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15
Chapter

Australian Curriculum
content descriptions:
ACMNA231
ACMNA265
ACMNA270
Number and Algebra

Indices,
345
1 exponentials and
2
78
logarithms part 2
6
42
9
In Chapter 9 of ICE-EM Mathematics Year 10 Book 1, starting with integer

2
powers of numbers, we developed the ideas of the exponential function and

0
4
the logarithm function. We learned basic properties, such as
2x2y=2x+y and log2(xy)=log2x+log2y.

8
In this chapter, we will revise the material from the earlier chapter, investigate
the change of base formula and meet a range of new applications, especially

0
applications to science.

26
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Cambridge University Press
15A Algebra with indices

We first recall that the index laws hold for all positive numbers a and b and all rational
numbers x and y. That is,
10A

ax
Index law 1 axay = ax + y Index law 2 = ax y
y
a
Index law 3 (ax) y = axy Index law 4 (ab)x = axbx
x
a ax
Index law 5 b =
bx
We also recall that:
p
x 1 q
a = x
, a = ( a ) p and a0 = 1
q
a
We begin with some further practice in using these formulas.

Example 1

Simplify, leaving your answer without negative indices.


a a3 a4 b a3 a4 c (a3)4
d a3 a4 e (a3)4 f (a0)4
6 3 a 2 b 3 a4b
g b m h
b 2 m8 ba 2 a 2 b 2

Solution

1
a a3 a4 = a7 b a3 a4 = a1 = c (a3)4 = a12
a
1 1
d a3 a4 = a1 = e (a3)4 = a12 = 12
f (a0)4 = 14 = 1
a a
2 3 4
6 3 a b a b a 2b 4
g b m = b 4 m 5 h =
2 8
b m ba 2 a 2 b 2 b 3a 0
b4 = a 2b
=
m5

Example 2

Calculate the exact value of each number.


1 1 1

a 36 2 b 216 3 c 125 3

4 1 5 5 1
d 512 9 e 72 7
2 f 8 6 86
(continued on next page)

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Solution

1 1
a 62 = 36; hence, 36 2 = 6 b 63 = 216; hence, 216 3 =6
1 1

=( )

c 125 3
53 3 d Since 512 = 29,
4
= 51
4

512 9 = ( 29 ) 9
1
= = 24
5
= 16
1 5 6 5 1 5 1

e 7 2 7 2 = 7 2 f 8 6 8 6 = 8 6 6

2
= 73
=8 3
= 343
= 22
=4

Solving exponential equations


In some equations, the unknown appears as an index. We can sometimes use the index laws to
solve them by writing both sides of the equations as powers with the same base.

Example 3

Solve:
x
a 2x = 64 b 1 = 27 c (1000)x = 100 d 23x+7 = 64
3

Solution
x
1
a = 64
2x b = 27
3
2 = 2
x 6 3x = 33
so x = 6 so x = 3
x = 3
c (1000)x = 100 d 23x+7 = 64
103x = 102 23x+7 = 26
so 3x = 2 so 3x + 7 = 6
2 1
x= x =
3 3

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Example 4

Between which two integers does x lie if 3x = 1700? Use your calculator to
find x, correct to three significant figures.

Solution
36 = 729, 37 = 2187 so 6 < x < 7
36.7 = 1572.94, 36.8 = 1755.59, so 6.7 < x < 6.8
Also 36.77 = 1698.6773, 36.78 = 1717.4421
Therefore x = 6.77, correct to three significant figures.

Exercise 15A
Example 1 1 Simplify:
a x5 x2 b x6 x7 c (x5)2
d x5 x6 e (x4)5 f (x0)5
2 Simplify the expressions, writing each pronumeral in the answer with a positive index.
a a8 a9 a10 b a8 a9 a10 c (b7)3 (b4)5
b 6 m3 28a 5b 6 c 7
d 5x7y3 3x2y5 e f
bm 7 36a 3b 6 c 9
2
a a 2 b 3 a 2b3
g (a 3)2
a2 h b3 i
b a 3b 4 ab 2

3x3 y 2 6 x 2 y3 ab 2 a 2 b 3 8a 3 b 3 4 ab 2
j 3 2 k 3 2
l
4 xy x y a b a 3b 4 3a 3 b 9a 3b 5
3ab 4b7 4( x 3 )2 y 4 3 x 3 ( y 2 )2 8a 2 ( b 3 ) 2 16a 5b 3
m 2 3 n o
(b ) 3a 3x 4 y3 8 xy 5 3ab 2 9( a 3 ) 2

