Implementation of High Volrage Direct Current Transmission System Using Simulation Software

IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH VOLRAGE
DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

USING SIMULATION SOFTWARE
BY
AWAB ABDULMONEM MOHAMED ALI
Supervisor:
Dr: Kamal Ramadan
A REPORT SUBMITTED TO
University of Khartoum
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
B.Sc. (HONS) Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(POWER ENGINEERING)
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
July 2010
DIDCATION
To my family
To my mates
To my country
I
Acknowledgement
First of all I am pleased for ALLAH blessings in finishing writing
these papers so I say alhamdullah.
I would like to express my gratitude to university of Khartoum

faculty of engineering for making this project possible, also I would
like to express my thanks and appreciation to our supervisor Dr.kamal
Ramadan for reading the entire project and his suggestions which were
very useful addition and changes.
Special thanks go to Dr. Abdurahman A. karrar for his keen

cooperation. Also my thanks go to load dispatch centre administration
and employees for their sincere encouragement and support.
Also I am grateful for Dr.Fayez alsadiq for his illustration in major

points in this project.
And finally I appreciate my partner Mohamed Mohamed al

Alhabib for his patient and also my colleges for their comment and
advices which had major effects on these papers.
II
ABSTRACT
Losses of power transmission are considered as a measure of transmission
efficiency, the less the power lost the more efficient the transmission system,
the reduction of this lost power increases the power which can be used and
delivered to the consumers to be sold instead of being lost. This report is about
High voltage Direct current transmission; it mentions the advantages of using
HVDC in transmission exactly the effect in transmission losses reduction. In
order to examine this effect a number of DC links are used for power
transmission, instead of AC transmission lines with application on the
Sudanese national grid. The project resulted in transmission losses reduction
about 14% in case of peak load .The simulation program ETAP was used to
construct the network model and implementation of DC links specified in
order to simulate the network and to get load flow results.
,
.
.
.
.
) ETAP (
.
. %14
III
Table of Contents
Dedication......I
Acknowledgement.......II
Abstract...III
.......III
Table of Contents.................................................................................IV
List of Figures.....VII
List of Tables.........................................................................................VIII
Chapter I: Introduction ............................................................................... 1
1.1 Problem definition: ........................................................................... 1

1.2 Objectives: ........................................................................................ 1
1.3 Methodology: .................................................................................... 1
1.4 Tools: ................................................................................................ 2
1.5 Thesis Layout.................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II: Literature Review ............................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 3
2.2History of HVDC transmission ......................................................... 3
2.3 HVDC Configurations ...................................................................... 6
2.3.1 Monopole and earth return ........................................................ 6
2.3.2Bipolar ........................................................................................ 7
2.3.3Back to back ............................................................................... 8
2.4 Systems with transmission lines ....................................................... 9
2.5 Tri-pole: current-modulating control ................................................ 9
2.6 Advantages & disadvantages HVDC ............................................. 10
2.6.1 Advantages: ............................................................................. 10
2.6.1Disadvantages: .......................................................................... 11
2.7 Environmental considerations ........................................................ 12
IV
2.7.1 Field and corona effects ........................................................... 12
CHAPTER III: System components modeling ........................................ 15
3.1 Transformer model ......................................................................... 15

3.1.1 Equivalent circuit representation .......................................... 15
3.1.2 Representation of Three-Winding Transformers .................... 16
3.2 Transmission line model ................................................................. 18
3.2.1 Electrical Characteristics ......................................................... 18
3.2.2Power flow Equations ............................................................... 18
3.2.3Equivalent Circuit of a Transmission Line............................... 18
3.3 Convertor model ............................................................................. 20
3.3.1 converter theory and performance equations .......................... 20
3.3.2 Valve characteristics ................................................................ 20
3.3.3 Converter circuits .................................................................... 21
3.4 Synchronous Generator Modeling .................................................. 37
3.4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 37
3.4.2 Machine Voltage Equation. ....38
CHAPTER IV: Implementation and simulation ...................................... 44
4.1 ANALYSIS SOFTWARE TOOL: ETAP ...................................... 44

4.1.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 44
4.1.2 Capabilities .............................................................................. 45
4.1.3 Specifications........................................................................... 47
4.2 Load Flow Required Data............................................................... 49
4.2.1 Bus Data................................................................................... 49
4.2.2 Branch Data ............................................................................. 49
4.2.3 Synchronous Generator Data ................................................... 50
4.2.4 Static Load Data ...................................................................... 50
4.2.5 Capacitor Data ......................................................................... 50
4.2.6 Lumped Load Data .................................................................. 50
4.2.7 HV DC Link Data .................................................................... 51
V
4.2.8 Other Data................................................................................ 51
4.3 NATIONAL GRID SIMULATION ............................................... 52
4.3.1 STAGE I .................................................................................. 52
4.3.2 STAGE II ................................................................................. 53
4.3.3 STAGE III ............................................................................... 54
4.4 General discussion .......................................................................... 55
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work .................................................. 56
5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 56

5.2 Future work... .. 56
References....57
Appendix I: single line diagram of the network.......................................59

Appendix II: lines data (R,X,Y, from bus ,to bus and length).................60
Appendix III : Transformers data (ratings and reactances).....................65
Appendix IV: Generators data (voltage rating, active power, power factor
and required data in load flow) ...............................................................69
Appendix V: capacitors and reactors data (MVA rating) ...........................71
Appendix VI: 2010 peak loading data on main bus-bars (110,220)........72
Appendix VII: ETAPs losses summary report (in case of lines are all
AC) ...........................................................................................................................73
Appendix VIII: ETAPs losses summary report (in case of some lines are
DC)..........................................................................................................74
VI
List of Figures
Figure 2-1:Thury HVDC transmission system....4
Figure 2-2: Block diagram of a monopole system with earth return.......6
Figure 2-3: Block diagram of a bipolar system that also has an earth
return.........................................................................................................7
Figure3.1: 2-windings transformer equivalent circuit...15
Figure 3.2: Equivalent circuit of a three-winding transformer.16
Figure 3.3: Transmission line equivalent circuit...19
Figure 3.4: major elements of the convertor.20
Figure 3.5 Symbol for controlled valve.....21
Figure 3.6 Three-phase, full-wave bridge circuit...21
Figure 3.7 Equiv circuit for three-phase full-wave bridge converter23
Figure 3.8 waveforms of voltages and currents of bridge circuit of figure
3.7............................................................................................................24
Figure 3.9: voltage wave forms and valve currents, with ignition delay.26
Figure 3.10: Line Current waveform.27
Figure 3.11: Effect of overlap angle on periods of conduction of valves28
Figure 3.12: periods of valve conduction with ignition delay......28
Figure 3.13: Equivalent circuit during commutation......29
Figure 3.14: valve currents during commutation in relation to
commutation voltage..31
Figure 3.15: Voltage waveforms showing the effect of overlap during
commutation from valve 1 to valve 3.31
Figure 3.16: Bridge rectifier equivalent circuit...33
Figure 3.18: Angles used in rectifier and inverter...35
Figure 3.19: Inverter equivalent circuits (with positive)..36
Figure 3.20: Schematic representation of a three-phase synchronous
generator...............................................................................................37
Figure 3.21: AC & DC costs break even at about 500 Km....55
VII
List of tables
Table 4.1: DC links and AC loses and DC loses for each and the
percentage of saving.54
VIII
Chapter one Introduction 2011
Chapter I
Introduction
HV is needed to transmit power over long distance offering numerous
potential benefits to utilities seeking to meet load growth, minimizing the
transmission losses as less as possible putting in mind the economic constraint,
relieve transmission congestion, and increase grid reliability. Also the higher the
voltage the longer the electricity can be carried without much losses.
1.1 Problem definition:

With the recent trend of interfacing AC power systems generation regions that
are far from the load and power consumption in different geographical areas separated
by long distances, or even seas, to form energy markets, the application of high
voltage DC (HVDC) transmission is on the increase because it consume less power
than the AC power transmission and also due to other capabilities like stability. For
example due to the mostly sunny time of the year referred to the geographic position
of many countries in Africa it will be more efficiently to use the HVDC technology to
guide the transmission of electrical power from the product area in case of using
natural energy sources to the consumers.
HVDC will make it economically and more safety technology to be used

exactly in the long distances power transmission.
1.2 Objectives:
HVDC project aims to develop a model to represent HVDC transmission
system in order to be connected with other components of power system and to apply
and analysis HVDC transmission on the Sudanese national grid.
1.3 Methodology:
The methods were Combination of theoretical & mathematical methods and
simulation implementations. In order to develop a model including the HVDC link
and its controllers together with the interfaces with AC power systems.
Page 1
Chapter one Introduction 2011
1.4 Tools:
Simulation based on the model will be performed to review the system
performance specially on the losses side using ETAP power system program
especially the load flow application package.
1.5 Thesis Layout

The rest of the thesis is organized as following:
Chapter 2 Literature Review: provides the reader with a background to

keep up with the development of the battle between the two types of current
the DC and AC currents. It consists of the revolution in HVDC technology and
the types of HVDC transmission.
Chapter 3 System Modeling: an overall view of the system is presented
showing the units that compose the system, and then each component model is
mentioned briefly except the convertor component in much more details.
Chapter 4 Implementation and results: this chapter talks about the
software used and the potentials that is used and the real work: data gathering,
network building and HVDC links application and the total result of the
simulation.
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future work: this chapter gives conclusion to
the whole work done and discusses the major results of the project. It also
gives extra enhancements to be introduced in the future.
APPENDEX I: single line diagram of the network.
APPENDEX II: lines data (R,X,Y, from bus ,to bus and length)
APPENDEX III: Transformers data (ratings and reactances)
APPENDEX IV: Generators data (voltage rating, active power, power factor
and required data in load flow)
APPENDEX V: capacitors and reactors data (MVA rating)
APPENDEX VI: 2010 peak loading data on main bus-bars (110KV,220KV)
APPENDEX VII: Etaps losses summary reports (in case of lines are all AC)
APPENDEX VIII: Etaps losses summary reports (in case of some lines are
DC)
Page 2
Chapter two Literature Review 2011
CHAPTER II
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
High voltage is used for electric long distance power transmission to reduce
the energy lost in the resistance of the wires. For a given quantity of power
transmitted, higher voltage reduces the transmission power loss. The power lost as
heat in the wires is proportional to the square of the current. So if a given power is
transmitted at higher voltage and lower current, power loss in the wires is reduced.
Power loss can also be reduced by reducing resistance, for example by increasing the
diameter of the conductor, but larger conductors are heavier and more expensive.
High voltages cannot easily be used for lighting and motors, and so
transmission-level voltages must be reduced to values compatible with end-use
equipment. Transformers are used to change the voltage level in alternating current
(AC) transmission circuits. The competition between the direct current (DC) of
Thomas Edison and the AC of Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse was known as
the War of Currents, with AC emerging victorious. Practical manipulation of DC
voltages became possible with the development of high power electronic devices such
as mercury arc valves and, more recently, semiconductor devices such as thyristors,
insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), high power MOSFETs and gate turn-off
thyristors (GTOs).[1]
2.2History of HVDC transmission

In 1882 transmission of electric power of 2.5 kW was demonstrated using DC
from Miesbach to Munich which was the first long distance transmission in DC.
One of the first method of high-voltage DC transmission was illustrated by

