mix Train Operation

One of the features of Japanese commuter train operation is dense train

operation. The most dense line is the Chuo line Rapid of JR EAST. The headway

of this line is almost 2 minutes at peak hours. And there are 4 types of train

services, Rapid transit and express train service. The stops at each train are

different to reduce travel time. Many passengers that need a long time to

commute want to arrive at their office or home earlier. Especially, it is hard to

recover normal operation from transport disorder. Many Japanese railway

operators struggle to keep safe and stable train operation. Their know-how and

technique in keeping train operation punctual, stable, and especially safe is

useful for the AER PROJECT.

2) Airport Access Train Service in Japan

Narita International Airport in Japan is about 100km from the Greater Tokyo

metropolitan area. Airport access limited express train service begun in 1991 by

JR EAST and KEISEI. Both limited express train services use the existing
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railway line. And both existing railway lines are densely commuter lines too.
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

There are mixed train operation with Commuter trains and limited express trains.

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It is hard to make a train operation plan for this especially in the morning and

evening rush hours. It is necessary to consider facilities to pass and turn-back

for limited express trains because running speed and headway ware different

from each other. This AER is similar to the Japanese Airport access train service.

So Japanese railway operators know-how and techniques regarding airport

access train operation is very useful for this AER PROJECT.

Safe Train Operation

Electrification System

1) Feeding System

In order to select the electrification system of AER, the features of DC

electrification and AC electrification are show in Table.

Comparison between DC and AC Electrification

DC Electrification AC Electrification
Typical Voltage DC1500V AC 2x25kV
Feeding System Overhead Catenary (High Overhead Catenary
speed) 3rd Rail ( Middle speed)
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High Speed Railway Good
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION Excellence
Up to around 200km/h 800km/h and over
Long Distance Railway Good Excellent

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Urban Railway Excellent Good

Distance between Substations 6-8km 30-70km
Number of Substations per 13 2
100km
Expected Electric Failure Electric corrosion Communication failure due to
electromagnetic induction
Handling and Control of Electric Low voltage is easy to handle Due to high voltage, grounding
Power control is important especially at
passenger stations
Electric Power Supply High-tension voltage network to High-tension voltage lines with
uniformly cover along main line large power capacity are
is required required
Future Extension Plan .Extension for short or middle Extension for middle or long
distance is better distance is better
Clearance Distance between 150mm and over 30mm and over
Contact Wire and Structure

Source: JICA Study Team

In order to document the electrification plans implemented by North Rail in the

part, the flow of change of the proposed electrification system is shown in Table.

History of the Electrification Plan of North Rail

No. Year Submitted by Title Description about Electrification

1 1996-1997 Spanish Technical Documents Basic design of electrification
Railways Group
2 Mar. 1998 North Rail Revised F/S MANILA- Evaluation of DC and AC
CLARK Railway traction system
System Project Adoption of 25kV AC at 60Hz
3 Feb. 2000 North Rail F/S for MANILA- (ditto)
CLARK Rapid Railway
System Project Section
1 (Monument-Calumpit)
4 Mar. 2003 North Rail F/S for North Rail Initially, Diesel traction is
Project Phase 1, used.
Section 1 Upgrade to Electric traction
(CALOOCAN- after warranty of DMU.
MALOLOS) Evaluation of Electric traction
A PROPOSED STATION PLAZAS IN PAMPANGA has not been done.
5 Sep. 2008 China National
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION North Luzon, Railways Adoption of 1x25kV AC.
Machinery & Project Phase 1, Power demand is
Equipment Section 1 2x31.5MVA.
Corporation (CALOOCAN-

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MALOLOS) In the
future, upgrade to the v/v
connection transformer.
6 Nov. 2008 SYSTRA ESCA Report on the 25kV Review of Chinese proposal.
SPI Joint Electrification 1x25kV and 2x25kV has
Venture been proposed.
Power demand is 39MVA.
Measure of electric failure
has been proposed
(unbalance, etc)
7 Nov. 2008 (ditto) MERALCO Minutes MERALCO rejected 1x25kV
SES-JV of Meeting system and recommended
2x25kV system.
SES-JV agreed to adopt
2x25kV.
Source: JICA Study Team

Based on the above-mentioned background, the JICA Study Team carried out a

25kV system ( AT feeding system) proposal to the following electric power

companies. The outline of the discussion is shown in Table.

