Development of Quantitative Model To Investigate The Strategic Relationship PDF

Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy
Development of quantitative model to investigate the strategic relationship

between information quality and e-government benefits
Hussain Alenezi Ali Tarhini Sujeet Kumar Sharma
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TG
9,3
Development of quantitative
model to investigate the strategic
relationship between information
324 quality and e-government
Received 22 January 2015
Revised 23 March 2015 benefits
Accepted 29 March 2015
Hussain Alenezi
Business College, The Public Authority of Applied Education, Kuwait
Ali Tarhini
Department of Computer Science, Brunel University London,
Uxbridge, UK, and
Sujeet Kumar Sharma
Department of Operations Management and Business Statistics,
Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Abstract
Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between improvements in information
quality and the benefits and performance of e-government organizations. As information quality is
multi-dimensional measure, it is very crucial to determine what aspects of it are critical to organizations
to help them to devise effective information quality improvement strategies. These strategies are
potentially capable of changing government organizational structures and business processes. It
examines the nature, direction and strength of the connections between information quality and the
success of e-government initiatives. A conceptual model by means of which organizations performance
and information quality research can be viewed is proposed and validated in Kuwait.
Design/methodology/approach The study used a quantitative methodology to investigate the
causal paths. A cross-sectional survey was completed by 268 employees positioned in the Kuwait
Government ministries. Each of the main effect hypotheses was analyzed using stepwise multiple
regression with stepwise selection.
Findings It was found that the relationships between information quality and strategic benefits
along with institutional value were in upright agreement. Our statistical analysis highlighted that
improvement in different aspects of information quality can lead to a better organizational image.
Specifically, usability and usefulness attributes of information quality came on the top of the key
influencers on both strategic benefits and institutional value.
Originality/value This is the first study which adequately covers the relationships between
information quality and organizations performance in Kuwait. Based on our evaluation, the authors
propose a conceptual model to assist in studying the effects of information quality improvement on
Transforming Government: e-government benefits and performance.
People, Process and Policy
Vol. 9 No. 3, 2015 Keywords Kuwait, Arab world, Organizational performance, Business processes, E-government,
pp. 324-351
Emerald Group Publishing Limited Information quality
1750-6166
DOI 10.1108/TG-01-2015-0004 Paper type Research paper
Introduction Development
Organizations have recently struggled to adjust fully to the changing global of quantitative
environment and enhance their competitiveness (Tarhini et al., 2014a, 2014b; 2015;
Mohammadi, 2014). Government leaders and e-government advocates continually seek
model
to provide efficient transactions and services from e-government initiatives to achieve
both strategic and institutional benefits (Redman, 1998; Scholl, 2005; Hu et al., 2013;
Casalino, 2014; Alenezi et al., 2015). However, the achievement of these benefits may be 325
dependent on information quality and systems quality that are regarded as significant
factors in the adoption of e-government Web sites (Wangpipatwong et al., 2005;
Abu-Shanab, 2013a, 2013b). Moreover, the restructuring of government departments
and the interoperation and collaboration of government agencies and their respective
Electronic Government Information Systems (EGIS) across different levels and

branches may also be required. This has made the computer-supported sharing of
information a core issue of e-government integration and interoperation (Gil-Garcia
et al., 2007; Scholl and Klischewski, 2007; Jimenez et al., 2014).
In sharing information with citizens, or within governmental organizations,
high-quality information enables the participants to gain different types of benefits from
such projects (Gil-Garcia et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2009; Li and Feeney, 2014; Sharma
et al., 2013). Yet information can be shared based on different levels of quality and in
many distinct ways, requiring different degrees of integration. Hence, academics and
researchers argue that research needs to be explicitly dedicated to the phenomenon of
information quality which may have significant effects on the achievement of strategic
and institutional benefits of e-government. The research is therefore focused on
information quality and its effects on e-government benefits from the strategic and
institutional perspectives, and its subsequent effects on performance.