[2]
the Swiss engineer Ren Thury and his method was carried out by Acquedotto De
Ferrari-Galliera company in 1889 in Italy. This method used motor-generator sets
series connected to build up and increase voltage. Every motor-generator set was non-
grounded i.e. (insulated from ground) and driven by prime mover using insulated
shafts from the mover. The line was operated in constant current mode, with up to
Page 3
5,000 volts on each machine, some machines having double commutators to reduce
the voltage on each commutators. This system transmitted 630 kW at 14 kV DC over
a distance of 120 km[3].
Figure 2-1:Thury HVDC transmission system
The Moutiers-Lyon system also used the previous method transmitted

8,600 kW of hydroelectric power a distance of 124 miles, including 6 miles of
underground cable. The system used eight series-connected generators with dual
commutators for a total voltage of 150,000 volts between the poles, and ran from
about 1906 until 1936. Fifteen Thury systems were in operation by 1913. Other Thury
systems operating at up to 100 kV DC operated up to the 1930s, but there was some
drawbacks on this way, that was cause the rotating machinery required high
maintenance and had high energy loss.
In 1902 Hewitt developed the first mercury arc rectifier , which was an
efficient way of converting alternating current power to direct current for use in
electric railways, industry, and HVDC power transmission[4].
One conversion technique attempted for conversion of direct current from a

high transmission voltage to lower utilization voltage was to charge series-connected
Page 4
batteries, then connect the batteries in parallel to serve distribution loads. While at
least two commercial installations were tried around the turn of the 20th century, the
technique was not generally useful owing to the limited capacity of batteries,
difficulties in switching between series and parallel connections, and the inherent
energy inefficiency of a battery charge/discharge cycle[5][6].
By the latter part of the 19th century the AC power transformer had
progressed to a practical reality and when combined with Teslas work on 3-phase
systems the transformer became the catalyst for the development of efficient power
transmission. Because, at that time, static converter equipment did not exist, the DC
technology could not benefit from this breakthrough and its use as a transmission
medium lapsed.[7]
But engineers never forgot the advantages of DC and by the 1930s the
appearance of the mercury-arc valve led many to contemplate the return of DC
transmission .In the period 1920 to 1940 The grid controlled mercury arc valve was
used for power transmission .In 1932, General Electric tested mercury-vapor valves
and a 12 kV DC transmission line, which was used to convert 40 Hz generation to
serve 60 Hz loads, at Mechanicville, New York. In 1941, a 60 MW, +/-200 kV,
115 km buried cable link was designed for the city of Berlin using mercury arc valves
(Elbe-Project), but owing to the collapse of the German government in 1945 the
project was never completed[8]. The main reason of executing the project was that
buried cables would be less conspicuous as a bombing target in wars. The equipment
was moved to the Soviet Union and was put into service there. [9]
Introduction of the fully static mercury arc valve to commercial service in

1954 marked the beginning of the modern era of HVDC transmission. A HVDC-
connection was constructed by ASEA between the mainland of Sweden and the island
Gotland. Mercury arc valves were common in systems designed till 1975. It was an
undersea cable, 96 km long, with ratings of 100 kV and 20 MW, but since then,
HVDC systems use only solid-state devices. For the next two decades progress with
HVDC was slow. Steady improvements were made to the control systems and valve
technology but the reliability and maintenance issues of the mercury-arc valves
limited the spread of HVDC.
Page 5
By the 1970s the emergence of a high power semiconductor device, the

thyristor, transformed the fortunes of HVDC. Converter technology was
revolutionized providing a far more reliable, economic and maintainable product than
was possible with the old mercury-arc valves. From 1975 to 2000, line-commutated
converters (LCC) using thyristor valves were relied on. Experts predict that for the
next 25 years may well be dominated by force commutated converters, beginning
with capacitor commutative converters (CCC) followed by self commutating
converters which have largely supplanted LCC use. Since use of semiconductor
commutators, hundreds of HVDC sea-cables have been laid and worked with high
reliability[10].
2.3 HVDC Configurations

2.3.1 Monopole and earth return
Figure 2-2:Block diagram of a monopole system with earth return
In this configuration, monopole, one of the terminals of the rectifier is

connected to earth ground. The other terminal, at a potential high above or below
ground, is connected to a transmission line. The earthed terminal may be connected to
the corresponding connection at the inverting station by means of a second conductor.
If no metallic conductor is installed, current flows in the earth between the

earth electrodes at the two stations. Therefore it is a type of single wire earth return.
The issues surrounding earth-return current include:
Electrochemical corrosion of long buried metal objects such as

pipelines
Underwater earth-return electrodes in seawater may produce chlorine
or otherwise affect water chemistry.
Page 6
An unbalanced current path may result in a net magnetic field, which

can affect magnetic navigational compasses for ships passing over an
underwater cable.
These effects can be eliminated with installation of a metallic return conductor

between the two ends of the monopolar transmission line. Since one terminal of the
converters is connected to earth, the return conductor need not be insulated for the full
transmission voltage which makes it less costly than the high-voltage conductor. Use
of a metallic return conductor is decided based on economic, technical and
environmental factors.
Modern monopolar systems for pure overhead lines carry typically 1,500 MW.
If underground or underwater cables are used, the typical value is 600 MW.
Most monopolar systems are designed for future bipolar expansion.

Transmission line towers may be designed to carry two conductors, even if only one
is used initially for the monopole transmission system. The second conductor is either
unused, used as electrode line or connected in parallel with the other (as in case of
Baltic-Cable)[5].
2.3.2Bipolar
In bipolar transmission a pair of conductors is used, each at a high potential
with respect to ground, in opposite polarity. Since these conductors must be insulated
for the full voltage, transmission line cost is higher than a monopole with a return
conductor.
Figure 2-3: Block diagram of a bipolar system that also has an earth return
However, there are a number of advantages to bipolar transmission which can

make it the attractive option.
Page 7
Under normal load, negligible earth-current flows, as in the case of

monopolar transmission with a metallic earth-return. This reduces
earth return loss and environmental effects.
When a fault develops in a line, with earth return electrodes installed at
each end of the line, approximately half the rated power can continue
to flow using the earth as a return path, operating in monopolar mode.
Since for a given total power rating each conductor of a bipolar line
carries only half the current of monopolar lines, the cost of the second
conductor is reduced compared to a monopolar line of the same rating.
In very adverse terrain, the second conductor may be carried on an
independent set of transmission towers, so that some power may
continue to be transmitted even if one line is damaged.
A bipolar system may also be installed with a metallic earth return
conductor.
Bipolar systems may carry as much as 3,200 MW at voltages of +/-
600 kV or above it depends on the project specifications. Submarine
cable installations initially commissioned as a monopole may be
upgraded with additional cables and operated as a bipole[5].
2.3.3Back to back
A back-to-back station (or B2B for short) is a plant in which both static
inverters and rectifiers are in the same area, usually in the same building. The length
of the direct current line is kept as short as possible. HVDC back-to-back stations are
used for:
coupling of electricity mains of different frequency (as in Japan; and

the GCC interconnection between UAE [50 Hz] and Saudi Arabia
[60 Hz] under construction in 2009-2011)
coupling two networks of the same nominal frequency but no fixed
phase relationship (as until 1995/96 in Etzenricht, Drnrohr, Vienna,
and the Vyborg HVDC scheme).
different frequency and phase number (for example, as a replacement
for traction current converter plants)
Page 8
The DC voltage in the intermediate circuit can be selected freely at HVDC

back-to-back stations because of the short conductor length. The DC voltage is as low
as possible, in order to build a small valve hall and to avoid series connections of
valves. For this reason at HVDC back-to-back stations valves with the highest
available current rating are used[5].
2.4 Systems with transmission lines

The most common configuration of an HVDC link is two inverter/rectifier
stations connected by an overhead power line. This is also a configuration commonly
used in connecting unsynchronised grids, in long-haul power transmission, and in
undersea cables.
Multi-terminal HVDC links, connecting more than two points, are rare. The
configuration of multiple terminals can be series, parallel, or hybrid (a mixture of
series and parallel). Parallel configuration tends to be used for large capacity stations,
and series for lower capacity stations. An example is the 2,000 MW Quebec - New
England Transmission system opened in 1992, which is currently the largest multi-
terminal HVDC system in the world[11].
2.5 Tri-pole: current-modulating control

A scheme patented in 2004 (Current modulation of direct current transmission
lines) is intended for conversion of existing AC transmission lines to HVDC. Two of
the three circuit conductors are operated as a bipole. The third conductor is used as a
parallel monopole, equipped with reversing valves (or parallel valves connected in
reverse polarity). The parallel monopole periodically relieves current from one pole or
the other, switching polarity over a span of several minutes. The bipole conductors
would be loaded to either 1.37 or 0.37 of their thermal limit, with the parallel
monopole always carrying +/- 1 times its thermal limit current. The combined RMS
heating effect is as if each of the conductors is always carrying 1.0 of its rated current.
This allows heavier currents to be carried by the bipole conductors, and full use of the
installed third conductor for energy transmission. High currents can be circulated
through the line conductors even when load demand is low[5].
Page 9
2.6 Advantages & disadvantages HVDC

2.6.1 Advantages:
1. The ability to transmit large amounts of power over long distances with lower
capital costs and with lower losses than AC. Depending on voltage level and
construction details, losses are quoted as about 3% per 1,000 km.[5]
2. High-voltage direct current transmission allows efficient use of energy sources
remote from load centers.
3. Is more effective than AC in many applications such as:
i. Undersea cables, where high capacitance causes additional AC
losses.
ii. Endpoint-to-endpoint long-haul bulk power transmission
without intermediate 'taps'.
iii. Increasing the capacity of an existing power grid in situations
where additional wires are difficult or expensive to install.
iv. Power transmission and stabilization between unsynchronized
AC distribution systems
v. Connecting a remote generating plant to the distribution grid, for
example Nelson River Bi pole.
vi. Stabilizing a predominantly AC power-grid, without increasing
prospective short circuit current.
vii. Reducing line cost. HVDC needs fewer conductors as there is no
need to support multiple phases. Also, thinner conductors can be
used since HVDC does not suffer from the skin effect.
viii. Facilitate power transmission between different countries that
use AC at differing voltages and/or frequencies
ix. Synchronize AC produced by renewable energy sources.
Additional losses are generated through the cable due to the Additional current
which must flow in the cable to charge the cable capacitance when using the
alternating current also; there is a dielectric loss component in the material of the
cable insulation, which consumes power. When, however, direct current is used, the
cable capacitance is charged only when the cable is first energized or when the
voltage is changed; there is no steady-state additional current required. For a long AC
Page
10
undersea cable, the entire current-carrying capacity of the conductor could be used to
supply the charging current alone. The cable capacitance issue limits the length and
power carrying capacity of AC cables. DC cables have no such limitation, and are
essentially bound by only Ohm's Law.
Although some DC leakage current continues to flow through the dielectric

insulators, this is very small compared to the cable rating and much less than with AC
transmission cables. [5]
4. For a given power rating, the constant voltage in a DC line is lower than the
peak voltage in an AC line; so HVDC can carry more power per conductor.
5. Because DC operates at a constant maximum voltage, this allows existing
transmission line corridors with equally sized conductors and insulation to
carry more power into an area of high power consumption than AC, which can
lower costs.
6. HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC distribution
systems so it can help increase system stability, by preventing cascading
failures from propagating from one part of a wider power transmission grid to
another.
7. HVDC seems particularly suited to many renewable energy sources such as
Sources of supply (hydro, geothermal, wind, tidal) are often distant from
demand centers, Wind turbines operating at variable speed generate power at
different frequencies, requiring conversions to and from DC and Large hydro
projects, for example, also often supply multiple transmission systems.
2.6.1Disadvantages:
1. HVDC is less reliable and has lower availability than AC systems, mainly due
to the extra conversion equipment [12].
2. The required static inverters are expensive and have limited overload capacity.
At smaller transmission distances the losses in the static inverters may be
bigger than in an AC transmission line. The cost of the inverters may not be
offset by reductions in line construction cost and lower line loss. With two
exceptions, all former mercury rectifiers worldwide have been dismantled or
replaced by thyristor units.
Page
11
3. In contrast to AC systems, realizing multi terminal systems is complex, as is

expanding existing schemes to multi terminal systems. Controlling power flow
in a multi terminal DC system requires good communication between all the
terminals; power flow must be actively regulated by the inverter control
system instead of the inherent impedance and phase angle properties of the
transmission line.
4. High voltage DC circuit breakers are difficult to build because some
mechanism must be included in the circuit breaker to force current to zero,
otherwise arcing and contact wear would be too great to allow reliable
switching.
5. Operating a HVDC scheme requires many spare parts to be kept, often
exclusively for one system as HVDC systems are less standardized than AC
systems and technology changes faster.[5]
2.7 Environmental considerations