National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) in San

Fernando
San Fernando Light & Power Co., Inc. ( SFELAPCO)
MERALCO Corporate Business Group

Result of Study by JICA Study Team

No. Date Electric Outline of Discussion

Company
1 18Jan,2013 NGCP
2 18Jan,2013 SFELAPCO
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AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION
JICA proposed 2x25kV system and Measure of
electric failure
Power demand is 43.1MVA in 2025
NGCP replied that power supply to 2x25kV
system is possible
However the impact has to be checked by NGCP
JICA proposed 2x25kV system and measure of
electric failure
Power demand is 43.1MVA in 2025
SFELAPCO understood JICAs proposal

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regarding the
AER project. Since the power demand of the
AER project is huge, SFELAPCO will examine
the means of being able to supply power to
AER, from now on.
3 21Jan,2013 MERALCO JICA proposed 2x25kV system and measure of
electric failure
Power demand is 42.5MVA in 2025
MERALCO replied that all JICAs requirements
can be accepted.
Source: JICA Study Team

As a reference for selecting a feeding system for the Airport Express

Railway (AER), it shows the feeding systems which are currently being

used in the country.

Outline of the Feeding Systems of Each Country

Current Feeding System Range of Application Main Countries which

have adopted

DC 600V Third rail Metro UK, USA, Canada,

Japan
DC 630V Third rail Metro UK
DC 750V Third rail Metro USA, France,
LRT Germany, Japan
Suburban railway Australia
UK
Overhead line LRT Philippines

DC 800V Third rail Urban railway Germany

DC 900V Third rail Metro Belgium
DC 1000V Third rail Metro USA
DC 1200V Third rail Urban railway Germany
Third rail Linear metro China
DC 1500V Overhead line Metro UK
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AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION Urban railway Philippine, France,
Conventional railway Australia, Japan

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DC 3000V Overhead line Conventional railway Belgium

AC 1kV Overhead line Long distance railway USA

AC 12.5kV Overhead line Long distance railway USA

Overhead line High speed railway Germany

Overhead line Conventional railway Japan

Overhead line High speed railway UK, France, Belgium,

Japan, China
Long distance railway USA, Canada,
Suburban railway Australia
Argentine, Venezuela
Urban railway

Source: JICA Study Team

The following tendencies can be found from Table. A feeding system utilizing

AC25kV is suitable for high speed railways with mass transport, since it can

supply sufficient electric power. This system tends to be used increasingly

around the world. Moreover, since voltage is high and the power transmission

distance can be long, it is advantageous because the number of substations is

decreased. Because of this advantage, examples which this system is

introduced into long-distance railways, suburban railways, and urban railways

are increasing. AC electrification is studied below.

2) Study of AC Electrification Systems

The current is transmitted to the train motor though the overhead contact line
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and pantograph from the AC substation and returned to the AC substation again
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

through wheels, rails, etc. after consumption. The current returned to the

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substation is called the return current which has three AC feeding systems of

different system configurations.