4 2 3 2 3 2 1
3( x 3 y)2 12 x 4 y 2 ( m 2 n3 ) 2
p 2 2 q ( 2a b ) (2 a b ) r 3 (mnp2 )3
( x y) (2 x 3 y ) 2 2
c c p

( a 2 )3 a
2
(2a 4 )2 (a 2 )3
s 3 2 t
b b b7 2b

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3 Express as integers or fractions:
a 34 b 53 c 72 d 2633
e 6231 f 5332 g 106 h (3 + 263 132)0
2 2 3
2 13 7
i j k 7234 l
3 5 11
4 If x = 2, find the value of 3x+2 + 5x 7x1.
Example 2 5 Calculate the exact value of each number.
1 2 3 3
a 100 2 b 1000
3 c 25 2 d 625 4

2 3 1 1

h 1
3
e 729 3 f 2
121 g 25
2
27
4
1 3 5 1 1
9
1 3
i (10
) 3 j k 256
4 l 3 4 38 27 8
27
6 Simplify each expression, and in your answers give each integer and each pronumeral
with positive indices.
1 1 3 2 3 1
a m
6 m4 b b 5 b 3 c a7 a3
2 3 1 3
x
d 3 x e x 4 x4 f x 4 x
3
2
g 3a 3 3a h c1.3 c4.6 i d 5.7 d 3.9

Example 3 7 Solve:
a 2x = 32 b 3x = 81 c 2x = 2048
1
d 7x = 49 e 2 x = f 15x = 1
64 x
1
g 27x = 3 h 125 = 25
x i = 243
9
j 1000x = 1000 k (0.0001) = 10000 l (0.01)x = 0.00001
x

8 Solve:
a 3x3 = 9 b 532x = 125 c 45x3 = 8
1
d 645x+7 = 512 e 9 x 2 = f 82x1 = 323x
27 3
g 2557x = 1253+2x h 100043x = 10052x

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9 21 = 2 27 = 128 213 = 8192 219 = 524288
22 = 4 28 = 256 214 = 16384 220 = 1048576
23 = 8 29 = 512 215 = 32768 221 = 2097152
24 = 16 210 = 1024 216 = 65536 222 = 4194304
25 = 32 211 = 2048 217 = 131072 223 = 8388608
26 = 64 212 = 4096 218 = 262144 224 = 16777216
By using the table and the index laws, find:
a 32 512 b 131072 512
c 3 32 768 d 324
e 8192 256 f 2097152 2048

g (1024)2 h 65536
2
i 64 128
8388608
j
2048 4096 64
2
262144
k l 29 29
256 16384

32768 4096
m 524 288 4096 n 3
2 097152
(256) 4 3 512

Example 4  etween which two integers does x lie if 2x = 1000? Use your calculator to
10 a B
findxcorrect to three significant figures.
b Between which two integers does x lie if 3x = 2000? Use your calculator to
findxcorrect to three significant figures.
c Between which two integers does x lie if 4x = 3000? Use your calculator to
findxcorrect to three significant figures.

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15B Logarithm rules

In Section 9G of ICE-EM Mathematics Year 10 Book 1, we introduced logarithms.


Logarithms are closely related to indices. Recall that the logarithm of a number to base a is
10A

the index to which a is raised to give this number. For example:


34 = 81 is equivalent to log3 81 = 4
106 = 1000000 is equivalent to log10 1000000 = 6
1 1
53 = is equivalent to log5 = 3
125 125
3
3
16 4 = 8 is equivalent to log16 8 =
4
In general, the logarithm function is defined as follows:
If a > 0, a 1 and y = ax, then loga y = x
Logarithms obey a number of important laws. Each one comes from a property of indices.
Suppose a > 0 and a 1 for the rest of this section.

Law 1 If x and y are positive numbers, then loga xy = loga x + loga y.


That is, the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms.

Suppose that loga x = c and loga y = d


That is, x = ac and y = ad
Then xy = ac ad

= ac+d (by Index law 1)
So loga xy = loga ac+d
=c+d
= loga x + loga y
x
Law 2 If x and y are positive numbers, then loga y = loga x loga y.
That is, the logarithm of a quotient is the difference of their logarithms.