The electrical environmental effects from HVDC transmission lines can be
characterized by field and ion effects as well as corona effects. The electric field
arises from both the electrical charge on the conductors and for a HVDC overhead
transmission line, from charges on air ions and aerosols surrounding the conductor.
These give rise to D.C. electric fields due to the ion current density flowing through
the air from or to the conductors as well as due to the ion density in the air. A D.C.
magnetic field is produced by D.C. current flowing through the conductors. Air ions
produced by HVDC lines form clouds which drift away from the line when blown by
the wind and may come in contact with humans, animals and plants outside the
transmission line right-of -way or corridor. The corona effects may produce low
levels of radio interference, audible noise and ozone generation[13].
2.7.1 Field and corona effects

The field and corona effects of transmission lines largely favor D.C. transmission over
a.c. transmission. The significant considerations are as follows[13]:
1. For a given power transfer requiring extra high voltage transmission, the d.c.
transmission line will have a smaller tower profile than the equivalent a.c.
tower carrying the same level of power. This can also lead to less width of
right-of-way for the d.c. transmission option.
Page
12
2. The steady and direct magnetic field of a d.c. transmission line near or at the
edge of the transmission right-of-way will be about the same value in
magnitude as the earths naturally occurring magnetic field. For this reason
alone, it seems unlikely that this small contribution by HVDC transmission
lines to the background geomagnetic field would be a basis for concern.
3. The static and steady electric field from d.c. transmission at the levels
experienced beneath lines or at the edge of the right-of-way have no known
adverse biological effects. There is no theory or mechanism to explain how a
static electric field at the levels produced by d.c. transmission lines could
affect human health. The electric field level beneath a HVDC transmission
line is of similar magnitude as the naturally occurring static field which exists
beneath thunder clouds. Electric fields from a.c. transmission lines have been
under more intense scrutiny than fields generated from d.c. transmission lines.
4. The ion and corona effects of d.c. transmission lines lead to a small
contribution of ozone production to higher naturally occurring background
concentrations. Exacting long term measurements are required to detect such
concentrations. The measurements taken at cross-sections across the Nelson
River d.c. lines in Canada failed to distinguish background from downwind
levels. While solar radiation influences the production of ozone even in a rural
environment, thereby maintaining its level, any incremental contribution from
a d.c. line source is subject to breakdown, leading to a resumption of
background levels downwind from the line. Investigations of ozone for indoor
conditions indicate that in well mixed air, the half-life of ozone is 1.5 minutes
to 7.9 minutes. Increases in temperature and humidity increase the rate of
decay.
5. If ground return is used with monopolar operation, the resulting d.c. magnetic
field can cause error in magnetic compass readings taken in the vicinity of the
d.c. line or cable. This impact is minimized by providing a conductor or cable
return path (known as metallic return) in close proximity to the main
conductor or cable for magnetic field cancellation. Another concern with
continuous ground current is that some of the return current may flow in
metallic structures such as pipelines and intensify corrosion if cathodic
protection is not provided. When pipelines or other continuous metallic
Page
13
grounded structures are in the vicinity of a d.c. link, metallic return may be
necessary [13].
Page
14
Chapter Three System components modeling 2011
CHAPTER III
System components modeling

In this chapter a brief information about system components will be mentioned
except for the convertor model which will be briefly detailed .
3.1 Transformer model

3.1.1 Equivalent circuit representation
The analysis of 2-winding transformers ends with the equivalent circuit

infigure3.1 and this representation is convenient in digital computer analysis of power
[14]
flow .
Figure3.1: 2-windings transformer equivalent circuit
where
1
=

1
=

2 (3.1)
= 0 + 0
0
0
=
0
Page 15
0 = at nominal primary side tap position

0 = at nominal secondary side tap position
0 = primary side nominal number of turns
0 = secondary side nominal number of turns
3.1.2 Representation of Three-Winding Transformers
Figure 3.2 shows the single-phase equivalent of a three-winding transformer

under balanced conditions. The effect of the magnetizing reactance has neglected, and
the transformer is represented by three impedances connected to a star. The common
star point is fictitious and unrelated to the system neutral.
Figure 3.2: Equivalent circuit of a three-winding transformer
The three windings of the transformer may have different MVA ratings.
However, the per unit impedances must be expressed on the same MVA base. As in
the case of the two-winding transformer equivalent circuit in the previous section, off-
nominal turns ratios are used to account for the differences between the ratios of
actual turns and the base voltages. The values of the equivalent impedances Zp, Zs
and Zt may be obtained by standard short-circuit tests as follows [14]:
Zps = leakage impedance measured in primary with secondary shorted and tertiary
open
Zpt = leakage impedance measured in primary with tertiary shorted and secondary
open
Page 16
Zst = leakage impedance measured in secondary with tertiary shorted and primary
open
With the above impedances in ohms referred to the same voltage base, we have
= +
= + (3.2)
= +
Hence
1
= +
2
1
= ( + ) (3.3)
2
1
= ( + )
2
Page 17
3.2 Transmission line model

The electrical power is transferred from generating regions to the consumption
areas through overhead lines and cables.
Overhead lines :
Overhead lines are used for long distances in open land and rural regions,
whereas cables are used for underground transmission in cities and urban areas and
for underwater crossings [14].
3.2.1 Electrical Characteristics

A transmission line is characterized by four parameters:
Series resistance R due to the conductor resistivity,
shunt conductance G due to leakage currents between the phases and ground,
series inductance L due to magnetic field surrounding the conductors
shunt capacitance C due to the electric field between conductors.
3.2.2Power flow Equations

As described in many power system text books the line equations are as
follows[15]:
= 2 0 +
= 2 0 sin +
(3.4
= 2 0
= 2 + 0 + + cos
3.2.3Equivalent Circuit of a Transmission Line

The following Equations provide a complete description of the performance of
transmission lines.
= cosh + sinh
(3.5)
= cosh + sinh

Page 18
Where

= , = , =

However, for purposes of analysis involving interconnection with elements of the

system, it is more convenient to use equivalent circuits in figure 3.3 which sent the
performance of the lines only as seen from their terminals[14].
Figure 3.3: Transmission line equivalent circuit
Page 19
3.3 Convertor model

This component will be discussed in more detailed way than other components
cause it is the main component in the HVDC transmission
3.3.1 converter theory and performance equations

A converter performs ac/dc conversion and provides a means of controlling
the power flow through the HVDC link. The major elements of the converter are
valve bridge and converter transformer as in figure 3.4. The valves are high-voltage
switches that sequentially connect the three-phase ac voltage to the dc terminals to
achieve the desired conversion and control of power. The converter transformer is
appropriate interface between the ac and dc systems.
Figure 3.4: major elements of the convertor
3.3.2 Valve characteristics

The valve in an HVDC converter is a controlled electronic switch. It normally
conducts in only one direction, the forward direction, from anode to cathode. When
its conducting, there is only small voltage drop across it. The valve blocks the current
when its conducted in the reverse direction.
A thyristor valve will conduct only when the anode is positive with respect to
the cathode and when there is a positive voltage applied to the gate. Conduction may
be initiated by applying a momentary or sustained current pulse of proper polarity to
the gate.
Once conduction is initiated, the current through the valve continues until
current drops to zero and a reverse voltage bias appears across the valve. In the
forward direction, the current is blocked until a control pulse is applied to the gate.
Page 20
When not conducting, the valve should be capable of withstanding the forward or
reverse bias voltages appearing between its cathode and anode[14].
Figure 3.5 shows the symbol used to represent a controlled valve (mercury-arc or
thyristor).
Figure 3.5 Symbol for controlled valve
3.3.3 Converter circuits

The basic model of HVDC converter is the three-phase, full-wave bridge
circuit shown in figure 3.6. This circuit is also known as a Graetz bridge. The Graetz
bridge has been universally used for HVDC converters as it provides better
utilization of the converter transformer and a lower voltage across the valve when not
conducting. The latter is referred to as the peak inverse voltage and is important factor
that determines the rating of the valves.
Figure 3.6 Three-phase, full-wave bridge circuit
Page 21
The converter transformer has on-load taps on the ac for voltage control. The ac side
windings of the transformer are usually star-connected with grounded neutral; the
valve side-windings are delta-connected or star-connected with ungrounded
neutral[14].
Analysis of three-phase, full-wave bridge circuit
For purposes of analysis, a few assumptions are made:
(a) The ac system, including the converter transformer, may be represented by an

ideal source of constant voltage and frequency in series with a lossless
inductance (representing primarily the transformer leakage inductance).
(b) The direct current Id is constant and ripple-free; this is justified because of the
large smoothing reactor Ld used on the dc side.
(c) The valves are ideal switches with zero resistance when conducting, and
infinite resistance when not conducting.
Due to the assumptions, the bridge converter of figure 3.6 may be represented by the
equivalent circuit shown in figure 3.7.
Let the instantaneous line-to-neutral source voltages be
( + 60 )
= cos
( 60 )
= cos (3.6)
( 180 )
= cos
The line-to-line voltages are then
( + 30 )
= = 3 cos
( 90 )
= = 3 cos (3.7)
( + 150 )
= = 3 cos
Page 22
Figure 3.8(a) shows the voltage waveforms corresponding to equations 3.6 and 3.7. In
case of negligible source inductance (i.e. Lc=0) and no ignition delay. Well discuss
convertor performance; study the effects of the delaying valve ignition through
gate/grid control and then the effect of source inductance.
Analysis assuming negligible source inductance
(a) With no ignition delay
In figure 3.7, the cathode of valves 1, 3 and 5 of the upper row are connected
together. Therefore, when phase (a) is more positive than the other two phases,
valve 1 conducts. The common potential of the cathodes of the three valves is
then equal to that of the anode of valve 1. Since the cathodes of valves 3 and 5
are at a higher potential than their anodes, these valves do not conduct. In the
lower row, the anodes of valves 2, 4 and 6 are connected together. Therefore,
valve 2 conducts when phase c voltage is more negative than the other two
phases.
From the waveforms shown if fig 3.8(a) we see that valve 1 conducts when
is between 120 and0 , since is greater than or valve 2