Literature review
Poor information quality dispels efforts and production capacity and causes rework,
each of which can impede productivity, incur extra cost and may damage the image and
reputation of an organization (Redman, 1998). Poor information quality also impacts
government organizations in other many levels (Redman, 1998). Improvement in
information quality can inevitably lead to productivity improvements which lead to
improved competitive position (Schwester, 2009; Golder et al., 2012). At the operational
level, poor data has been found to positively relate to customer dissatisfaction, increased
cost and lowered employee job satisfaction (Redman, 1995). At the tactical level, poor
information quality compromises decision making (Redman, 1995). The lack of relevant,
complete, accurate and timely information may be the single biggest hindrance to
developing sound e-government strategy. Moreover, decision-makers in government
organizations have to decide to which improvement initiatives should be considered and
which strategy should be followed, and what benefits will be gained from such
improvements (Schwester, 2011).
The normative literature well investigates and analyses the significance of
e-government and information in government organizations (Jaeger, 2003; Gilbert et al.,
2004; Shim and Eom, 2008). Nevertheless, there is limited research conducted on
information quality in the context of government organizations. Furthermore,
e-government success literature has rarely investigated information quality as a
contributor to the success of e-government initiatives (Mishra and Mishra, 2012). In
TG addition, the linkage between information quality and e-government strategic benefits
9,3 and institutional value has been minimally examined to date, with relatively little
theoretical grounding (Yang and Wu, 2014). E-government services aim to improve the
quality and assurance of government services, increase the efficiency of administrative
processes and facilitate effective participation and engagement with service users
(Grnlund and Horan, 2005; Helbig et al., 2009). Although e-government has the
326 potential to improve governments performance and enhance the quality of service
delivery, there are still many challenges that impede the development of e-government
initiatives. Advocates of e-government report that poor information quality has a
negative impact on government organizations and the government itself (Shim and
Eom, 2008). For example, when ease of navigation, information dissemination, online
support and service delivery are well-designed and executed, the service quality is high
and a favorable e-government experience developed which results in increasing loyalty
from the citizens to the institution of government (Affisco and Soliman, 2006).
Moreover, e-government services increasingly centers on the needs of both citizens
and businesses. At the same time, government leaders and e-government proponents
seek streamlined and efficient internal transactions and services (Scholl, 2005). This
requires the interoperation and collaboration of government agencies and their
respective EGIS across different levels and departments. The core issue of e-government
integration and interoperation is information sharing (Scholl and Klischewski, 2007).
Yet information can be shared on fairly different levels of quality and in many different
ways, requiring different degrees of integration (Gil-Garcia et al., 2007; Helbig et al.,
2009). Furthermore, government organizations who engage in information-sharing
projects tend to have multiple views on the required quality of information exchanged.
Information-sharing participants perceptions of information quality vary and
dependant on their role (information providers, users and managers) (Scholl, 2005).
Different perceptions of these participants need to be understood to enable
organizations to better manage their resources and operation.
As information quality is a multi-dimensional measure, it is very crucial to determine
what aspects of it are critical to organizations to help them to devise effective
information quality improvement strategies. These strategies are potentially capable of
changing government organizational structures and business processes. These
strategies, if implemented correctly, can produce substantial organizational, technical
and business benefits in addition to enable organizations to better coordinate their
efforts and improve their performance (Kraemer and King, 2006). To develop effective
information quality improvement strategies, it is important to explore the relationships
between information quality (cause) and organizational benefits and performance
(effect).