Suppose that loga x = c and loga y = d


That is, x = ac and y = ad
x ac
Then =
y ad
= acd (by Index law 2)
x
So loga = loga acd
y
=cd
= loga x loga y

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Law 3 If x is a positive number and n is any rational number, then loga (xn) = n loga x.

This follows from index law 3. Suppose that loga x = c. That is, x = ac.
Then xn = (ac)n = acn (by Index law 3)
n cn
So loga (x ) = loga (a )
Hence, loga (xn ) = cn
= n loga x, as required

1
Law 4 If x is a positive number, then loga = loga x.
x

This follows from logarithm law 3.


1
loga = loga x 1 (definition)
x
= loga x (logarithm law 3)

Law 5 loga 1 = 0 and loga a = 1

Let the base a be a positive number, with a 1.


Since a0 = 1, we have loga 1 = 0.
Similarly, since a1 = a, we have loga a = 1.

Example 5

Write each statement in logarithmic form.


1
a 24 = 16 b 53 = 125 c 10 3 = 0.001 d 2 4 =
16
Solution

a 24 = 16 so log2 16 = 4 b 53 = 125 so log5 125 = 3


1 1
c 103 = 0.001 so log10 0.001 = 3 d 24 = so log2 = 4
16 16

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Example 6

Evaluate each logarithm.


a log2 256 b log2 3
2 c log3 81
1 1
d log9 81 e log5 f log7
5 49

Solution

Method 1
1
1
a 256 = 28, so log2 256 = 8 b 3 2 = 2 3 , so log2 3
2=
3
c 81 = 3 so log3 81 = 4
4, d 81 = 92, so log9 81 = 2
1 1
e log5 = log5 51 f log7 = log7 72
5 49
= 1 = 2

Method 2
The following method introduces a pronumeral x.
a Let x = log2 256 b Let x = log2 3 2
1
3
so 2x = 256 = 28 so 2x = 2= 23
1
x = 8 x=
3
c Let x = log3 81 d Let x = log9 81
so 3x = 81= 34 so 9x = 81 = 92
x = 4 x = 2

Example 7

Solve each logarithmic equation.


1
a log2 x = 5 b log7 x = 2 c logx 64 = 6 d logx = 2
25

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Solution

a log2 x = 5 b log7 x = 2
so x = 25 so x = 72
= 32 = 49
1
c logx 64 = 6 d logx = 2
25
1
so x6 = 64 so x2 =
25
x6 = 26 x2 = 25
x = 2, since x > 0 x = 5, since x > 0

Example 8

Write each statement in logarithmic form. 3


a y = bx b ax = N c 70 = 1 d 3 3 = 32

Solution

a y = bx becomes x = logb y b ax = N becomes x = loga N


3
3
c 70 = 1 becomes log7 1 = 0 d 3 3 = 3 2 becomes log3 3 3 =
2

Example 9

Given log7 2 = a, log7 3 = b and log7 5 = g, express each in terms of a, b and g.


15
a log7 6 b log7 75 c log7
2
Solution

a log7 6 = log7 (2 3) b log7 75 = log7 (3 25)


= log7 2 + log7 3 = log7 3 + log7 52
= a + b = log7 3 + 2 log7 5
= b + 2g
15
c log7 = log7 15 log7 2
2
= log7 (3 5) log7 2
= log7 3 + log7 5 log72
=b+ga

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Example 10

Simplify:
x y
a loga x2 + loga x3 loga x4 b loga + log a
y x
c loga (x2 b2) loga (x b), if x > b

Solution

a loga x2 + loga x3 loga x4 = 2 loga x + 3 loga x 4 loga x


= loga x

x y
b loga + loga = loga x y
y x y x
= loga 1
=0
c loga (x2 b2) loga (x b) = loga x b
2 2
xb

= loga ( x + b) ( x b)
xb
= loga (x + b)

Exercise 15B
Example 6 1 Calculate each logarithm.
a log2 8 b log3 27 c log2 2048 d log7 1
e log5 625 f log7 343 g log10 10000 h log10 1000000
2 Calculate:
1 1 1
a log2 b log3 c log10 d log10 0.01
16 27 10
1 1 1
e log5 f log6 g log2 h log10 0.0001
125 36 1024