conducts when is between 60 and60 , since is more negative than
or during this period
Figure 3.7 Equiv circuit for three-phase full-wave bridge converter
Page 23
Figure 3.8 waveforms of voltages and currents of bridge circuit of figure 3.7
(a) Source line-to-neutral and line to-line voltages
(b) Valve currents and periods of conduction
(c) Phase current ia
Figure 3.8(b), identifies the period of conduction of each valve, and the
magnitude and duration of current in it. Since, by assumption, the direct
current Id is assumed constant, the current in each valve is Id when conducting
and zero when not conducting.
The current in each instant is of the composed of currents in the two

valves connected to that phase. For example, the current in phase (a), as
shown in figure 3.8(c), is equal to i1-i4. This represents the current in the
secondary (valve side) winding of the convertor transformer of figure 3.6.
The transfer of current from one valve to another in the same row is
called commutation in the above analysis; we have assumed that the source
inductance Lc is negligible. Therefore, commutation occurs instantaneously,
Page 24
From fig 3.8(a), the number of pulsations of Vd per cycle of alternating

voltage is six. Hence the bridge circuit of fig 3.6 is referred to as a 6-pulse
bridge circuit.
Average direct voltage
The instantaneous direct voltage across the bridge (between the cathodes
of the upper row and the anode of the lower row) is composed of 60 degrees segments
of the line-to-line voltage. Therefore, the average direct voltage can be found by
integrating one of these segments.
3 0
0 = 3 cos( + 30) (3.8A)
60
3 2 sin 30 = 1.65
Where
Em is the peak value of the line to neutral voltage
In terms of RMS line to line ELL and line to neutral ELN voltages Vdo becomes
0 = 2.34 ELN (3.8B)
0 = 1.35 ELL (3.8C)
And 0 is called the the ideal no-load direct voltage
(b) With ignition delay
The grid control could delays the ignition of the valves. The delay angle is denoted
by (); it corresponds to time delay of / seconds. With delay, valve 3 ignites when
= (instead of 0), valve 4 when =+60and so on this is illustrated in figure
3.9.The delay angle is limited between 0 and 180. Exceeding 180 the valve fails to
ignite.
Page 25
Average direct voltage:

3
=
(60)
Substitute for eac
3
= 3 cos( + 30)
(60)
= 0 (3.9)
Figure 3.9: voltage wave forms and valve currents, with ignition delay
The delay ignition reduces the average direct voltage by the factor cos , since is in
the range from 0 to 180 cos . Therefore can be a range from 0 to 0 .
Negative represent the inversion as opposed rectifier.
Page 26
Figure 3.10: Line Current waveform
The ignition delay shifts the current wave and its fundamental component by
an angle = . In figure 3.10 with =0, the fundamental current component ia1 is in
phase with the phase voltage ea; the active power = 1 is positive and
the reactive power = 1 is zero. As increases from 0 to 90 the active
power decreases and the reactive power increases .At =90 = 0 and is
maximum .from =90 to 180 becomes negative and increases in magnitude ;
remains positive and decreases in magnitude till reaches zero. Therefore it is

acting as a rectifier or as an inverter, draws reactive power from the ac system[14]..
Analysis including commutation overlap
Due to inductance Lc the transition of current from one phase to another one
requires a finite time called commutation time or overlap time. The corresponding
overlap or commutation angle is denoted by .
A new commutation begins every 60 and last for . So the period of only
two valves conduct with no ignition delay (=0) is 60 - as shown in figure3.11 .
During each commutation period the current the current in the incoming valve
increases from 0 to and the current in the outgoing valve decreases from to 0.
Page 27
Figure 3.11: Effect of overlap angle on periods of conduction of valves
To discuss Effect of overlap let us considering the commutation from valve1 to

valve3. Figure 3.12 shows the periods of valve conduction, when ignition delay is
included. The commutation begins when wt= till wt=+=, where is the
extinction angle.
Figure 3.12: periods of valve conduction with ignition delay
During the period of commutation, valves 1, 2 and 3 are conducting and the effective
convertor circuit is as showing in figure 3.13 from the figure, for the loop containing
valves 1 and 3
3 1
=

Page 28
Figure 3.13: Equivalent circuit during commutation
The voltage is called the commutation voltage it is equal to 3

so
3 1
3 = (3.10A)

Since 1 = 3
1 3
=0

Hence
3
= 3 = 2 (3.10B)

3 3
= (3.10C)
2
Taking a definite integral with respect to t, with lower limit corresponding to the
beginning of the commutation (t=/) and upper limit to t we have the current 3 of
the incoming valve during commutation consists of two terms const term and
sinusoidal one lagging the commutating voltage by90.
From figure 3.13 the commutation current is segment of the sinusoidal curve .the
shape of the segment is function of the so the overlap depends on 3 , , .
Page 29
When =0 (or 180) the commutation period is the gretest and it is the shortest when
=90
3 3
0
3 =
2
3
So it gives 3 = (3.11A)
2
3 = 2 ( ) ,
3
2 = (3.11B)
2
Voltage reduction due to commutation overlap:
3
==

From equation 3.10B
3
=
2
+
= = =
2 2
That means that voltage at terminal p as In figure 3.13 after t= follows the curve of
+
2
Page 30
Figure 3.14: valve currents during commutation in relation to commutation voltage
Figure 3.15: Voltage waveforms showing the effect of overlap during commutation
from valve 1 to valve 3
So the drop in voltage due to overlap can be found by calculating area A and So the
average voltage drop is given by
Page 31

+
= =
2 2
3 3

= (cos cos ) (3.10)
2 2
3 3
= = (cos cos )
3 2

= (cos cos ) (3.9)
2
Where is the ideal no-load voltage given by equation 3.8
From Equation 3.11A, the current i3 during commutation is
3
3 =
2
Since at the end of the commutation wt= and3 = ,
3
=
2
Hence
3
= (3.13)
2
Substituting in the last equation in 3.12 gives
3
= (3.14)

With commutation overlap and ignition delay, the reduction in direct voltage is
represented by areas and ; the direct voltage is given by
= cos (3.15)
Page 32
= cos
Where
3 3
= =

And RC is called the "equivalent commutating resistance."
Rectifier operation
The equivalent circuit of the bridge rectifier based on the above analysis is given in
Figure 3.16. The direct voltage and current in the equivalent circuit are the average
values. The internal voltage is a function of the ignition angle . The overlap angle
does not explicitly appear in the equivalent circuit; the effect of commutation overlap
is represented by . [14].
Figure 3.16: Bridge rectifier equivalent circuit
Inverter operation
If there is no commutation overlap, = cos. Therefore, reverses when

=90
With overlap
= cos
Substituting for from Equation 3.12, we have
Page 33

= cos (cos cos )
2

= (cos cos ) (3.16)
2
The transitional value of the ignition delay angle, at, beyond which inversion takes
place is given by
cos cos = 0
= =

= (3.17)
2
The effect of the overlap is thus to reduce at from 90 to 90-/2. At first

sight, it may seem strange to delay the firing pulse until the actual anode voltage
becomes negative. But, realize that commutation is always possible as long as the
commutating voltage = is positive and as long as the outgoing valve
will have reversed voltage applied to it after it extinguishes.
Since valves conduct in only one direction, the current in a converter cannot
be reversed. A reversal of Vd results in a reversal of power. An alternating voltage
must exist on the primary side of the transformer for inverter operation. The direct
voltage of the inverter opposes the current, as in a dc motor, and is called a counter
voltage or back voltage. The applied direct voltage from the rectifier forces current
through the inverter valves against this back voltage[14]..
For successful commutation, the changeover from the outgoing valve to the
incoming valve must be complete before the commutating voltage becomes negative.
For description of rectifier operation, we use the following angles:
=ignition delay angle
=overlap angle
=extinction delay angle =+
As illustrated in Figure3.18, is the angle by which ignition is delayed from the
instant at which the commutating voltage ( for valve 3) is zero and increasing.
Page 34
The inverter operation may also be described in terms of a and 6 defined in the same
way as for the rectifier, but having values between 90 and 180. However, the
common practice is to use ignition advance angle and extinction advance angle for
describing inverter performance. These angles are defined by their advance with
respect to the instant (wt=180 for ignition of valve 3 and extinction of valve 1) when
the commutating voltage is zero and decreasing, as shown in Figure 3.18 From the
figure, we see that
= ignition advancs angle
= extinction adance angle
= = = overlap
since cos = cos and cos = cos equation 3.13 and equation 3.16 becomes
in terms of and
Figure 3.18: Angles used in rectifier and inverter
Page 35
= 2 (3.18)
+
= (3.19)
2
Or
= cos + (3.20A)
Or
= cos (3.20B)
The inverter voltage, considered negative in general converter equations, is usually

taken as positive when written specifically for an inverter.
Based on the above equations, the inverter may be represented by the two alternative
equivalent circuits shown in Figure3.19[14].
Figure 3.19: Inverter equivalent circuits (with positive)
Page 36
3.4 Synchronous Generator Modeling

3.4.1 Introduction
In general, synchronous machines are grouped into two main types, according
to their rotor structure: round rotor and salient pole. Steam turbine driven generators
(turbo generators) work at high speed and have cylindrical rotors. The rotor carries a
DC excited field winding. Hydro units work at low speed and have salient pole rotors.
They normally have damper windings in addition to the field winding. Damper
windings consist of bars placed in slots on the pole faces and connected together at
both ends. Turbo generators contain no damper windings but the solid steel of the
rotor offers a path for eddy currents, which have similar damping effects. For
simulation purposes, the currents circulating in the solid steel or in the damping
windings can be treated as currents circulating in two closed circuits. Accordingly, a
three phase synchronous machine may be assumed to have three stator windings and
three rotor windings. This is illustrated in Figure 3.20, where all six windings are
magnetically coupled.
Fig 3.20: Schematic representation of a three-phase synchronous generator.
Page 37
The relative position of the rotor with respect to the stator is given by the angle _
between the rotors direct axis and the stators phase a axis, termed the d axis and a
axis, respectively. In the stator, the axis of phases a, b, and c are displaced from each
other by 120 electrical degrees. In the rotor, the d axis is magnetically centered in the
north pole of the machine. A second axis, located 90 electrical degrees behind the d
axis is termed the quadrature axis or q axis. Three main control systems directly affect
the turbine-generator set, namely the boilers firing control, the governor control, and
the excitation system control. The excitation system consists of the exciter and
absolute value rectifier (AVR). The latter regulates the generator terminal voltage by
controlling the amount of current supplied to the field winding by the exciter. For the
purpose of steady-state analysis, it is assumed that the three control systems act in an
idealized manner, enabling the synchronous generator to produce constant power
output, to run at synchronous speed, and to regulate voltage magnitude at the
generators terminal with no delay and up to its reactive power design limits[16].
3.4.2 Machine Voltage Equation