The perceived value of information is determined by the information receivers
accumulated experience with the information itself and the information-sharing process
(Masrom et al., 2013). The lack of perceived value of information in information-sharing
environment (Pardo et al., 2011) can negatively influence the extent of information
stewardship and information use, and can become a major obstacle for government
organizations. Thus, all the aforementioned problems illustrate that there is a need for
government organizations to improve information quality to attain benefits such as:
enabling quick reaction to users needs;
creating closer relationships between organizations;
enabling development of human resources; Development
enabling greater credibility in institutions; and of quantitative
providing constant control of actions. model
To achieve these benefits, further research on the relationships between information
quality and organizational performance is essential to develop a comprehensive
understanding of these relationships, and this study represents a step in that direction. 327
As Helbig et al. (2009) pointed out, the goals of e-government are to improve the
quality of the service, increase the efficiency of administrative processes and enable
governments to more effectively participate and engage with service users. Hence, the
attainment of e-government goals is of strategic importance for governments.

The anticipated benefits from information quality improvement strategies, such as
better services, operational savings and increased program effectiveness, can be gained
from these information-sharing initiatives (Zheng et al., 2009). While information
sharing is important, the significance of its impact on the performance of government
organizations depends on the type of information shared, when and how it is shared and
with whom (Ince et al., 2013). Gil-Garcia and Pardo (2005) outlined requirements to
enable government organizations ensure high quality and homogenous information by
creating:
an overall plan to manage information;
an information quality assurance program;
agreements with partners by information-sharing standards and common data
definitions;
getting continuous user feedback; and
training (Brown, 2000; Burbridge, 2002).
Papadomichelaki et al. (2006) emphasize the importance of quality in e-government.

They provide a more detailed view of the importance of quality and highlight that
quality stems from the back office and is based on those internal quality practices which
impact on the front office. The citizens interaction is with the front office; therefore,
government institutions have to ensure that their entire structure and operations are
quality based. Improvements in information quality positively affect organizations
business process and performance (Lee and Levy, 2014). In addition, quality information
enables different stakeholders to access government services 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week (Kumar and Sriram, 2014). Moreover, quality information reduces government
expenditures by providing cheap and reliable communication channels between
governments agencies and citizens (Albusaidy and Weerakkody, 2008). Furthermore,
quality information empowers organizations to provide more transparent and efficient
accessible services to citizens (Al-Khouri and Bal, 2007). Nevertheless, researchers such
as Scott et al. (2011) suggest that little research has been conducted into identifying
which measures determine e-government success while enhancing the capacity to share
information between organizations. The previous discussion motivated the authors to
undertake this study and to identifying the key information quality attributes which
contribute to organization success.
This paper investigates information quality improvement strategies that enable
government organizations to realize the benefits from e-government initiatives and
TG projects. These strategies may have an impact on the fundamental components of
9,3 modernizing the public sector through:
identifying and developing organization information-sharing structure;
interacting in various ways with citizens and businesses; and
reducing the cost and layers of organizational business processes (Al-Soud et al.,
328 2014; Rose et al., 2014).
Our work is based on the underlying principle that sharing high-quality information
offer organizations a greater capacity to share information across organizational
boundaries, to discover patterns and interactions and to make better-informed decisions
based on more complete data (Pardo et al., 2011). The specific benefits of sharing
high-quality information include increased productivity, improved decision making,
reduced costs, increased revenues and integrated services (Gil-Garcia et al., 2007). In
addition, the changing and expanding use of data in government organizations
demands increased attention to all the components of information quality, i.e. accuracy,
timeliness, consistency and completeness Knight and Burn (2005). Until recently, this
attention was confined to improving the quality of information and data generated and
used within single organizations.
In principle, this study aims for the development of a model for the improvement of
information quality in information-sharing initiatives impacting e-government benefits.
Accordingly, we seek to identify the information quality factors affecting e-government
benefits in information-sharing initiatives, evaluate the effect of e-government benefits
on e-government performance and develop a conceptual model to identify the salient
information quality factors impacting e-government benefits and performance. To
evaluate the model, we tested the model in government organizations in Kuwait, and
provide a novel contribution to the domain of e-government and information quality.