3 Evaluate:
a log2 2 2 b log3 9 3 c log6 36 6 d log2 4 2

e log3 (27 3 ) f log10 1 g log5 (52 3 5 ) h log8 2


100 10

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Example 7a,b 4 Solve each equation for x.
a log2 x = 5 b log3 x = 6 c log10 x = 3
d log10 x = 3 e log10 x = 4 f log5 x = 4
g log2 (x 3) = 1 h log2 (x + 4) = 6 i log2 (x 5) = 3
Example 7c,d 5 Solve each equation.
a logx 81 = 2 b logx 8 = 6 c logx 1024 = 5
d logx 1024 = 10 e logx 9 = 2 f logx 1000 = 3
Example 5, 8 6 Write each statement in logarithmic form.
1
a 2 = ( 2 )2 1
b 0.001 = 103 c = 2 d 1024 = 322
3
2
e 10x = N f 5 2 = 5 2 g 50 = 1 h 131 = 13
7 Write each statement in exponential form.
a log2 32 = 5 b log3 81 = 4 c log10 0.001 = 3
7
d log3 27 3 = e logb y = x f loga N = x
2
8 Simplify:
a log3 7 + log3 5 b log2 3 + log2 5 c log2 9 + log2 7
1
d log10 5 + log10 20 e log6 4 + log6 9 f log3 7 + log3
7
9 Simplify:
a log3 100 log3 10 b log7 20 log7 10 c log7 21 log7 3
d log3 17 log3 51 e log5 100 log5 10 f log5 10 log5 2
10 Simplify:
a log2 3 + log2 5 + log2 7 b log3 100 log3 10 log3 2
c log5 7 + log5 343 2 log5 49 d log7 25 + log7 3 log7 75
Example 9 11 Given that log10 2 = a, log10 3 = b, log10 5 = g and log10 7 = d, express in terms
of a, b, g and d:
a log10 12 b log10 75 c log10 210
d log10 6000000 e log10 1875 f log10 1050
g log10 (2a3b5c7d) h What does a + g equal?
12 Find a relation between x and y that does not involve logarithms.
a log3 x + log3 y = log3 (x + y) b 2 log10 x 3 log10 y = 1
c log5 y = 3 + 2 log5 x d log7 (1 + y) log7 (1 y) = x
4
13 V = r3 is the volume of a sphere of radius r. Express log2 V in terms of log2 r.
3
14 If y = a 10bx, express x in terms of the other pronumerals.
15 Solve log10 A = bt + log10 P for A.

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15C Change of base

In Section 15B we studied logarithms to one base (which was a positive number other than 1)
and their relationships, such as
10A

loga x + loga y = loga xy

Often we need to work with different bases and, in particular, calculate quantities such as
log5 8, which is clearly between 1 and 2. It is of immediate concern that some calculators do
not have the capacity to calculate log5 8 directly, but they can calculate log10 8 and log10 5.
log10 8
We will show that log5 8 = 1.2920.
log10 5
This is a special case of the change of base formula:
log a c
logbc =
log a b
where a, b and c are positive numbers, a 1 and b 1.

The change of base formula is very important in later mathematics.

Proof 1 Proof 2
Let x = logb c so, bx = c If loga b = e, then ae = b
Taking logarithms to base a of both sides: Similarly, if logb c = f, then b f = c
loga bx = logac Hence, c = b f = (ae ) f = aef
xloga b = logac (Logarithm law 3) So loga c = ef = loga b logb c
x = log a c log a c
log a b and logb c =
log a c log a b
That is, logb c =
log a b

Change of base formula


If a, b and c are positive numbers, a 1 and b 1 then:
log a c
logb c =
log a b
This formula can also be written as:

loga c = loga b logb c

These formulas are called change of base formulas, since they allow the calculation of
logarithms to the base b from knowledge of logarithms to the base a.

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Example 11

By changing to base 2, calculate log16 8.

Solution

log2 8 = 3 and log2 16 = 4,


log 2 8
hence log16 8 =
log 2 16
3
=
4
3
So log16 8 =
4
3 3
4 4
As a check, 16 4 = (2 ) = 23 = 8

Example 12

Calculate log7 8, correct to four decimal places, using base 10 logarithms

Solution

Changing from base 7 to base 10:


log10 8
log7 8 =
log10 7
1.0686
As a check, 71.0686 7.9997 with a calculator.

Example 13

If 3x = 7, calculate x, correct to four decimal places.

