Appendix B

Calculation of Electrical
Parameters of Power Grid Units

B.1 Parameters of Overhead Lines

B.1.1 Parameters of Overhead Transmission Lines
The equivalent circuit of an overhead transmission line is shown in Figure B.1.
The parameters of the line shown in Figure B.1 are calculated as follows:
The resistance R is

r0
R= l= l B:1
n nS

Wherein r0 conductor resistance per unit length (/km);

L line length (km);
n the number of bundled conductors; n = 1 means single conductor;
calculation electrical resistivity of conductor (mm2/km); = 31.5 for aluminum conductors
and = 18.8 for copper conductors;
S nominal sectional area of conductor (mm2).

Reactance X and susceptance B are respectively


Dav 0:0157
X = x0 l = 0:144 5lg + l B:2
req n
0 1
B 7:58 C
B = b0 l = B 6C
@ Dav 10 Al B:3
lg
req

Line Loss Analysis and Calculation of Electric Power Systems, First Edition. Anguan Wu and Baoshan Ni.
2016 China Electric Power Press. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte Ltd.
342 Appendix B

R + jX

jB jB
2 2

Figure B.1 Equivalent circuit of overhead transmission line.

p
Dav = 3 Dab Dbc Dca
q
req = n
ranav1

Wherein x0, b0 reactance (/km) and susceptance (1/(km) per phase and per kilometer of line;
Dav average geometrical spacing (cm);
Dab, Dbc, Dca distances among three-phase conductors (cm);
req equivalent radius of conductor per phase (cm);
r calculation radius of conductor (cm);
aav geometric mean of split spacing (cm; depending on the number of bundled conductors n; see
Table 8.2 for details).

If the length of the line is more than 300 km but does not exceed 1000 km, the R, X, B values calculated by
the above formulas should be corrected before serving as parameters of the circuit. The correction coefficients
of resistance, reactance, and susceptance are

1
Kr = 1 x0 b0 l2 B:4
3


l2 b0
Kx = 1 x0 b0 r02 B:5
6 x0

3 + Kr
Kb = 0:5 B:6
1 + Kr

The corrected parameters are

R0 = Kr R B:7

X 0 = Kx X B:8

B0 = Kb B B:9

The calculation of conductance G is omitted. If the length of the line is smaller than 80 km and the voltage is
35 kV and below, parameters G and B can both be omitted.
Appendix B 343

B.1.2 Parameters of Steel Conductor Overhead Lines

The resistance r0 changes with current, which can be referred to in the relevant manual. The reactance is
x0 = x0 0 + x00 0, wherein x0 0 is the external reactance of the steel conductor, that is

Dav
x00 = 0:144 5 lg B:10
r

x00 0 is the internal reactance of steel conductor and depends on the quantity of current, which can be referred to
in the relevant manual.

B.1.3 Parameters of Two-Wire One-Ground Overhead Lines

Parameters of the conductor phase of the two-wire one-ground overhead line are similar to those of the three-
phase system line, that is

r0 =
S B:11
D
x0 = 0:144 5lg + 0:015 7
r

Wherein r0 conductor resistance per unit length (/km);

x0 conductor reactance per unit length (/km);
resistance coefficient of conductor (mm2/km);
S sectional area of conductor (mm2);
D spacing between conductors (cm);
r calculation radius of conductor (cm).

The resistance rd and reactance xd of the grounding phase per kilometer are respectively

1
rd = r0 + 2rdi B:12
3
1
xd = x0 + 2xdi B:13
3

Wherein rdi ground resistance per unit length (/km), generally rdi 0.05 /km;
xdi ground reactance per unit length (/km), generally xdi = 0.43 /km for ordinary soil.

B.2 Parameters of Transformer

B.2.1 Parameters of Two-Winding Transformer
The equivalent circuit of a two-winding transformer is shown in Figure B.2.
In the equivalent circuit of a two-winding transformer, three-winding transformer, or auto-transformer,
there are no-load power losses P0 and Q0 of transformer in the power supply side. The resistance
R () and reactance X () in the equivalent circuit of the two-winding transformer are respectively

PLN UN2 103

R= B:14
S2N
344 Appendix B

R + jX

P0 + jQ0

Figure B.2 Equivalent circuit of two-winding transformer.

ux UN2 10
X= B:15
SN
q
ux = ux 2 ur 2 B:16

PLN
ur = 100 B:17
SN

Wherein PLN rated load losses (short-circuit losses) of transformer (kW);

UN rated voltage of transformer (kV);
SN rated capacity of transformer (kVA);
ux percentage of voltage drop in transformer reactance to rated voltage;
uk percentage of short-circuit voltage (impedance voltage) of transformer1.