Research relating to information system (IS) success within the context of developing
countries, particularly, in the Arab countries is rare and lacks the capability to propose
an appropriate assessment criterion for Arab organizations (Aladwani, 2013). To the
best of the authors knowledge, there is no single study exists which adequately covers
the relationships between information quality and organizations performance in
Kuwait. Based on our evaluation, we propose a conceptual model to assist in studying
the effects of information quality improvement on e-government benefits and
performance.
The Government of Kuwait, which is classified as a developing country (The World
Bank Group, 2004), has been investing heavily in Internet and e-government systems
(around $450 million) (Aladwani, 2013). According to Internet usage statistics, there are
around 1,963,565 (74.2 per cent) of Kuwaits population have Internet access (Internet
World Stats, 2012). In this regard, the Council of Ministers in Kuwait decided to form a
new technology committee to kick off the Kuwaiti e-government efforts to assume
responsibility of the e-government development efforts (www.e.gov.kw). The
e-government services initiative in Kuwait has been successful initially in promoting
wider access to public services and this is encouraging for all stakeholders (government,
businesses and citizens). However, a survey conducted by the Madar Research group
found that only 36 government departments in Kuwait have a vigorous Web site, and 75
per cent of them have no ability for feedback apart from for occasional e-mail contacts.
On the other hand, Kuwaits social organization is predominantly tribal in nature where Development
tribal and religious norms govern relationships among people, including business and of quantitative
work relationships. The tribal system in Kuwait affects the role of individuals, which is
reflected in the operational ethos and values of an organization. These features add an
model
interesting dimension to the work and provide a unique insight into the nature of factors
that are important to governmental institutions in such environment.
329
Conceptual model
The literature review presented above highlights a number of limitations pertaining to
extant models that relate information quality and e-government success. First, extant
research on information quality has focused on private institutions and neglects
different government institutions (Scholl and Klischewski, 2007; Abu-shanab, 2014).

Second, the e-government success literature has rarely investigated on information
quality as a contributor to the success of e-government initiatives. Third, the linkage
between information quality and e-government strategic benefits and institutional
value has been inadequately examined to date, with relatively little theoretical
grounding.
A number of prevailing conceptual models such as Wang and Strongs (1996) model,
Jarke and Vassilious (1997) model and Ballou et al. (1998) model regard information as
a product, yet also noted that it can be conceptualized as a service a service that cannot
be preserved (Ballou et al., 1998, Kahn et al., 2002). In addition to recognizing the service
aspects of information quality, Kahn et al. (2002) drew upon the general literature on
quality to identify additional ways to characterize the concept, two of which they
adopted for their purposes: conformance to specifications and meeting or exceeding
customer expectations. By combining these two characterizations with the product and
service aspects of information quality, they developed a significant extension of the
Wang and Strong (1996) model and termed the product and service performance model
for information quality (IQ/PSP) (Kahn et al., 2002).
The IQ/PSP model is represented as a two-by-two grid, as shown in Table 1. Product
quality and service quality are represented in as rows, while specifications versus
expectations make up the columns. This table shows the various dimensions of
Quality Conforms of specification Meets or exceeds consumer expectation
Product quality Sound information Useful information

Free of errors Appropriate amount
Concise representation Relevancy
Completeness Understandability
Consistent representation Interpretability
Objectivity
Service quality Dependable information Usable information
Timeless Believability
Security Accessibility
Ease of manipulation
Reputation
Value-added
Table I.
Source: Kahn et al. (2002) IQ/PSP Model
TG information quality. This is mapped on a two-by-two grid, and each of the quadrants is
9,3 assigned a short, descriptive name. On the product side, the product-conformance
quadrant is referred to as sound information, and the product-expectations quadrant
represents useful information. On the service side, the service-conformance quadrant
represents dependable information, with usable information making up the
service-expectation quadrant. The information quality constructs addressed by present
330 research are based on the IQ/PSP four quadrants of information quality:
(1) sound information;
(2) useful information;
(3) dependable information; and
(4) usable information as shown Table I.