Solution

log10 7
x = log37 =
log10 3
1.7712

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Example 14

Suppose that a > 0. Find the exact value of loga a3. 2

Solution

3
loga a3 = log a a
2

2
log a a
3 log a a
=
2 log a a
3
=
2
3
2 2
As a check: (a ) = a3

Exercise 15C
In this exercise, a, b and c are positive and not equal to 1.
Example 11 1 a By changing to base 3, calculate log9 243.
b By changing to base 2, calculate log8 32.
Example 12 2 Use the change of base formula to convert to base 10 and calculate these logorithms,
correct to four decimal places.
a log7 9 b log5 3 c log3 5
1
d log3 13 e log19 17 f log7
4
Example 13 3 Solve for x, correct to four decimal places.
a 2x = 5 b 3x = 18 c 5x = 2
d 5x = 17 e 2x = 7 f 3x = 5
4 Solve for x, correct to four decimal places.
a (0.01)x = 7 b 512x = 3 c 42x1 = 7x3 d 33x3 = 55x5
5 Simplify:
a (loga b)(logb a) b (loga b)(logb c)(logc a)
Example 14 6 Change to base a and simplify.
11
a loga2 a3 b loga2 a7 c loga3 a5 d log 3
a
a
3 4 5
e loga a8 loga a7 + loga a11 f log a
a + log 3
a
a + log 4
a
a

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15D Graphs of exponential and
logarithm functions
We saw the basic shape of the graph of an exponential function in Chapter 9 of ICE-EM
Mathematics Year 10 Book 1.
10A

y
For example, y = 2x is graphed to the right.
The graph has the following features: y = 2x

The y-intercept is 1. (1, 2)


1
There is no x-intercept.
The y-values are always positive. 0 x

As x takes large positive values, 2x becomes very large.


As x takes large negative values, 2x becomes very small.
The x-axis is an asymptote to the graph.

Here are the graphs of y = 3x and y = 3x drawn on the y


y = 3x
same axes.
Notice that y = 3x is the reflection of y = 3x in the y-axis. y = 3x

(1, 3) (1, 3)

(0, 1)

Simple logarithm graphs 0 x

We can also draw the graph of y = log2 x. As usual, we begin with a table of values.
y y = log2 x
1 1 1 1 (8, 3)
x 1 2 4 8 16
(4, 2)
16 8 4 2

y = log2 x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 (2, 1)

0 (1, 0) x
How are the graphs of y = log2 x and y = 2x related? 1, 1
2

Here is a table of values of y = 2x. The graphs of y = 2x y = 2x


and y = log2x are shown on the one set of axes. y
(2, 4) x
=
y
x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 y = log2x
(1, 2)
(4, 2)
1 1 1 1 (0, 1)
y = 2x 1 2 4 8 16 (2, 1)
16 8 4 2
0 (1, 0) x

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If the point (a, b) lies on y = 2x, then b = 2a.
Hence, we can write a = log2 b, so (b, a) lies on the graph of y = log2 x.
Thus, each point on y = log2 x can be obtained by taking a point on y = 2x and interchanging
the x and y values.
It is easy to see that (a, b) is the reflection of (b, a) in the line y = x.
Hence, the graph of y = log2 x is the reflection of y = 2x in the line y = x.
From this we can list some of the features of the graph of y = log2 x.
The graph is to the right of the y-axis. (This is because the function is only defined for x > 0.)
The y-axis is a vertical asymptote to the graph.
The x intercept is (1, 0), corresponding to log2 1 = 0.
The graph does not have a y-intercept.
As x takes very large positive values, log2 x becomes large positive.
As x takes very small positive values, log2 x becomes large negative.

Example 15

Use the graph of y = 3x to assist in sketching y = log3 x.

Solution

First draw the graph of y = 3x.


y y=x
(2, 9)

y = 3x

(1, 3)
y = log3 x (9, 2)
1, 13 (0, 1)
(3, 1)
0 (1, 0) x
1,
3 1

The two graphs are reflections of each other in the line y = x.

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Example 16

Sketch the graph of y = log2 (x 3).

Solution

Translate the graph of y = log2 x three units to the right.


y
y = log2 (x 3)

x=3
0 3 4 x

Note that the line x = 3 is an asymptote to the graph.

Example 17

Sketch the graphs of y = log3 x and y = log5 x on the same set of axes.

