Unit 1.

Paragraph to Short Ess

ay

Part 2.
Reference:
Morenberg , M. & Sommers , J. (2003). The
Writer's Options: Lessons in Style and
Arrangement , p. 143-158.
Review
Larger
units

Topic sentence Essays

Unity Paragrap
Coherence hs
Cohesion Sentence
s

Words Smallest
units
Coherence & Cohesion
Coherence Cohesion
Relationship between Relationships between
ideas. sentences, or parts of
sentences.
To use a pattern of To use language
organization. devices (words &
phrases).
1.Emphatic order 1.Connectives.
2.Chronological order 2.References
3.Spatial order 3.Structural
sentences.
A. Using connectives and connective
phrases
The The The The
second second second second
sentence sentence sentence sentence
gives an adds restates, expresses
illustratio another summariz a contrast
n or point es, or
example shows a
result
For and, also, so, thus, but, still,
example, too, then, In fact, yet,
For first, Therefore, However,
instance, second, As a result, Even so,
For one next, Accordingly, Nevertheles
thing, Furthermor In other s,
B. Using reference to a previously sta
ted word or phrase
Repeat words
Mysterious event. .. Nothing is more
mysterious than her disappearance.
Use pronouns
Virgo.ititit
Create synonyms
Contract = Lease
 C. Arranging sentences into structu
ral patterns
Place parallel ideas into parallel structure
s.
From the east,. From the south,.
Organize old and new information into pr
oper sequences.
Peer Review Time
From Paragraph to Short Essa
y
Reference:
Folse, K., Solomon, E. & Clabeaux, D. (2006).
From Great Paragraphs to Great Essays,
p.71-94.
From Paragraph to Short Essay
Similarity & Difference?
Difference: an essay is longer than a paragraph.
Similarity: both have similar structures.

STRUCTURE Paragraph Short Essay

Introduction topic sentence thesis statement
Few sentences to One or two
support the idea of paragraph to
Body paragraph the topic sentence develop the idea
of the thesis
statement.
The final sentence. The final
Summarize the paragraph.
Conclusion
ideas. Summarize the
ideas.
 CONTENT Paragraph Short Essay
The topic sentence The introductory
states the topic and paragraph states
the controlling idea. the topic.
Introduction
The thesis
statement states
the controlling idea.
The supporting The body
sentences of the paragraphs support
paragraph support the idea in the
Body paragraph the idea in the topic thesis statement.
sentence. Each boy
paragraph has a
topic sentence.
The concluding The essay
sentence conclusion
Conclusion summarize the idea summarize the idea
in the topic on the thesis
sentence. statement..
 Example: Textbook p.16
Exercise 2.
Rhetorical Focus
An effective essay must have the following elem
ents.
Introduction:
Hook.
Background.
Thesis statement.
Body paragraph(s):
A topic sentence followed by supporting detai
ls.
Conclusion:
Summary or restatement of the thesis statem
 Thesis statement is very important because it gi
ves the topic and the controlling idea of the e
ssay.
The thesis statement often acts as an outline fo
r the rest of your essay because it summarizes y
our thoughts, and the reasons you believe your
main point is true.
Exercise 3A. (p.18)
Exercise 3B. (p.19)
El Salvador (Spanish)

Eight steps in writing an essay

True ease in writing comes from

art, not chance, as those move
easiest who have learned to
dance.

--Alexander Pope.
 Effective writers approach an essay as ma
ny small pieces of writing that are done st
ep by step.
An essay is just a collection of paragraph,
organized much like an individual paragra
ph with an introduction, a body, and a co
nclusion.
 Choose a topic.
Choose sth familiar or you are interested in and wa
nt to know more.
Brainstorming.
Freewriting. Listing. Clustering.
Decide the purpose of writing.
Describing? Comparing? Showing cause/effect? Argu
ing?
Write a thesis statement.
Implied thesis & Stated thesis
Buying a car is not as easy as it sounds because t
here are many factors to consider.
Buyers should keep in mind many factors when p
urchasing a car: price, gas mileage, and function
ality.
 Creating an outline.
Develop supporting details.
Write the conclusion.
Writing a first draft.
Revising & Editing
Revise: refine thesis statement, reorganize m
aterials, add details, reword sentences.
Edit: correct grammar, spelling, and punctuat
ion errors.
Writing a final draft and submitting your wo
rk.
Editing your writing

Reference:
McDonald, S. & Salomone, W. (2004). The
Writers Response: A Reading based approach
to college writing, p.307-314.
Sentences
A complete sentence must contain at least one
main clause.
A main clause contains a subject and a verb, an
d express a complete idea.
Common error of writing sentences:
Run-on sentences
Fused sentences
Comma splices
Sentence fragment
Dependent sentences
Run-on Sentences
The sentence runs on too long and confuse the readers.
In a run-on sentence, important punctuation is missing
between the clauses.
Fused sentences: two or more main clauses are joined
without a coordinating conjunction and without punctu
ation.
Tina jumped into the pool she waved at her father.
Comma splice: two or more clauses are joined with a co
mma but without a coordinating conjunction.
Tina jumped into the pool, she waved at her father.
I saved money to take a trip, however, I had to chang
e my plan at the last minutes.
 Solution:
Punctuate the clauses as two separate senten
ces.
Use a comma and a conjunction.
Use a semicolon.
Use a semicolon and a conjunction.
*Tina won the lottery she decided to buy a car.
Tina won the lottery, so she decided to buy a car.
Tina won the lottery; she decided to buy a car.
Tina won the lottery; therefore, she decided to bu
y a car.
When Tina won the lottery, she decided to buy a c
 Exercise 4. (p.23)
Exercise 5. (p.23)
Sentence Fragment
A sentence fragment occurs when a group of w
ords that lacks a main clause in punctuated as a
sentence.
Some fragment contains no clause at all.
The child in the park.
Some fragments contains a verb but still no clau
se.
The child playing in the park.
Some fragments contains a subordinate clause
(dependent clause) but no main clause.
As the child played in the park.
Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause is a clause that is not a com
plete sentence by itself.
It has a subject and a verb, but it does not have
a complete idea.
It usually begins with a subordinate conjunction
. (when, because, before, since)
Solution:
It must always be attached to a main (independ
ent) clause to make one complete sentence.
 Exercise 3 (p.22)