The objective of this section is to derive a steady-state expression for the stator
three-phase voltages and currents of the synchronous generator. The rotor emfs
(electromagnetic forces) and saliency are accounted for in the resulting voltage
equation, which may form the basis for connecting the machine model to a given
three phase bus of an unbalanced power system representation[16].
With reference to Figure 3.20, using stator and rotor quantities expressed in frames of
reference attached to their respective physical circuits, namely stator and rotor
circuits, the instantaneous voltages of the machine may be expressed as:
= + 3.21
Where R and L are the machine resistance and inductance matrices, respectively, and
p is the time derivative operator.
Furthermore, expanding Equation (3.21) into stator and rotor subsets, we obtain:
0
= 0
+
0
+

3.22
Where G = dL/d; r, equal to d/dt, is the motor speed; and = r + .
Page 38
The sub matrix coefficients L, G, and R are:
0 + 2 cos(2) 0 2 cos (2 + 60) 0 2 cos (2 60)

= 0 2 cos(2 + 60) 0 + 2 cos(2 120) 0 2 cos(2 180)
0 2 cos(2 60) 0 2 cos(2 180) 0 + 2 cos(2 120)
3.23
cos
() cos
() sin
()
= cos( 120) cos( 120) cos
( 120) 3.24
cos( + 120) cos( + 120) cos
( + 120)
0
= 0 3.25
0 0
22 sin(2) 22 sin(2 + 60) 22 sin(2 60)

= 22 sin(2 + 60) 22 sin(2 120) 22 sin(2 180)
22 sin(2 60) 22 sin(2 180) 22 sin(2 120)
3.26
sin() sin() sin()

= sin
( 120) sin( 120) sin( 120) 3.27
sin( + 120) sin( + 120) sin
( + 120)
0 0 0
= 0 0 , 3.28 = 0 0 3.29
0 0 0 0
Since the rotor circuits are represented by a field winding on the d axis and two short
circuited damper windings on the d axis and q axis, respectively, the rotor voltage
vector may be written as:

= 0 , 3.30
0
Page 39
Where is the applied direct field For the purpose of steady-state analysis, it will
be assumed that the applied direct field voltage equals the voltage drop across the
field resistance owing to the DC component of the field current and that additional
voltages from can be neglected. Using such a simplification, the relevant part of
Equation (3.22) is solved for :
= 1
[ + . 3.31
Assuming the following set of unbalanced stator currents:

1 sin
( + 1 )
= 2 sin
( + 2 ) , 3.32
3 sin
( + 3 )
And the fact that the rotor runs at synchronous speed (i.e. = ), we have,
cos(m )
= 1

3
=1 cos(m ) , 3.33
sin(m )
Where
1 = 2t + + 1 ,
1 = 2t + + 2 120 3.34
1 = 2t + + 3 + 120
The expression for pir can be further simplified by substituting the inverse relation of
Equation (3.25) into Equation (3.33):
1 cos
(m )
= 3
=1 2 cos(m ) 3.35
3 sin
(m )
Where

1 = 1

3.36
2 =
It should be mentioned that the following practical simplifications have been made
while substituting the inverse relation of Equation (3.25) into Equation (3.33): Lfd is
much greater than Lmkd, and Lkq = Lkd.
Page 40
Equation (3.35) is now integrated:

1 cos m
1 3
= 2 =1 2 cos m + 0 , 3.37
3 sin m 0
Where ifd ,is the DC component of the field current. Inspection of Equation (3.34) and
(3.37) reveals that the presence of negative sequence currents at the machine
terminals gives rise to rotor currents of double the supply frequency.
In contrast, positive sequence currents are associated with zero frequency rotor
currents, other than the direct field current. Also, owing to balanced machine design
considerations, there is no contribution from zero sequence currents:
Substituting Equations (3.35) and (3.37) into Equation (3.22) we obtain a reduced
expression for the stator voltage vector:
0 0 1 sin
( + 1 )
0 0 2 sin
( + 2 ) +
0 0 3 sin
( + 3 )
1 1 1 1 sin
( + 1 )
0 1 1 1 2 sin
( + 2 ) +
1 1 1 3 sin
( + 3 )
cos
( + 1 ) cos
( + 2 120) cos
( + 3 + 120) 1
(1 22 )
cos( + 1 + 120 cos( + 2 ) ( + 3 120) 2
cos
4
cos
( + 1 120) cos( + 2 + 120 cos
( + 3 ) 3
1 sin
()
2 sin
( + 120) . 3.38
3 sin
( + + 120)
The last term in Equation (3.38) may be interpreted as an array of rotor emfs.
Moreover,
taking the stator a phase as reference,
V1 sin
()
= V2 sin( + 2 ) 3.39
V3 sin( + 3 )
Page 41
It is seen that a root mean square (rms) form of Equation (3.38) may be established
very readily. Also, by negating the stator currents to correspond to generator operating
conditions, we have
= + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3.40
Where
0 0 0
1 = 0 0 0 3.41
0 0 0
(1 22 )
1 2
1 = 1 2 3.42
4
2 1
2 2
1 2
3 = 1 2 3.43
2
2 1
It is observed that the term Laf(k1 -2k2)/4 reduces to 2 /4 if damper windings

are not present. As a means of evaluating the reactance elements in Equation (3.40), it
is noted that the usually available dq0 reactances of the machine may be used in the
following expressions:
1
0 = 3 ( + + 0 )
1
0 = 6 ( + 20 ) 3.44
1
2 = 3 ( )
Equation (3.40) includes the effect of machine saliency through matrix X3, where
(Xd - Xq) expresses the degree of saliency. Notice that if saliency can be ignored (i.e.
Page 42
Xd =Xq) matrix X3 plays no role in machine performance. Also, X3 is dependent on

external circuit conditions through the machine angle Matrix X2 contributes
negative sequence impedance, impairing the balanced behavior of the machine[16].
Page 43
Chapter Four Implementation and simulation 2011
CHAPTER IV
Implementation and simulation

4.1 ANALYSIS SOFTWARE TOOL: ETAP
4.1.1 Introduction
ETAP is a fully graphical Enterprise package that runs on Microsoft

Windows 2003, XP and Vista operating systems. ETAP is a comprehensive analysis
tool for the design and testing of power systems available. Using its standard offline
simulation modules, ETAP can utilize real-time operating data for advanced
monitoring, real-time simulation, optimization, energy management systems and
high-speed intelligent load shedding[17].
ETAP has been designed and developed by engineers for engineers to handle
the diverse discipline of power systems for a broad spectrum of industries in one
integrated package with multiple interface views such as AC and DC networks, cable
raceways, ground grid, GIS, panels, arc-flash, WTG, protective device
coordination/selectivity, and AC and DC control system diagrams.
Total Integration of Data
ETAP combines the electrical, logical, mechanical, and physical attributes of

system elements in the same database. For example, a cable not only contains data
representing its electrical properties and physical dimensions, but also information
indicating the raceways through which it is routed. Thus, the data for a single cable
can be used for load flow or short-circuit analyses (which require electrical
parameters and connections) as well as cable ampacity and derating calculations
(which require physical routing data). This integration of the data provides
consistency throughout the system and eliminates the need for multiple data entry for
the same element, which can be a considerable time savings[17]
Page 44
Simplicity in Data Entry
ETAP keeps track of the detailed data for each electrical apparatus. Data editors can
speed up the data entry process by requiring the minimum data for a particular study.
ETAP one-line diagram supports a number of features that assist in constructing networks of
varying complexities. For example, each element can have individually varying orientations,
sizes, and display symbols (IEC or ANSI). The one-line diagram also allows to place
multiple protective devices between a circuit branch and a bus.
ETAP provides a variety of options for presenting or viewing your electrical

system. These views are called presentations. The location, size, orientation, and
symbol of each element can be shown differently in each presentation. Additionally,
protective devices and relays can be displayed (visible) or hidden (invisible) for any
particular presentation. For example, one presentation can be a relay view where all
protective devices are displayed. Another presentation may show a one-line diagram
with some circuit breakers shown and the rest hidden (a layout best suited for load
flow results).
Among ETAP most powerful features are the composite network and motor
elements. Composite elements allow to graphically nest network elements within
themselves down to an arbitrary depth.
ETAP is considered being the foremost-integrated database for electrical

systems, allowing having multiple presentations of a system for different analysis or
design purposes.
4.1.2 Capabilities
ETAP provides the following program capabilities[17]:
Elements
Buses Unlimited *
Load Terminal Nodes Unlimited
Page 45
Branches Unlimited
Equipment/Feeder Cables Unlimited
Transformers with Tap Setting Unlimited
Motors, Loads, MOVs, Capacitors, Filters, etc. Unlimited
Nested Composite Networks Unlimited
Nested Composite Motors Unlimited
Presentations/Configurations/Data Revisions
One-Line Diagram (AC, DC) Unlimited
Underground Raceway System Unlimited
Control System Diagrams Unlimited
Ground Grid Diagrams Unlimited
Time-Current Characteristic Plots Unlimited
Geographical Presentations (GIS Interface) Unlimited
Configuration Status Unlimited
Data Revisions (Base and Revision Data) Unlimited
Loading Categories
Each Motor, MOV, Load, etc. 10 categories
Generation Categories
Each Generators and Power Grids 10categories
Short-Circuit Program (AC and DC)

Faulted Buses Unlimited
Motor Starting Program

Motors Started Simultaneously Unlimited
Starting Categories Unlimited
Time Events Unlimited
Transient Stability Program

Dynamically Modeled Machines Unlimited
Page 46
Time Events Unlimited
DC System
Duty Cycle Categories 5
Libraries
Headers and Records Unlimited
* The Maximum number of energized buses during calculations is license dependent.
For example, 100, 500, 2,000, or 20,000 buses.
4.1.3 Specifications
Modeling[17]
Virtual reality operation

Total integration of data (electrical, logical, mechanical, and physical
attributes)
Looped and radial systems
Unlimited isolated sub-systems
No system connection limitations
True 32-bit or 64 bit programming designed for Windows
XP/2003/2008/Vista
3-phase and single-phase modeling including panels and sub-panels
Features
Dynamic help line and error messaging

Message logger to track program usage and access
Multiple user access levels
Merge independent ETAP project files
Integrated 1-phase, 3-phase, and DC systems
Simplicity in data entry
Multiple sub-systems and swing machines
User-controlled auto save and transaction
User-controlled default settings for all components
Page 47
Typical data for motors, generators, transformers, reactors, governors, and

exciters
Individual LTC time delays (initial and operating)
Any system frequency
Raw manufacturer data entry
Lumped loading
Alert View
ETAP displays this view to summarize possible problems with the electrical system
including overloads, under/over voltage bus conditions, stressed devices, etc.
Output Report Manager
Etap Provides more than 250 Crystal Reports for different studies including the
following subsections: complete, results, customizable, report, summary and input
data.
Load Flow Analysis
Newton-Raphson, fast decoupled, and accelerated Gauss Seidel

New double-precision Newton-Raphson method with current injection
Advanced solution techniques for fast convergence
Voltage drop calculations, Load forecasting
New alert view to display critical and marginal limit violations
Bus/transformer/cable overload warning
Single phase load flow display
Option to select any loading category
Global and individual bus diversity factors
Individual demand factors for continuous, intermittent, and spare operating
conditions
Option to update the database from load flow solutions
Lumped loads
Phase-shifting transformer
Page 48
Power factor correction