These quadrants are used in the present research model, and they are multi-dimensional
constructs. Dimensions such as free of errors and completeness are in the sound
information construct, for example. The IQ/PSP model in Table I contains the specific
dimensions for each of the four quadrants. The purpose of the conceptual research
model (Figure 1) is developed based on the IQ/PSP model (Kahn et al., 2002) to examine
the relationship between information quality dimensions and e-government benefits
and performance. For the purpose of this research, the author called this model info
quality benefits and performance (IQBP). The conceptual research model adopts the
information quality dimensions of the IQ/PSP model.
The conceptual IQBP model developed in the present research will attempt to further
investigate methods to improve the performance of government organizations. This
research utilizes a combination of the IQ/PSP model (Kahn et al., 2002) and the IS success
model (Delone, 2003). The IQ/PSP model will supply the constructs of information
quality dimensions used to measure the quality of information being shared between
governmental organizations. The constructs are, sound information, useful information,
Figure 1.
The research
conceptual model
(IQBP model)
dependable information and usable information. The IS success model is used to guide Development
the strategy of theory development, that higher information quality will result in more of quantitative
recognized benefits in e-government. In addition, a framework developed by Montagna
(2005) to evaluate e-government initiatives is used to produce e-government benefits and
model
performance constructs. With this in mind, Figure 1 provides the proposed conceptual
IQBP model in this research. A description of each information quality quadrants is
provided below to illustrate the classification and definitions of each dimension in each 331
of the four quadrants.
Sound information
The information quality dimensions in this quadrant are tangible and measurable
against a specification. The soundness of an item of information is usually independent
of task and decision. Accuracy refers to the extent to which information or data value
matches some value considered to be correct and reliable, whereas concise
representation dimension is defined as the extents to which information are compactly
represented without redundant or non-related elements (Wang and Strong, 1996).
Completeness is the degree to which entities and attributes are not missing from the
schema, whereas consistent representation ensures a minimum level of interpretability,
and the ability to be understood is achieved. It is opined that the lack of relevant,
complete, accurate and timely information may be the single biggest hindrance to
developing successful e-government with the benefits enjoyed by the end-users
(Redman, 1995; Pipino et al., 2002). Soundness of information is measured in terms of
accuracy and completeness. It is therefore assumed that improved soundness of
information ensuring the conformity of information to specifications will enhance the
achievement of increased strategic benefits. Soundness of information is also argued to
meet the goals of transparency and accountability which are desirable institutional
values through access to up-to-date, accurate and complete information. It is therefore
assumed that the more information from the government Web sites/services are
complete, up-to-date and accurate, the more transparent the government becomes and
the more trust the citizens have for the government. Therefore, we propose the following
two hypotheses:
H1. Improvements in the soundness of information will be associated with
increased strategic benefits.
H2. Improvements in the soundness of information will be associated with
increased institutional value.
Dependent Information
The dependable information quadrant representing service quality and conformity to
specification looks at the basic characteristics needed to certify high-quality delivery of
information (Khalil et al., 1999). Therefore information quality dimensions in this
quadrant can only be evaluated after information is delivered. Like any other service,
information as a service to the user, can only be evaluated only after delivery has taken
place. The two dimensions of quality for dependability of information are security and
timeliness, where Information is restricted appropriately to maintain its security and is
sufficiently up to date for the task at hand. Dependability of information representing
service quality and conformity to specification is required to certify the quality of
TG service that guarantees benefits of e-government. Dependability of information
9,3 considers the delivery of information as a service measured in terms of timeliness and
security, delivering information as at when needed and delivered intact and unfiltered
by unauthorized people. It is therefore assumed that information delivered on time and
secured will increase strategic benefits. In addition, dependability of information as a
service quality measuring the timeliness and security of delivered information to the
332 end-users is assumed to show the transparency of the government which adds to their
institutional value. It is therefore assumed that as the dependability of information
increases, institutional value is gained. It is therefore hypothesized that:
H3. Improvements in the dependability of information will be associated with

H4. Improvements in the dependability of information will be associated with
Useful information
The information quality dimensions in this quadrant are task dependent characteristics.