AC Electrification System Configurations and Characteristics

System Configuration and Characteristics Distance between

Direct-Current Feeding
System
BT Feeding System
AT Feeding System
2x25kV System
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The AT feeding system is suitable for long distance and high speed railways. In
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION
Substations
The return current back to the Approx. 50km
substation is through the rails.
Approx. 40% of the current leaks
to the ground from the rails.
The return current back to the Approx. 30km
substation is through the dedicated
negative line.
BT (Booster Transformer) is
installed at an interval of approx.. 4km on
the contact wire to boost the return current
on the negative line to be equal with the
supply and return current.
The leakage current from rails is
reduced due to this boosting.
The return current back to the Approx. 70km
substation is through the dedicated AT
feeding line.
The transmission length becomes
long in order to transmit electric power
with 2x25kV.
An AT (Auto Transformer) is
installed at an interval of approx. 10km. It
is used to step down 25kV for feeding and
to boost the return current.
Shinkansens began operations
using the BT feeding system, however, the
system was changed to the AT feeding
system for improvement.
The AT feeding system for
Shinkansens is the standard for the
worlds high speed railways.

addition, the communication failure due to electromagnetic induction, which

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occurs when the return current leaks to the ground from the rails and causes

damage to communication lines, is improved. Each country installed a different

AC feeding systems for various reasons. For AER projects, the AT feeding

system which has these advantages should be recommended.

3) Proposed AT Feeding ( 2x25kV) System

In this project, as an AC feeding system, the AT feeding (2x25kV) system is

proposed. Two AC substations (SS) equipped with 50MVA transformers are

installed at an interval of approximately 50km as shown in Figure 7.2-2. A

sectioning post (SP) is installed at the intermediate point and the electric power is

supplied up to these posts in ordinary times. Sub sectioning posts (SSP) are

installed on the sides of 2 terminal stations, and used for maintenance works or

whenever else there is a need to cut the power supply. An SSP is installed at the

entrance and exit of underground sections, if needed. Auto transformer posts

(ATP) are installed at intervals of approximately 10km. Each feeding lines

connects in the SP so that if one of the substations is down the feeding section of

an adjacent substation is extended.

Receiving Substation
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The electric power supplied from the electric power company is received at a
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

dedicated receiving substation and then transmitted to the feeding substation. It

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is recommended that the receiving and feeding substation be built on the same

property. To respond to the power failure of a power supply company, the double

receiving system should be adopted as receiving system.

Estimation of Electric Power Requirements

The required electric power for the AER is estimate by approximate

calculations. The estimation is calculated from the values of the rate of electric

power consumption, the electric power consumption of stations and depots, the

peak headway, the number of cars in a train formation, the vehicle weight and the

route length.

Phase 1 Phase 2
Traction Power SS-1 SS-1 SS-2
Auxiliary Power 27.6 36.4 39.7
Total Demand 33.7 42.5 43.1

SS-1 Valenzuela Substation

SS-2 San Fernando Substation

Signaling System

Basic Scheme of Signaling System

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The Signaling System of AER is based on the following system.

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Automatic Train Protection System

Centralized Traffic Control System
Automatic Train Operation System
Communication Based Train System

Recent Signaling System

Many Signaling system using a track have been used in the past, and these

signaling system are reliable. On the other hand, in recent years, a system

which uses radio without the track circuit has been introduced widely, and

more development is expected in the future. The system configuration and

characteristic of the CBTC and the track circuit system are shown below.