Automatically adjust transformer tap and LTC/regulator settings
Generator governor/exciter control settings
New summary output report on bus loadings and overload conditions
Multi-Report Result Analyzer
Load Analyzer
And many other capabilities like :Panel and Single-Phase Systems, Short-Circuit
Analysis, Time-Current Device Coordination/Selectivity (Star),Arc Flash IEEE
1584,Motor Acceleration Analysis, Harmonic Analysis, Transient Stability Analysis,
User-Defined Dynamic Modeling , Generator Start-Up Analysis, Cable Derating
Analysis, Ground Grid Systems Optimal Power Flow, Schedule Report Manager, DC
Load Flow and DC Short-Circuit Analysis, Control System Diagram Reliability
Analysis, Unbalanced Load Flow, Optimal Capacitor Placement, Real-Time
Intelligent Load Shedding and Wind Turbine Generator (WTG)[17].
4.2 Load Flow Required Data

4.2.1 Bus Data
Required data for load flow calculations for buses includes:

Nominal kV
%V and Angle (when Initial Condition is set to Use Bus Voltages)
Load Diversity Factor (when the Loading option is set to use Diversity Factor)
4.2.2 Branch Data
Branch i.e. transformer, Transmission Line, Cable, Reactor, and Impedance required
data for load flow calculations includes:
Z, R, X, or X/R values and units, tolerance, and temperature, if applicable
Cable and transmission line, length, and unit
Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings
Impedance base kV and base kVA/MVA
Page 49
4.2.3 Synchronous Generator Data
Required data for load flow calculations for synchronous generators includes:
Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or Mvar Control)
Rated kV
%V and Angle for swing mode of operation
%V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (max & min) for Voltage Control mode
MW and Mvar loading, and Mvar limits Mvar Control mode
MW loading and PF, and Mvar limits for PF Control mode
Note: The Mvar limits (Qmax and Qmin) can also be calculated from the
capability curve. The required additional data for this calculation includes:
All data on the Capability page
Synchronous reactance (Xd)
4.2.4 Static Load Data
Required data for load flow calculations for static loads includes:
Static Load ID
Rated kVA/MVA and kV
Power factor
% Loading for desired Loading Category
Equipment cable data
4.2.5 Capacitor Data
Required data for load flow calculations for capacitors includes:

Capacitor ID
Rated kV, kvar/bank, and number of banks
Equipment cable data
4.2.6 Lumped Load Data
Required data for load flow calculations for lumped loads includes:
I. Conventional
Page 50
Load ID
Rated kV, kVA/MVA, power factor, and % motor load
II. Unbalanced
Load ID
Rated kV, kVA/MVA, power factor, % motor load, and % static load
III. Exponential
Load ID
Rated kV, P0, Q0, a, and b
IV. Polynomial
Load ID
Rated kV, P0, Q0, p1, p2, q1, and q2
V. Comprehensive
Load ID
Rated kV, P0, Q0, a1, a2, b1, b2, p1, p2, p3, p4, q1, q2, q3, and q4
4.2.7 HV DC Link Data
Required data for load flow calculations for HVDC links includes:
Element ID
All data on the Rating page is required for Load Flow calculations
Inverter current margin (Im)
4.2.8 Other Data
There are some study case related data, which must also be provided. This includes:
Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-Seidel)
Max Iteration
Precision
Acceleration Factor (when Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is selected)
Page 51
Loading Category
Initial Voltage Condition
Report (report format) [17].
4.3 NATIONAL GRID SIMULATION

Introduction
In this step we perform the software simulation of the HVDC transmission

lines upon the national grid keeping in mind the changes in line losses
4.3.1 STAGE I
The network data has been collect from many sources, presented in
Appendices (I, II, III, IV& V) .Then network model was built using ETAP Editor as
follows :
Firstly: The general view of the network: (i.e. the generators ,transformers ,bus bars
,transmission lines and loads ) is constructed . No data was entered specified in any
component except bus bars voltages and its names.
Secondly: Entering Data did not bump into any problem in generators and lines
until entry of transformers, a missing data appeared which was the X/R ratio. So in
order to overcome this problem the LDC was consulted about this data, they replied
that they dont use this part of data in there calculation and they assume it to be
infinity but as far as Eng. Mohammed Amin : this value in the distribution is in the
range 5-10 and in the transmission is to be so much larger and he informed that some
studies are done usin ETAP software and they have constructed a model for the
network and the value of X/R entered was 15. Also D. karar was consulted about X/R
Ratio also he confirmed on Eng.Amin information and suggested 15 as a value for
X/R ratio.
Notes at this stage:
The excel files contains some additional data about busbars & generators
&lines does not exist in the single line diagram , also as far as our knowledge
Page 52
some parts of the network is missing in the single line diagram and also its
corresponding data were missed.
The load data is not complete since the only available data is the MVA rating
and the other data is not available
because of the previous reasons a visit to the LDC was decided to
complete missing data .
4.3.2 STAGE II
In our visit to the LDC a comparison between the LDCs network model and the
model has been constructed was the first thing done. Many things have been
noticed:
the connections of Roseires generators ,bus bars and transformers are so

different than the model was constructed from the single line diagram .
some lines and bus bars are missing in our model like alfaoand its
transformers and transmission lines
some generators are neglected cause they have small ratings
for simplicity sennar generators are combined in one generator and connected
directly to the 110KV level with nominal voltage level of 110KV.
There are parts of the network is radial and some of these radial branches were
represented with equivalent loads to their branching bus bars.
The LDCs engineers mentioned that the data contains some future planned
components, and the network is changing with time and every couple of weeks a new
components enters the network.
The loading data are the values of load for the last year2010 with total losses
of 60 MW these data contains the load (real power and reactive power ) connected to
110KV and 220Kv bus bars, and the peak load values if assumed to be 120% of the
given data as their advising Appendix (VI). Unfortunately the constructed model has
its loads connected to 33 ,11,110 & 220Kv bus bars .to bypass this bump for 11 &
33Kv ; the load were connected directly to the 110Kv and 220Kv bus bars and the
transformers of 33Kv and 11Kv are deleted.
Page 53
By the end of this stage the first load flow for the model was done ,with some
marginal and critical alarms(limits violations in component).
All critical alarms were cleared and the marginal ones were reduced and full
report of the system was printed and the most vital info is that the total losses tend to
be 32.847MW Appendix (VII) .
4.3.3 STAGE III

After saving the complete AC system state (flows, losses and generation) ,
HVDC links were implemented instead of particular AC lines which were taken out
of service and some HVDC links were implemented with specific voltages.
The selection of AC lines to be replaced depended on Replacing the lines

connecting generation region to loads regions. Also again a complete simulation was
done and the total losses found to be 27.98MW Appendix (VIII) which leaves us with
14.8% of saving from the AC total losses.
All HVDC links implemented and AC link taken out of service are listed in
table 4.1
% of
Link Voltage AC
Form bus To bus DC losses saved
type ratings losses
power
Merwie
HVDC Kabashi 800Kv 4.443MW 2.687MW 39.5%
hydro
Port
HVDC Atbra 500Kv 812KW 235KW 71.1%
Sudan
Sennar
HVDC Roseires 500Kv 3.901MW 1.944MW 50.1%
junction
Table 4.1: DC links and AC loses and DC loses for each and the percentage of saving.
Page 54
4.4 General discussion

DC transmission is getting more and more interesting today and future, DC
transmission exists since long time , the benefits are less transmission losses and it is
economically feasible at transmission distances of seven or six hundreds of kilometers
[4]
as figure 3.21 shows and above with power rating of 1000MW and above ,HVDC
offers an automatic firewall function which is benefit for network security in case of
black out splitting the system when one system is disturbed the other one is protected.
In our project the reduction of about 14% of the AC transmission losses

resulted from implementation of three DC links as table 4.1 shows. If another DC
links are implemented the power loss will be reduced further more.
Figure 3.21: AC & DC costs break even at about 500 Km
Page 55
Chapter Five Conclusion and Future work 2011
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future Work

5.1 Conclusion
Application of the HVDC in the Sudanese national grid as mentioned in
chapter four resulted in reduction of transmission losses in the implemented links on
average 50% of power is saved with respect to the previous AC line. In general for the
network the total power losses saved was about 14%. Using HVDC transmission
reduces power losses than HVAC transmission system. The transmission power loss
depends on the amount of power to be transmitted and the physical characteristics of
the line; exactly the line total resistance and voltage level of transmission.
5.2 Future work

In this section we provide some suggestions for HVDC further research work. The
suggestions needed to increase information and studies about HVDC applications this
include:
HVDC transmission effects and capabilities in the fields of stability,

controllability, protection and black out avoidance.
HVDC transmission as a method of electricity transaction between countries
and a method for operation split of networks and countries.
HVDC transmission assessment with respect to the economical feasibility
Page 56
References 2011
References
1. Narain G. Hingorani in IEEE Spectrum magazine, 1996.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/6/10407/00486634.pdf?tp=&arnumber=486634
&isnumber=10407
2. Xiangjiaba - Shanghai 800 kV UHVDC transmission project ,ABB HVDC
website.
http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/148bff3c00705c5ac12577
4900517d9d.aspx
3. Rio Madeira,The longest transmission link in the world - 2,500 kilometers.
ABB HVDC website.
http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/137155e51dd72f1ec1257
74b004608ca.aspx
4. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)Transmission Systems Technology
Review Paper, Roberto Rudervall : ABB power Systems, J.P. Charpentier:
World Bank , Raghuveer Sharma: ABB Financial Services
5. Wikipedia website. www.en.wikipedia.edu/High-voltage direct current
6. ACW's Insulator Info - Book Reference Info - History of Electrical Systems
and Cables
7. R. M. Black ,The History of Electric Wires and Cables, Peter Perigrinus,
London 1983 ISBN 086341 001 4 pages 94-96
8. Alfred Still, Overhead Electric Power Transmission, McGraw Hill, 1913 page
145, available from the Internet Archive
9. "Shaping the Tools of Competitive Power"
http://web.archive.org/web/20050826155135/http://www.tema.liu.se/tema-
t/sirp/PDF/322_5.pdf
10. IEEE - IEEE History Center,
http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/Che2004/DITTMANN.pdf
11. CSPToday:http://social.csptoday.com/qa/spain-invest-heavily-transmisson-
grid-upgrades-over-next-five-years IEEE - IEEE History Center
12. Basslink website. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basslink
Page 57
References 2011
13. Dennis A. Woodford HVDC transmission Manitoba HVDC centre 400-