The information is relevant to the consumers task and is sufficient to support
decision-making. With objective information, consumers become more confident. The
dimensions of the useful information quality quadrant are appropriate amount,
relevancy, understandability, interpretability and objectivity. A working definition of
the appropriate amount of data should reflect the data quantity being neither too little
nor too much. It is crucial to provide users with information they can understand and
interpret. They want it to be relevant to their domain and purpose of interest in a given
context. Criteria regarding the domain and purpose of interest are therefore specific to
the user and the task in context and determine the desired information pieces. Therefore,
this suggests that an information product can only be said to be useful and relevant if the
information meets the customers specific criteria or expectations (Khalil et al., 1999).
Understandability is concerned with the clearness and goodness of the information.
Huang et al. (1998) suggests that an IS with high information quality is required to
provide concise presentations of the information that is interpretable and easy to
understand.
Wang et al. (1998) describe interpretability as the Understandability of the syntax
and semantics of information, it is also argued that users requirements for
interpretability of information may be much broader, ranging to practically requiring
that the thing speaks for itself. This emphasizes the importance of information being
presented in a way that it is easily interpretable and easy to understand (Lee et al., 2002).
If, however, information is either unintelligible or meaningless to users, all its other
qualities are irrelevant. Objectivity focuses on whether the disseminated information is
being presented in an accurate, clear, complete and unbiased manner (OMB, 2002), and
as a matter of substance, is accurate, reliable and unbiased. In a scientific or statistical
context, the original or supporting data shall be generated, and the analytical results
shall be developed, using sound statistical and research methods.
Usefulness of information measured in terms of relevancy, appropriateness and
interpretability shows how relevant and useful the information obtained from
government services are to the consumers tasks and needs. It is therefore assumed that
if the high-quality service/information from the e-government enhances and facilitates
the task of the end-users, the goals of the e-government strategic benefits will be Development
achieved. In addition, Institutional value is described to be represented by greater of quantitative
credibility in institutions and improvement of institutional image which form the main
focus of e-government initiatives as efforts are made to provide useful information
model
without stress easily interpreted and relevant to users tasks. It is therefore assumed that
governments efforts to provide useful information to citizens and businesses that will
enhance their tasks, will improve the governments image and credibility: 333
H5. Improvements in the usefulness of information will be associated with
H6. Improvements in the usefulness of information will be associated with
Usable information
The information quality dimensions in this quadrant distinguish one service from
another. This can be evaluated only from a consumers point of view and is based on the
task or decision in hand (Kahn et al., 2002). To use information, consumers must be able
to access it and tailor it to their individual needs. These dimensions depend on the
computer systems in place between the consumer and the stored data. Consumers can
use the information when it is believable and reputable, as well as beneficial (Kahn et al.,
2002). Benefits are often intangible and difficult to measure, but are important to
delivering high-quality information. For example, an online broker service provides
usable and valuable information if investors, in net, make more money using less time
than with traditional services. Investment information can be sound, dependable and
relevant to investors without necessarily being usable. The dimensions in the usable
information quadrant are believability, accessibility, ease of manipulation, reputation,
value added.