Communication Based Train Control System

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Track Circuit System
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION
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Characteristics of CBTC and Track Circuit System
Radio System
Detection of An on board tachogenerator detects
train the position of train, and the
transponder on the ground adjust
the position information. The other
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manner to detect position is by
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION
radar.
Block System The train running behind a train can
Track Circuit System
When a trains enters he track cicuit,
the track circuit is shorted by the
wheels and the axle of the train the
signaling system recognizes the
short and detects the position of the
train
A fixed block is set up using a
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obtain the position of the front train.
The train behind can calculate the
range is called the moving block.
Speed Control The on board program of the
following train calculates a braking
pattern from the moving block and
the running speed of the train, and
controls he running speed
automatically.
Signal Cab Signal
Transmission of Train control information is
information transmitted to the trains by digital
radio via antenna from the radio
base. The current position of the
train is returned to the radio from the
train.
ATP When a driver ignores a stop signal
ad running speed is exceeded, the
ATP controls the speed or stops the
train automatically.
ATO Based on an operatio pattern
between stations, an on board ATO
operates the train automatically
using an ATO ground coil and the
train control device.
Equipment on Radio base, antenna, etc.
Ground The arrangement is decided by the
range of access of an electric wave,
an operation density. Power cable is
mostly installed along the whole
line.
Telecommunication System
A PROPOSED STATION PLAZAS IN PAMPANGA
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION
1) Optical Fiber Transmission Lines (OFTL)
continuous
track circuit. Simultaneous operation
of two or more trains is not allowed
in this section.
A signaling system gives a go
attention or stop message to
signal the fixed block behind the
train. And the driver confirms this
and control the running speed of
train.
Many on-ground signals are used.
Cab Signaling is used with the
railways, such as the Metro, the high
speed and highly density operation
railways where it is difficult to confirm
the on ground signal by sight.
Track circuit transmits signals, such
as control speed, to the train,
moreover a ground coil transmits an
alam message telling of excess
speed, and a transponder transmits
the data for brake operation.
Same as Radio System
Same as Radio System
Signals on ground etc.
Generally, track circuit, signal cable,
and power cable are installed along
the whole line.
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Optical fiber cables can transfer a far greater amount of information than

metal cables. OFTL for railways systems transfer large amount f information such

as trunk radio communications, signaling, passenger information, time signals,

power supply management, telephone communication, fare collection

information, images and fire prevention information. Optical fiber cables are laid

in duplicate up and down bounds, in order to respond to line failures and

equipment outages.

As image data, especially data for monitoring safety on platforms during

congested times, is larger than sound information, it is more efficient to use multi-

media transmission lines utilizing gigabit Ethernet technology. Furthermore,

although Wi-Fi are wireless LAN can be now used in high speed railways cabin,

broadband wireless transmissions can be used by connecting LCX cables using

a repeater from OFTL.

Apart from railway use, railway companies lease OFTL to other companies.

The OFTL are sized to provide a large capacity in anticipation of an increase in

demand in the future and services to the other companies are provided through
A PROPOSED STATION PLAZAS IN PAMPANGA
the lines not being used by the railway company. (Dark fiber).
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

Turnout of High Speed

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CHAPTER III:
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When a train passes on a turnout in the branch direction, the running speed is

limited to the speed defined by the turnout angle, so the alignment of the main

line designed for high speed operation is desirable for the turnout angle to be as

small as possible.

Automatic Fare Collection System (AFC)

Outline of the AFC System

AFC System have been

installed in many urban railways

around the world and consist of

ticket vending machines (TVM),

automatic face adjustment

machines, data collecting

machines and office booking

machines. The summary and

installation concept of AFC

equipment are described below.

A PROPOSED STATION PLAZAS IN PAMPANGA

AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

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CHAPTER III:
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Ticket Vending Machine

The TVM is used for ticket selling and is a machine which automatically issues

ticket by passengers paying money and choosing ticket types. TVM which is

operated by the passengers is required to be simple and easy to use.

Automatic Gates

It is installed at ticket gates or ticket collection gates, is a machine to rapidly and

accurately read or collect tickets on behalf of station staff. The types of AGs are

for entrance only, exit only and both entrance and exit. On entrance, the Ag reads

necessary information from a card or ticket and writes the entrance record onto it.

On exit, the card is again passed over the card reader. At this time the fare is

adjusted and confirmed based on the entrance record. If required information is

not obtained on entrance and exit, the gate will be closed and the information will

be confirmed by station staff.

Data Collecting Machines

A data collecting machine is a piece of equipment to collect and save daily data

from the AFC system such as AGs and TVMs and fare adjustment machines,

etc. the aggregated data is transferred to the data management department

through online communication facilities.