1619 Highway ,Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 3Y6 Canada ,18 march 1998
14. PRABHA KUNDUR ,Power system stability and control, McGraw
Hill,1994, ISBN 0-07-035958-X
15. Federico Milano,PSAT power system Analysis toolbox, Quick Reference
Manual for PSAT version 2.1.2, June 26, 2008 , Copyright 2003 - 2008
Federico Milano
16. FACTS Modeling and Simulation in Power Networks Enrique Acha
(University of Glasgow, UK), Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivel (Universidad
Michoacana, MEXICO), Hugo Ambriz-Perez (Comisio_n Federal de
Electricidad, MEXICO), Cesar Angeles-Camacho (University of Glasgow,
UK)
17. Etap help. ETAP enterprise, copy right 1995-2009,OTI,operation
Technologe Inc.
Page 58
APPENDEX II: lines data (R,X,Y, from bus ,to bus and length)
ID To Bus From Bus Length RPos XPos YPos
Line O.RBK110 Bus6 96 0.348 0.421 4.11
Merowi
Line1 Merkhiat 363 0.028 0.276 4.11
Hydro
Merowi
Line2 Merkhiat 363 0.028 0.276 4.11
Hydro
Line3 Bus4 Bus1 210 0.028 0.276 4.11
Line4 Bus5 Bus2 38 0.028 0.276 4.11
Line5 Shendi 220 Atbara 220 136 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line6 Free Zone Shendi 220 115 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line7 Garri Free Zone 5 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line8 Shendi 220 Atbara 220 136 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line10 Garri Free Zone 5 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line11 Eid Babikir Garri 60 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line12 Eid Babikir Garri 60 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line13 Eid Babikir Kabashi 220 30 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line14 Eid Babikir Kabashi 220 30 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line15 Free Zone Kabashi 220 26 0.067 0.302 4.11
Kabashi
Line16 Free Zone 26 0.067 0.302 4.11
220
Line17 Mahdia220 Merkhiat 220 20 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line18 Mahdia220 Merkhiat 220 20 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line19 Mahdia110 Izergab 8 0.067 0.269 4.11
Page 60
Line20 Mahdia110 Izergab 8 0.067 0.269 4.11
Eid Babikir
Line21 Izergab 24 0.067 0.269 4.11
110
Eid Babikir
Line22 Izergab 24 0.067 0.269 4.11
110
Line23 Omdurman Mahdia110 9.3 0.067 0.269 4.11
Line24 Omdurman Mahdia110 9.3 0.067 0.269 4.11
Line25 Mugran Omdurman 9.7 0.067 0.269 4.11
Line27 Shagara Mugran 11 0.067 0.269 4.11
Line28 Shagara Mugran 11 0.067 0.269 4.11
Line29 Shagara Local Market 5.8 0.067 0.269 4.11
Line30 Shagara Local Market 5.8 0.067 0.269 4.11
Khartoum Eid Babikir

Line31 12 0.067 0.302 4.11
North 110

Line32 12 0.067 0.302 4.11
North 110
Line33 Kilo X Eid Babikir 10 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line34 Kilo X Eid Babikir 10 0.067 0.302 4.11
Khartoum
Line35 Kuku 4.5 0.067 0.302 4.11
North
Khartoum
Line36 Kuku 4.5 0.067 0.302 4.11
North
Line37 Bus2 Kuku 14.6 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line38 Bus2 Kuku 14.6 0.067 0.302 4.11
Local
Line39 Bus2 5 0.067 0.269 4.11
Market
Page 61
Local
Line40 Bus2 5 0.067 0.269 4.11
Market
Line41 Farouk Bus2 8 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line42 Farouk Bus2 8 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line43 Gamouia Merkhiat 220 38 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line44 Gamouia Merkhiat 220 38 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line45 Gebel Aulia Gamouia 38 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line46 Gebel Aulia Gamouia 38 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line49 Giad Kilo X 43 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line50 Giad Kilo X 43 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line51 Giad Gebel Aulia 36 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line52 Giad Gebel Aulia 36 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line53 Meringan Giad 141 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line54 Meringan Giad 141 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line55 Sennar Jn Meringan 84 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line56 Sennar Jn Meringan 84 0.076 0.403 2.83
Line57 Sinja Sennar Jn 60 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line58 Sinja Sennar Jn 60 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line59 Roseires Sinja 168 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line60 Roseires Sinja 168 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line61 Roseires El Rank 160 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line62 Roseires El Rank 160 0.067 0.302 4.11
Page 62
Line63 El Rank Rabak 180 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line64 El Rank Rabak 180 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line65 Rabak Mashkour 108 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line66 Rabak Mashkour 108 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line67 Mashkour Gebel Aulia 148 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line68 Mashkour Gebel Aulia 148 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line69 Tandalti Rabak 184 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line70 Tandalti Rabak 184 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line71 Tandalti Rahad 65 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line72 Tandalti Rahad 65 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line73 Rahad El-Obeid 75 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line74 Rahad El-Obeid 75 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line75 Atbara 220 Port Sudan 450 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line77 Sinja Hawata 90 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line78 Sinja Hawata 90 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line79 Hawata Gedarif 110 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line80 Hawata Gedarif 110 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line81 Gedarif Girba 140 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line82 Gedarif Girba 140 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line83 Girba Kassala 66 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line84 Girba Kassala 66 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line85 ElDebba Merowi220 100 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line86 ElDebba Dongola 150 0.067 0.269 4.11
Line87 Hasahisa Giad110 77 0.348 0.421 2.7
Page 63
Line88 Bus5 Hasahisa 55 0.348 0.421 2.7
Line89 HagAbdalla Bus5 35 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line90 Sennar110 HagAbdalla 60 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line91 Bus6 Sennar110 10 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line92 Giad110 Bageir 3 0.348 0.421 2.7
Line93 Bageir Bus2 28 0.348 0.421 2.7
Line94 MinaSharief Bus6 69 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line95 Mugran GAM 110 20 0.067 0.269 4.11
Line96 Mugran GAM 110 20 0.067 0.269 4.11

Line97 12 0.067 0.302 4.11
North 110

Line98 12 0.067 0.302 4.11
North 110
Line99 Kuku KHE 110 3.2 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line100 Kuku KHE 110 3.2 0.067 0.302 4.11
Line102 MAN 110 Bus5 65.3 0.105 0.289 4.11
Line104 O.RBK110 Bus6 96 0.348 0.421 4.11
Page 64
APPENDEX III: Transformers data (ratings and reactances)
Two winding Transformer
ID PrimkV SeckV MVA PosX PrmBus SecBus