Believability is the extent to which data are regarded as true and credible. Among
other factors, it may reflect an individuals assessment of the credibility of the data
source, comparison to a commonly accepted standard and previous experience (Pipino
et al., 2002). The metric emphasizes the time aspect of accessibility. A similarly
constructed metric can be used to measure accessibility, a dimension reflecting ease of
data attainability (Jarke and Vassiliou, 1997; Pipino et al., 2002). A sensitivity factor in
the form of an exponent can also be included. Lee et al. (2001) therefore argue that if data
is delivered just prior to when it is no longer useful, the data may be of some use, but will
not be as useful as if it were delivered much earlier than the cut off. Thus, the metric
trades-off the time interval over which the user needs data against the time it takes to
deliver data. Here, the time to obtain data increases until the ratio goes negative, at
which time the accessibility is rated as zero (maximum of the two terms). Finally, value
added dimension represent the benefits and advantages gained from its quality (Wang
et al., 1998). Quality has been defined by (Juran, 1988) as fitness for use. It implies that
quality is defined by the customer, so that quality and customer satisfaction are
considered as being analogous. Thus, it can also be defined as meeting or exceeding
customer expectations, given that a perfectly produced product has little value if it is not
what the customer wants.
Usability of information is measured in terms of how information services from the
government websites can easily and conveniently be acquired and tailored to meet the
TG consumers needs and expectations. It is therefore assumed that as information services
9,3 are acquired and used to meet the expectations of the consumers, the strategic benefits
of the e-government initiatives are achieved. In addition, usability of information is
based on believability, accessibility, ease of operation and the reputation of information.
These factors also show the characteristics of the image and reputation of the
government. It is therefore assumed that as users find government information
334 accessible, believe in the information and find the information reputable, the trust and
confidence of the people on the government increases which also increases the image
and credibility of the government. Based on the above discussion, we propose the
following hypotheses:
H7. Improvements in the usability of information will be associated with increased

strategic benefits.
H8. Improvements in the usability of information will be associated with increased
institutional value.
Strategic benefits
Scott and Golden (2009) in his study on e-government benefits, aimed to augment
previous efforts to understand e-government usage by drawing together a
comprehensive set of benefits. These studies were collected as a result of a systematic
review of the literature in the area of e-government success. Benefits, and value of
e-government, as defined by Moore (1995), require a balancing of efficiency and
effectiveness measures. In line with Moore (1995) and Grimsley and Meehan (2007),
Scott and Golden (2009) proposed a set of benefits organized around three broad
objectives, i.e. efficiency, effectiveness and democracy. These three objectives are
reflective of the broad separations evident in the literature and as defined by the EU,
USA and the UN. This categorization has previously been used to evaluate the outcome
of e-government initiatives (Ask and Grnlund, 2008).
Strategic benefits as a variable are adopted in this study. This section starts with
explaining the role of strategy in e-government, and at the end lists the dimensions of
strategic benefits used in this research. An e-government strategy is a fundamental
element in modernizing the public sector, through identifying and developing
organizational structure, the ways of interaction with citizens and business and
reducing cost and the layers of processes in business organizations (Gouscos et al., 2007;
Reddick and Anthopoulos, 2014). It provides a wide variety of information to citizens
and businesses through the Internet. However, the role of e-government is not only to
provide citizens with information and services which could be provided by commercial
firms. E-government can develop the strategic connections between public sector
organizations and their departments and allow communication between levels of
government (Ebrahim and Irani, 2005). This connection and communication improves
the cooperation between them by making it easier for government strategies,
transactions and policies to be provided and implemented and also by the improved use
and running of government processes, information and resources (Heeks, 2001; Guha
and Chakrabarti, 2014). Governments can also transfer funds electronically to other
governmental agencies or provide information to public employees through an intranet
or the Internet.
Alathur et al. (2014) agrees that e-government has improved communication between Development
different parts of government so that people do not need to ask repeatedly for the same of quantitative
information from different service providers. Numerous benefits may accrue from
e-government initiatives including cost savings, improved communications and
model
coordination, expanded citizen participation and increased government accountability
(Koh et al., 2006). In addition, providing services on a 7/24 assistance basis and without
geographical restrictions allows generating a new conception of services providing two 335
new opportunities for the government namely increased operational efficiency as
productivity is increased at reduced costs, and the provision of better quality services
(Gil-Garcia et al., 2010). The present research adapts Montagna (2005) dimensions of
strategic benefits to deliver better performance in e-government initiatives as follows:
quick reaction to users needs;

consolidated services;
communications; and
development of human resources and increase use of e-Services.