A PROPOSED STATION PLAZAS IN PAMPANGA
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

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CHAPTER III:
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Ticket Checker

A ticket is installed in an information counter next to the fare gates. Recorded

information on the card or ticket, such as entrance record, exit record, fare

adjustment record, is checked and updated by a station staff member.

Plat

form Screen Door System

It is installed for the purpose of accident prevention and environmental

improvement as mentioned below.

Accident Prevention on Platform Barrier-free Design

Preventing loss of air conditioning effect
Blocking train wind
Reduction of noise
Preventing accidental contact with a train
Preventing passengers falling on tracks
Preventing accidental fall of a drunker person
Preventing suicide attempts
A PROPOSED STATION PLAZAS IN PAMPANGA
Preventing an accident by pushing
AIRPORT EXPRESS TRAIN STATION

Environmental Improvement of Platform

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Early Earthquake Detection System

According to the study Earthquake Impact Reduction Study for Metropolitan

Manila, Republic of the Philippines,2004 implemented by JICA, Metropolitan

Mania would suffer a great deal of damage because of Magnitude 7 earthquake

given the earthquake scenario of the west valley fault. It is said that he

magnitude 7 earthquake would cause damage within a distance of about 100 km

from the epicenter. In that case, most of the planned route area could be

affected. Therefore it is necessary to use earthquake resistant structures and to

sop trains by using an earthquake detection system before the occurrence of an

earthquake.
B. Case Study
1.2 Foreign

Nunawading Station (Melbourne, Australia)

The station design integrates an elevated concourse, pedestrian

connections, bus interchange facilities, and terminal station and platform

architecture elements.
The concourse canopies also integrates architectural elements

because of provided extensive weather protection to commuters and allow

the Natural Daylight. The structure also allow an open space environment.

The station had amenity pods who incorporates modern facilities for staff

and commuters as well as waiting room and retail areas. The treatment

used in amenity pods are cladding in a very healthy enamel panel which

creates an identity for the station.

Floor Plan of Nunawading Station

Findings and Analysis

The station are too small to accommodate a thousands of commuters

and the construction phase of the station experienced the unique

 challenges of designing and constructing a new rail line and station eight

meters lower than the adjacent operating tracks and six lane arterial road

all within an extremely narrow rail reserve. In addition to the substantial

civil challenges, the station also required complex staging to enable rail

line operation and road use to be, for the most, part undisrupted.
Application to the present Study
The station focus on the outside of the site like parking, drop off point

landscapes and the building access to the roads. And this

Secunderabad

Railway Station
It is a major

intercity rail station

and a commuter rail hub in the Hyderabad Urban Area. It is located in the

City of Secunderabad falls under the South Central Railway zone of Indian

Railways. The main portico and concourse are influenced by AsafJahi

style architecture.
The station building resembles a fort and is one of the tourist

attractions in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. It is well

connected by rail to all parts of India. Over 190 trains arrive at, or depart

from, the station, daily, transporting over one hundred thousand

passengers to their destinations across the country. It is connected to

almost all the parts of the twin cities (Hyderabad and Secunderabad) by
the Hyderabad MMTS and Hyderabad Road Transport's buses, making it

convenient for passengers to commute to and from the station.

Passengers using the Secunderabad Station are fully equipped with as

many facilities as in any other railway station in the Indian Railways.

New PNR Tutuban Station (Tondo Manila)

Philippine National Railway response to the challenges of development

and help to promote railway in Metro Manila and the Tutuban station is the

primary station because of the depot or maintenance station of the said

railway, the executive / main office of the railway are also on the site.
The station serves as a catchment of all commuter service of the PNR,

such as Metro Commuter and Premier Train

Metro Commuter serves a commuter rail service for the National Capital

Region, extending as far as south as Calamba City Laguna. And

The Premiere Train service is a commuter rail service introduced on

March 3, 2014. Train originates from Tutuban Terminal and stops

at Blumentritt, Espaa, Santa Mesa, Buendia, EDSA, Sucat, Alabang, San

Pedro, Bian and Santa Rosa stations.