Solution

1 1
x 1 5 25
25 5

y = log3 x 2.93 1.46 0 1.46 2.93


y = log5 x 2 1 0 1 2

log10 5
log3 5 = 1.46
log10 3
log3 25 = log3 52 = 2 log3 5 2.93
1
log3 = log3 5 1.46
5
1
log3 = log3 52 = 2 log3 5 2.93
25 (continued on next page)

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y y = log3 x

y = log5 x

0 (1, 0) x

The table of values shows that:


log3 x > log5 x if x > 1 and
log5 x > log3 x if 0 < x < 1

Exercise 15D
Example 15 1 a Use the graph of y = 4x to draw the graph of y = log4 x.
b Use the graph of y = 5x to draw the graph of y = log5 x.
2 For each of these logarithm functions, produce a table of values for (x, y), using the
following y-values: 2, 1, 0, 1, 2. Use the table to draw the graph of the function.
a y = log10 x b y = log6 x
3 Draw each set of graphs on the same axes.
1
a y = 3x, y = 3x + 1, y = 3x 2 b y = 5x, y = 2 5x, y = 5x
2
x x
1 1
c y = 2x, y= 2x d y = 2 , y = 2

Example 17 4 a Sketch the graphs of y = log2 x and y = log3 x on the same set of axes, for y-values
between 3 and 3.
b In what ways are the graphs similar?
c How do the graphs differ?
d Without using a table of values, sketch the graph of y = log4 x on the same set of axes
used in part a.
Example 16 5 Sketch the following graphs.
a y = log3 x, x > 0 b y = log3 (x 1), x > 1 c y = log3 (x + 5), x > 5
d y = 2 log3 x, x > 0 e y = log3 (x) + 2, x > 0
6 Sketch y = 2x, y = 3x, y = log2 x and y = log3 x on the one set of axes.

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15E Applications to science,
population growth and finance
In Section 9F of ICE-EM Mathematics Year 10 Book 1 you saw that in a given experiment, the
growth in bacteria could be described using an exponential function, such as N = 1000 2t.
10A

Here, N is the number of bacteria at time t, measured in hours.


Equations of this type arise in many practical situations in which we know the value of N, but
want to solve for t.
Logarithms are needed for such calculations.

Example 18

Initially there are 1000 bacteria in a given culture. The number of bacteria, N, is
doubling every hour, so N = 1000 2t, where t is measured in hours.
a How many bacteria are present after 24 hours? Give your answer correct to three
significant figures.
b How long is it until there are one million bacteria? Give your answer correct to
three significant figures.

Solution

a After 24 hours, N = 1000 224


1.68 1010
b If N = 106, then 106 = 1000 2t
2t = 1000
log10 2t = log10 1000
t log10 2 = 3
3
t =
log10 2
9.97 hours
There are one million bacteria after approximately 9.97 hours.

Example 19

A culture of bacteria initially has a mass of one gram. It triples in size every hour.
How long will it take to reach a mass of 20 grams?
(continued on next page)

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Solution

Let y grams be the mass of the culture after t hours, then y = 3t.
If y = 20 then 20 = 3t
log10 20 = log10 3t
log10 20 = t log10 3
log10 20
t =
log10 3
2.727 hours
2 hours 44 minutes
It will take approximately 2 hours 44 minutes for the mass to reach 20 grams.

The following example illustrates the use of logarithms in estimating the age of fossils.

Example 20

The carbon isotope carbon-14, C14, occurs naturally but decays with time.
Measurements of carbon-14 in fossils are used to estimate the age of samples.
If M is the mass of carbon-14 at time t years and M0 is the mass at time t = 0,
then M = M010kt where k = 5.404488252 105.

All 10 digits are needed to achieve reasonable accuracy in these calculations.


a Calculate the fraction left after 100 years as a percentage.
b Calculate the fraction left after 10000 years as a percentage.
1
c Calculate the half-life of C14. That is, after how long does M = M0?
2

Solution

a When t = 100, M = M010100k


M
= 10100k
M0
0.98763
98.76%
That is, the fraction left after 100 years is 98.76%.
M
b When t = 10000, = 1010 000k
M0
0.28811
28.81%
That is, the fraction left after 10000 years is 28.81%.

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1 1
c M = M0 when = 10kt
2 2
1
log10 = kt
2
kt = log10 2
log10 2
t=
k
5570.000001
5570 years
That is, the half-life of C14 is about 5570 years.