T42 220 110 150 12
KUK TR 110 33 90 9.3 KUK 33 KUK 33
T53 110 33 90 9.3 KUK 33 KUK 33
T54 110 33 90 9.3
KhnT1 110 11.8 41.25 12.2 Bus50 Bus50
T58 110 110 0 0
KhnT3 118.7 11 75 11.92 Bus52 Bus52
KhnT4 118.7 11 75 11.92 Bus53 Bus53
KhnT05 115 13.8 150 13 Bus54 Bus54
T60 220 110 60 12
T 225 10.5 50 13.79
T1 500 220 300 6
T2 500 220 300 6
T3 500 220 300 6
T4 525 220 300 6 Bus3 Bus3
T5 220 110 150 11 Mahdia110 Mahdia110
T6 220 110 150 11 Mahdia110 Mahdia110
T7 220 110 150 9.7
T8 220 110 150 9.7 Bus3 Bus3
T9 220 110 100 6
T10 220 110 100 6 Bus2 Bus2
T11 220 110 100 6 Bus2 Bus2
T12 220 110 150 11
T13 220 110 150 11 Bus3 Bus3
T14 220 110 150 12
T15 220 110 150 12 Bus4 Bus4
T16 500 220 150 10.8
T17 220 110 60 12
T18 220 110 80 13.8 Meringan Meringan
T19 220 110 80 13.8 Bus5 Bus5
T20 220 110 55 7.65
T21 220 110 55 7.65
T31 525 220 300 6
T32 500 220 300 6
T33 500 220 300 6
GAD T2 215 33 75 11.92
T38 118.7 11 75 11.92
T45 118.7 11 75 11.92
T49 225 10.5 50 13.79 Garri Garri
T63 230 11 70 15
T65 225 10.5 50 13.79
T66 230 11 50 13.6 Garri Garri
T67 118.7 11 75 11.92
Page 65
T68 225 10.5 50 13.79 Garri Garri
T69 225 11 50 13.79
T70 230 11 70 15
T71 230 11 70 15
T72 230 10.5 50 13.79
T73 230 10.5 50 13.79
T74 230 10.5 50 13.79
T75 230 11 50 13.79
T76 225 11 50 13.79
T77 230 11 50 13.79
T78 230 11 50 13.79
T79 230 11 50 13.79
T80 230 11 50 13.79
T81 220 10.5 50 13.6
Page 66
Three windings Transformers
ID PrimkV SeckV TerkV PrmMVA SecMVA TerMVA PS PT ST PrmBus SecRegBus TergBus
T 220 110 33 150 150 50 12.67 26.88 12.8
T22 525 13.8 13.8 282 141 141 24.62 24.56 49.3 Bus1 Bus1 Bus4
T23 525 13.8 13.8 282 141 141 24.62 24.56 49.3 Bus7 Bus7 Bus8
T24 525 13.8 13.8 282 141 141 24.62 24.56 49.3 Bus10 Bus10 Bus9
T25 525 13.8 13.8 282 141 141 24.62 24.56 49.3 Bus11 Bus11 Bus12
T26 525 13.8 13.8 282 141 141 24.62 24.56 49.3 Bus13 Bus13 Bus14
T27 220 11 11 86 43 43 17.9 17.9 34.3 Bus16 Bus16 Bus15
T28 220 11 11 86 43 43 17.9 17.9 34.3 Bus18 Bus18 Bus17
T29 220 11 11 86 43 43 17.9 17.9 34.3 Bus20 Bus20 Bus19
T30 220 11 11 86 43 43 17.9 17.9 34.3 Bus22 Bus22 Bus21
MRK TR1 500 220 33 300 300 75 16.97 43.36 24.6 Merkhiat 220 Merkhiat 220 MRK 33
MHDT2,3 110 33 11 70 50 20 24.54 20.48 15.5 MHD110 Bus25 Bus24
T35 110 33 11 70 50 20 24.54 20.48 15.5 Bus25 Bus25 Bus24
MUG TR1 110 33 11 100 50 20 11.6 21.8 8 Bus25 MUG11
T36 110 33 11 70 50 20 24.54 20.48 15.5 Bus25 Bus25 MUG11
MUG TR3 110 33 11 100 100 30 11.6 21.8 8 Bus28 Bus29
T37 110 33 11 100 50 20 11.6 21.8 8 Bus25 MUG11
OMD TR 03 110 33 11 200 200 60 12.1 22.14 7.89 Bus32 Bus33
SHG TR 110 33 11 140 100 40 20.6 25.6 14.2 Bus32 Bus33
GAM TR1 220 110 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 GAM 110 GAM 110 GAM 33
T39 220 115 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 GAM 110 GAM 110 GAM 33
GAM TR2 220 110 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 GAM 110 GAM 110 GAM 33
T40 220 115 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 GAM 110 GAM 110 GAM 33
T41 220 115 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 GAM 110 GAM 110 GAM 33
T43 220 115 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 GAM 110 GAM 110 GAM 33
JAS TR1 220 110 34.5 150 150 50 13.3 24.5 9.64 Gebel Aulia 110 Gebel Aulia 110 Bus34
JAS TR2 220 110 34.5 150 150 50 13.3 24.5 9.64 Gebel Aulia 110 Gebel Aulia 110 Bus34
T46 110 33 11 70 50 20 24.54 20.48 15.5 Bus25 Bus25 Bus24
IZG TR 110 33 11 70 50 20 20.75 26.01 14.5 IZG 33 1 IZG 11
T47 220 115 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 Gebel Aulia 110 Gebel Aulia 110 Bus34
T48 220 115 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 Gebel Aulia 110 Gebel Aulia 110 Bus34
MHD TR4 220 110 33 150 150 50 12.67 26.88 12.8 MHD110 MHD110 Bus37
Page 66
MHD TR5 220 110 33 150 150 50 12.67 26.88 12.8 MHD110 MHD110 Bus37
LOM TR 110 33 11 200 200 80 13.41 22.89 6.8 Bus37 LOM 11
T50 220 115 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 Bus37
T51 220 115 34.5 100 100 50 13 24.5 10 Bus37
T52 110 33 11 200 200 80 13.41 22.89 6.8 Bus37 LOM 11
KHE TR 110 33 11 200 200 80 13.41 22.89 6.8 Bus40 Bus40 Bus41
FAR TR 110 33 11 120 80 40 18.2 24.5 9.64 FAR 33 FAR 33 FAR 11
T55 110 33 11 70 50 20 20.75 26.01 14.5 IZG 33 1 IZG 11
IBA TR4,5 110 33 11 70 50 20 20 24.3 14.5 Bus47 Bus47 Bus48
T56 110 33 11 70 50 20 20.75 26.01 14.5 Bus47 Bus47 Bus48
KLX TR1,2 110 33 11 70 50 20 20 26.01 14.5 Bus49 Bus50
IBA TR3 220 110 11 150 150 22.5 9.69 37.5 26.7 Eid Babikir 110 Eid Babikir 110 Bus3
IBA TR2 220 110 11 150 150 22.5 9.69 37.5 26.7 Bus25 Bus25 Eid Babikir 110
T44 220 110 11 150 150 22.5 9.69 37.5 26.7 Eid Babikir 110 Eid Babikir 110 Bus3
KLX T4 220 110 11 100 100 15 6.02 16.6 9.6 Bus2 Bus2 Bus41
KLX T6 220 110 11 100 100 15 5.96 16.23 9.52 Bus2 Bus2 Bus43
KLX T8 220 110 11 100 100 15 6 31.6 20 Bus2 Bus2 Bus55
T57 215 110 11 100 100 15 6.02 16.6 9.6 Bus2 Bus2 Bus41
MAR T1 220 110 11 80 80 15 14.1 23.6 7.9 Bus5 Bus5 Bus57
MAR T2 220 110 11 80 80 15 14.1 23.6 7.9 Bus5 Bus5 Bus58
T59 220 110 34.5 150 150 50 13.3 24.5 9.64 Gebel Aulia 110 Gebel Aulia 110 Bus34
T61 220 110 34.5 150 150 50 13.3 24.5 9.64 Gebel Aulia 110 Gebel Aulia 110 Bus34
GAD T1 220 110 33 60 60 30 12.06 40.6 25.4 Giad110 Giad110 Bus61
ATB T3 500 220 33 300 300 75 16.8 42.8 24.3 Atbara 220 Atbara 220 Atbara 220
T34 500 220 33 300 300 75 16.8 42.8 24.3 Atbara 220 Atbara 220 Atbara 220
MRK T2 500 220 33 300 300 75 16.97 43.36 24.6 Merkhiat 220 Merkhiat 220 Bus62
KBA T1 500 220 33 300 300 75 16.8 42.8 24.3 Kabashi 220 Kabashi 220 Bus63
KBA T2 500 220 33 300 300 75 16.8 42.8 24.3 Kabashi 220 Kabashi 220 Bus64
MRK T1 500 220 33 300 300 75 16.97 43.36 24.6 Merkhiat 220 Merkhiat 220 Bus65
T62 220 110 11 80 80 15 14.1 23.6 7.9 Bus5 Bus5 Bus57
SNJ T2 220 110 33 55 55 30 8 39.9 30.6 Bus6 Bus6 Bus67
T64 220 110 11 80 80 15 14.1 23.6 7.9 Bus6 Bus6 Bus67
SNJ T1 220 110 11 55 55 17.5 7.7 25.9 16.9 Bus6 Bus6 Bus69
T82 500 220 33 300 300 75 16.97 43.36 24.6
Page 67
APPENDEX V: capacitors and reactors data (MVA rating)
Station name capacitor name capacitor type rated reactive power (MVar)
ATB CAP parallel_capacitance 5
IBAB CAP parallel_capacitance 2.5
IZGB CAP1 parallel_capacitance 5.0
KHN CAP1 parallel_capacitance 5.3
KHN CAP2 parallel_capacitance 5.3
HAS CAP parallel_capacitance 2.5
KUKU CAP1 parallel_capacitance 5.3
KLX RC1 parallel_reactance 15.0
KLX RC2 parallel_reactance 15.0
MAR CAP parallel_capacitance 5.0
MAR RC1 parallel_reactance 15.0
MAR RC2 parallel_reactance 15.0
SHN CAP parallel_capacitance 5.0
ROS RC1 parallel_reactance 15.0
ROS RC2 parallel_reactance 15.0
SHG CAP parallel_capacitance 2.5
MRW RC1 parallel_reactance 125
MRW RC2 parallel_reactance 125
MRK RC1 parallel_reactance 125
MRK RC2 parallel_reactance 125
ATB RC1 parallel_reactance 125
BAGIR CAP parallel_capacitance 2.5
DEB RC parallel_reactance 20
KHE CAP1 parallel_capacitance 5
KHE CAP2 parallel_capacitance 5
Local_Market CAP1 parallel_capacitance 5
Local_Market CAP2 parallel_capacitance 5
MHD1 CAP parallel_capacitance 5
MSH RC1 parallel_reactance 15
MSH RC2 parallel_reactance 15
RBK RC1 parallel_reactance 15
RBK RC2 parallel_reactance 15
OMD CAP parallel_capacitance 2.5
SENJ CAP parallel_capacitance 2.5
SENJ RC1 parallel_reactance 15
SENJ RC2 parallel_reactance 15
MWP RC1 parallel_reactance 125
MWP RC2 parallel_reactance 125
Page 71
APPENDEX VI: 2010 peak loading data on main bus-bars (110,220)
JUNE 15. 2010 / Morning Peak / Max Values

(Generation=1292 MW)
no S/S P Q no S/S P Q
1 KLX 36.4 20 25 GAD 39.5 24.7
2 SHG 64.3 34.7 26 SNJ 16.3 4.7
3 MUG 123.9 53.8 27 MAR 46.7 33.4
4 FAR 65.7 27.5 28 ROS 7.5 4.7
5 KHE 131.8 63.4 29 HAG 4.2 1.7
6 LOM 52 31.5 30 HAS 36.3 24.9
7 BAG 19.6 13.1 31 MIN 14.9 6.2
8 JAS 17.4 7.2 32 SNJ/RBK 21.3 5.5
511.1 251.2 33 MAN 12.3 3.3
199 109.1
9 OMD 85.9 46.3
10 MHD 79.7 46.1 34 POR 35.8 17.2
165.6 92.4 35 KSL 16 10
36 FAO 4 2.5
11 IZG 56.2 31.9 37 HAF 5 4.3
12 KUK 64.9 27.1 38 GRB 5 2.4
13 IBA 47.8 27.2 39 GDF 8 5
14 FRZ 10.3 7.2 73.8 41.4
179.2 93.4
15 SHN 13.4 7.1 40 MSH 0 0
16 ATB 36.7 10.2 41 GAM 0 0
17 MWT 10 3 42 HWT 0 0
18 DBA 5 2.2 43 JAP 0 0
19 DON 10.6 5 44 KAB 0 0
75.7 27.5 45 KHN 0 0
20 TND 1 0.6 47 MWP 0 0
21 OBD 14.2 10 48 SNG 0 0
22 UMR 2.4 1.9 49 GAR 0 0
23 RBK 9.4 6.4
24 RNK 0.2 0.1 Total Load (MW) 1231.6
27.2 19 Total Generation (MW) 1292
Page 72
APPENDEX VII: Etaps losses summary reports (in case of lines are all AC)
Page 73
Appendix VIII: Etaps losses summary report (in case of some lines are
DC)
Page 74

Implementation of High Volrage Direct Current Transmission System Using Simulation Software

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Implementation of High Volrage Direct Current Transmission System Using Simulation Software

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH VOLRAGE

DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

AWAB ABDULMONEM MOHAMED ALI

I would like to express my gratitude to university of Khartoum

Special thanks go to Dr. Abdurahman A. karrar for his keen

Also I am grateful for Dr.Fayez alsadiq for his illustration in major

And finally I appreciate my partner Mohamed Mohamed al

Chapter I: Introduction ............................................................................... 1

1.1 Problem definition: ........................................................................... 1

3.1 Transformer model ......................................................................... 15

CHAPTER IV: Implementation and simulation ...................................... 44

4.1 ANALYSIS SOFTWARE TOOL: ETAP ...................................... 44

5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 56

Appendix I: single line diagram of the network.......................................59

1.1 Problem definition:

HVDC will make it economically and more safety technology to be used

1.5 Thesis Layout

Chapter 2 Literature Review: provides the reader with a background to

2.2History of HVDC transmission

One of the first method of high-voltage DC transmission was illustrated by

Figure 2-1:Thury HVDC transmission system

The Moutiers-Lyon system also used the previous method transmitted

One conversion technique attempted for conversion of direct current from a

Introduction of the fully static mercury arc valve to commercial service in

By the 1970s the emergence of a high power semiconductor device, the

2.3 HVDC Configurations

Figure 2-2:Block diagram of a monopole system with earth return

In this configuration, monopole, one of the terminals of the rectifier is

If no metallic conductor is installed, current flows in the earth between the

Electrochemical corrosion of long buried metal objects such as

An unbalanced current path may result in a net magnetic field, which

These effects can be eliminated with installation of a metallic return conductor

Most monopolar systems are designed for future bipolar expansion.

However, there are a number of advantages to bipolar transmission which can

Under normal load, negligible earth-current flows, as in the case of

coupling of electricity mains of different frequency (as in Japan; and

The DC voltage in the intermediate circuit can be selected freely at HVDC

2.4 Systems with transmission lines

2.5 Tri-pole: current-modulating control

2.6 Advantages & disadvantages HVDC

Although some DC leakage current continues to flow through the dielectric

3. In contrast to AC systems, realizing multi terminal systems is complex, as is

2.7 Environmental considerations

2.7.1 Field and corona effects

System components modeling

3.1 Transformer model

The analysis of 2-winding transformers ends with the equivalent circuit

Figure3.1: 2-windings transformer equivalent circuit

0 = at nominal primary side tap position

3.1.2 Representation of Three-Winding Transformers

Figure 3.2 shows the single-phase equivalent of a three-winding transformer

Figure 3.2: Equivalent circuit of a three-winding transformer

3.2 Transmission line model

3.2.1 Electrical Characteristics

3.2.2Power flow Equations

3.2.3Equivalent Circuit of a Transmission Line

However, for purposes of analysis involving interconnection with elements of the

Figure 3.3: Transmission line equivalent circuit

3.3 Convertor model

3.3.1 converter theory and performance equations

Figure 3.4: major elements of the convertor

3.3.2 Valve characteristics

Figure 3.5 Symbol for controlled valve

3.3.3 Converter circuits