As for a transformer whose capacity is above 1000 kVA, its reactance X is much larger than its resistance,
so ux uk, and

uk UN2 10
X=
SN

No-load reactive losses Q0 (kvar) in the equivalent circuit are

i0 SN
Q0 = B:18
100

Wherein i0 percentage of no-load current of transformer.

B.2.2 Parameters of Three-Winding Transformer

The equivalent circuit of a three-winding transformer is shown in Figure B.3.
To calculate the parameters of a three-winding transformer, it is important to know the capacity ratio
of windings on three sides of the transformer and the capacity under which the load losses PLN and the
percentage of short-circuit voltage uk are determined.


udl
1
Short-circuit voltage uk is usually expressed by percentage of rated voltage, that is uk = 100%.
Un
Appendix B 345

X2
+j
R2
R1 + jX1
R
3 +j
X
3
P0 + jQ0

Figure B.3 Equivalent circuit of three-winding transformer.

1. When the capacity ratio of the three windings of the transformer is 100/100/100, and the load losses in the
windings are PLNhm, PLNhl, PLNml, the load losses of each winding are respectively

1
PLNh = PLNhm + PLNhl PLNml B:19
2
1
PLNm = PLNhm + PLNml PLNhl B:20
2
1
PLNl = PLNhl + PLNml PLNhm B:21
2

The equivalent resistance of each winding that is included into the high-voltage side rated voltage U1N
is respectively

PLNh U1N
2
103
R1 = 2
B:22
SN

PLNm U1N2
103
R2 = 2
B:23
SN

PLNl U1N
2
103
R3 = 2
B:24
SN
Wherein subscripts h, m, l high-, medium-, and low-voltage sides of the three-winding transformer;
SN rated capacity of the transformer.

If short-circuit voltages among the windings are respectively ukhm, ukhl, ukml, then the percent-
age of short-circuit voltage drop of each winding is respectively

1
ukh = ukhm + ukhl ukml B:25
2
1
ukm = ukhm + ukml ukhl B:26
2
1
ukl = ukml + ukhl ukhm B:27
2
346 Appendix B

Table B.1 Data after inclusion within the rated capacity of the
transformer.

Capacity ratio 100/100/50 Capacity ratio 100/50/100

2
PLNhm = P0LNhm S1N

2 PLNhm = P0LNhm
S1N S2N
PLNhl = P0LNhl
S3N = 4P0LNhm

2
= 4P0LNhl S1N

2 PLNhl = P0LNhl
S2N S2N
PLNml = P0LNml
S3N = P0LNhl

2
= 4P0LNml S3N
PLNml = P0LNml
ukhm = u0khm S2N


S1N = 4P0LNml
ukhl = u0khl

S3N S1N
ukhm = u0khm
= 2u0khl S2N


S2N = 2u0khm
ukml = u0kml
S3N ukhl = u0khl


= 2u0kml S3N
ukml = u0kml
S2N
= 2u0kml

Then, the equivalent reactance of each winding that is included into the high-voltage side rated voltage
U1N is respectively

ukh U1N
2
10
Xh = B:28
SN

ukm U1N
2
10
Xm = B:29
SN

ukl U1N
2
10
Xl = B:30
SN

2. When the capacity ratio is 100/100/50 (or 100/50/100), and the load losses and percentages of the short-
circuit voltage in the windings are obtained from the test, which is conducted based on the smaller winding
capacity, they must be included in the rated capacity data of the transformer before being used to calculate
the equivalent resistance and reactance according to the above formulas.
If the load losses before the inclusion are P0 LNhm, P0 LNhl, P0 LNml, and percentages of short-
circuit voltage drop are u0 khm, u0 khl, u0 kml, the data after inclusion to the rated capacity of the trans-
former are shown in Table B.1.
With the calculated PLNhm, PLNhl, PLNml and ukhm, ukhl, ukml, the equivalent resistance
and equivalent reactance can be calculated by the formulas for the capacity ratio of 100/100/100.
3. Auto-transformer. The parameter calculation and equivalent circuit of auto-transformers are the same as
those of general two-winding or three-winding transformers.