Compound interest
In Section 1D of ICE-EM Mathematics Year 10 Book 1, we introduced the compound interest
formula
An = P(1 + R)n

where An is the amount that the investment is worth after n units of time, P is the principal
and R is the interest rate.
Logarithms can be used to find the value of n in this formula given R, P and An.

Example 21

$50000 is invested on 1 Jan at 8% per annum. Interest is only paid on 1 Jan of each
year. At the end of how many years will the investment be worth
a $75000 b $100000?

Solution

a An = P(1 + R)n
An = 75000, P = 50000 and R = 0.08, so
75000 = 50000(1.08)n
3
= (1.08)n
2
Take logarithms of both sides.
3
log10 = n log10 (1.08)
2 (continued on next page)

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3
log10
2
n=
log10 (1.08)
= 5. 26844
At the end of the sixth year, the investment will be worth $50000(1.08)6 = $79343.72.
At the end of the fifth year, the investment will be worth $50000(1.08)5 = $73466.40.
The investment will be worth more than $75000 at the end of the sixth year.
b An = P(1 + R)n
An = 100000, P = 50000 and R = 0.08, so
100000 = 50000(1.08)n
2 = (1.08)n
Take logarithms of both sides.
log10(2) = n log10 (1.08)
log10 (2)
n=
log10 (1.08)
= 9.00646
At the end of the tenth year, the investment will be worth
$50000(1.08)10 = $107946.25.
At the end of the ninth year, the investment will be worth
$50000(1.08)5 = $99950.23.
The investment will be worth more than $100000 at the end of the tenth year.

Exercise 15E
Examples 18,19 1 A culture of bacteria initially has a mass of 3 grams and its mass doubles in size every
hour. How long will it take to reach a mass of 60 grams?
Example 18 2 A culture of bacteria initially weighs 0.72 grams and is multiplying in size by a factor of
five every day.
a Write down a formula for M, the weight of bacteria in grams after t days.
b What is the weight after two days?
c How long will the culture take to double its weight?
d The mass of the Earth is about 5.972 1024 kg. After how many days will the culture
weigh the same as the Earth?
e Discuss your answer to part d.

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3 The population of the Earth at the beginning of 1976 was four billion. Assume that the
rate of growth is 2% per year.
a Write a formula for P, the population of the Earth in year t, t 1976.
b What will be the population in 2076?
c When will the population reach 10 billion?
4 The population of the Peoples Republic of China in 1970 was 750 million. Assume that
its rate of growth is 4% per annum.
a Write down a formula for C, the population of China in year t, t 1970.
b When would the population of China reach two billion?
c With the assumptions of question 3, when would the population of China be equal to
half the population of the Earth?
d When would everyone in the world be Chinese? (Discuss your answer.)
Example 20 5 The mass M of a radioactive substance is initially 10 g and 20 years later its mass
is 9.6g. Calculate its half-life.
Example 21 6 $80000 is invested on 1 Jan at a compound interest rate of 7% per annum. Interest is
only paid on 1 Jan of each year. At the end of how many years will the investment be
worth:
a $110000 b $200000?
7 A man now owes the bank $47000, after taking out a loan n years ago with an interest
rate of 10% per annum. He borrowed $26530. Find n.
8 $60000 is invested on 1 July at a compound interest rate of 8% per annum. Interest is
only paid on 1 July of each year. After how many years will his investment be worth:
a $120000 b $180000?
9 The formula for the calculation of compound interest is An = P(1 + R)n. Find, correct to
one decimal place:
a An if P = $50000, R = 8% and n = 3
b P if An = $80000, R = 5% and n = 4
c n if An = $60000, R = 2% and P = $20000
d n if An = $90000, R = 4% and P = $20000

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Review exercise

1 Simplify:
a b7 b2 b b11 b7 c (b8)2
d b4 b7 e (b3)6 f (b0)4
2 Simplify, writing each pronumeral in the answer with a positive index.
b 7m2 46a 4 b 3c 2
a 6x4y2 3x3y5 b c
b 5m11 36a 2 b 7 c11
a 3b 2
3
a a 3b 4
d (a ) a
4 3 3
e b 4 f
b a 3b 2 ab 5
5x 7 y 5 10 x 3 y 4 ab 4 a 3b 4 16a 3b 2 12ab 4
g h i
4 xy x 4 y3 a 5b 3 a 2b 5 3a 4 b 9a 4 b 6
5ab 4 b8
j
(b 3 )4 5a
3 Calculate each logarithm.
a log2 16 b log5 125 c log2 512 d log7 1
1 1
e log3 f log2 g log10 10 000 h log10 (0. 001)
27 64
4 Solve each logarithmic equation.
a logx 16 = 2 b logx 64 = 6 c logx 2048 = 11
d logx 512 = 3 e logx 25 = 2 f logx 125 = 3
5 Write each statement in logarithmic form.
a 1024 = 210 b 10x = a c 60 = 1
d 111 = 11 e 3x = b f 54 = 625
6 Write each statement in exponential form.
a log3 81 = 4 b log2 64 = 6 c log10 0. 01 = 2
d logb c = a e loga b = c
7 Simplify:
a log2 11 + log2 5 b log2 7 + log2 5 c log6 11 + log6 7
d log3 8 log3 32 e log5 200 log5 40 f log5 30 log5 6
8 Simplify:
a log2 5 + log2 4 + log2 7 b log5 1000 log5 100 log5 10
c log7 7 + log7 343 3 log7 49 d log3 25 + 2log3 5 2log3 75
9 Use the change of base formula to convert to base 10 and calculate each to
four decimal places.
1
a log7 11 b log5 7 c log3 24 d log3 35 e log16 8 f log3
4
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10 Solve for x, correct to four decimal places.
a 2x = 7 b 3x = 78 c 5x = 28 d 5x = 132 e 2x = 5 f 3x = 15
11 Solve for x.
a log2 (2x 3) = 4 b log3 3x = 4 c log2 (3 x) = 2
d log10 x = 4 e log4 (5 2x) = 3 f log2 (x 6) = 2
12 Sketch each graph.
a y = log5 x, x > 0 b y = log3 (x 2), x > 2
c y = log2 (x + 4), x > 4 d y = log2 (x) + 5, x > 0
13 Express 3 + log2 5 as a single logarithm.
14 Express y in terms of x when:
a log10 y = 1 + log10 x b log10 (y + 1) = 2 + log10 x
8 3 3
15 Simplify log2 2log2 4log2 .
75 5 2
2
16 If log10 x = 0.6 and log10 y = 0.2, evaluate log10 x .
y
17 a Express 5 - log2 5 as a single logarithm.
b Express 4 + log3 10 as a single logarithm.
18 $120 000 is invested on 1 Jan at a compound interest rate of 8% per annum. Interest
is only paid on 1 Jan of each year. At the end of how many years will the investment
beworth:
a $160000 b $200000?
19 A man now owes the bank $65000, after taking out a loan n years ago with an interest
rate of 8% per annum. He borrowed $28000. Find n.

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Challenge exercise

Throughout this exercise, the bases a and b are positive and not equal to 1.
1 Consider a right-angled triangle with side lengths a, b and c, with c the hypotenuse.
1 1
Prove that log10 a = log10 (c + b) + log10 (c b).
2 2
2 Simplify loga (a2 + a) loga (a + 1).
1 3 2
3 Show that 3log10 x + 2log10 y log10 z = log10 x y .
2
4 Solve for x: z

a log2 (x + 1) log2 (x 1) = 3
b (log10 x)(log10 x2) + log10 x3 5 = 0
c (log2 x2)2 log2 x3 10 = 0
d (log3 x)2 = log3 x5 6
5 Solve each set of simultaneous equations.
a 9x = 27y3, 16x+1 = 8y 2
b 8x = 32y+1, 5x1 = 25y
c 49x+3 = 343y1, 2x+y = 8x2y
d 8x = 4y, 73x+3 = 343y
6 Solve the equation (loga x)(logb x) = loga b for x where a and b are positive numbers
different from 1.
7 If a = log8 225 and b = log2 15, find a in terms of b.
8 a Show that log10 3 cannot be a rational number.
b S
 how that log10 n cannot be a rational number if n is any positive integer that is not a
whole number power of 10.
xy yz zx
9 Prove that loga + loga + loga = loga x + loga y + loga z.
z x y
10 If x and y are distinct positive numbers, a > 0 and

log a x = log a y = log a z , show xyz = 1 and xxyyzz = 1.


yz zx xy
11 If 2loga x = 1 + loga (7x 10a), find x in terms of a, where a is a positive constant
and x is positive.

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