E-government strategic benefits are focused on delivering consolidated services and

new regularly monitored innovative e-Services to improve performances of the
government. It is therefore assumed that meeting the strategic benefits will increase
the performance of government departments and the businesses. Therefore, we propose
the following hypothesis:
H11. Increased strategic benefits associated positively with improved
performance.
Institutional value and organizational performance

Is another variable in the present research, as e-government is shifting focus from
internal efficiency to value-added services provided by institutional forces like
government departments (Melitski, 2003). Transparency in recent years has developed
from a buzzword into a substantive policy tool and regulations making the provision of
government information more accessible with more interactive features and services to
restore public trust (Chadwick and May, 2003). This is in an effort to make transnational
actors more socially and environmentally responsible and accountable (Mulgan, 2000).
Openness and disclosure have been demanded of such diverse organizations as
international financial institutions, transnational corporations and nation-states.
Transparency and institutional value are generally discussed in the light of updating
online information to always reflect current position, greater credibility in institutions,
improved institutional image, government tracking from any place, constant control of
actions, inspection of public services and more active participation in all government
actions (Bannister and Connolly, 2011). Montagnas (2005) representation of
e-government institutional value in five different dimensions is considered appropriate
to be used in this research to test the conceptual IQBP model. The five dimensions are
greater credibility in institution, improvement of institutional image, government
tracking from any place, inspection of public services and active participation in all
government actions. These dimensions capture the desirable values expected of
government institution that will portray the institutions transparency, openness and
determination to give valuable service to the people and organizations in the country.
TG On the other hand, e-government is generally focused on the provision of better
9,3 value-added services to businesses and citizens. Its aim therefore is to enhance access to
and delivery of government services for the benefits of the citizens, business partners
and employees of the government (Silcock, 2001). Measures of its performance will
therefore be focused on the quality of and performance of the citizen-centered services
and how the goals and benefit expectations of its stakeholders (citizens, business
336 organizations, government departments and employees), are met (Montagna, 2005).
From the analysis of Zheng et al. (2009), several advantages for USA citizens from
visiting various web sites of the government can be determined. For example, in the case
of the National Institute of Health, among the benefits for visitors is the high
effectiveness of getting answers for their queries. This is achieved by means of powerful
search engines and customized information by topic.

In this way, the pledged advantages in relation to the new information economy are
attained, regarding the relationship between the scope and the richness of the
information. The ability of the users to easily and at will browse the websites for
services and submit requests which are promptly responded to is an indication of the
success of the e-government services (Verginadis et al., 2003; Gouscos et al., 2007). A
high fraction of visitors claimed to have had a better understanding of their condition
and treatment after visiting the NIH site. Government, although it has no competitors as
such, must satisfy a complex set of goals. It must balance the strengths of distinct social
actors. For this purpose, government bases its action on norms which ensures the
attainment of its objectives and nothing more. The legislative capacity of government is
the binding factor in social performance. Its distinguishable activity is the creation and
execution of bodies of law. This strengthens the administrative structure to ensure
transparency (Abdelsalam et al., 2011). Montagna (2005) summarised the dimensions of
e-government performance. He mentioned that there should be available Information
24x7; constant control of actions; increase use of e-Services; indirect strength of aspects
such as governance, image; and new links and networks: alliances, communities. These
dimensions cover every aspect of e-government performance and expectations of end
users and the government embodied in the e-government goals. Each of the dimensions
can be evaluated in terms of the efficiency, effectiveness, strategic benefits and
institutional value of e-government (Irani et al., 1999; Montagna, 2005). It is, therefore,
considered appropriate for use in testing the research conceptual IQBP model.
Based on the above discussion, institutional value is associated with greater
credibility in institutions and encouraging active participation in all government actions
which together affect performance. It is therefore assumed that as government makes
effort to increase institutional value, performance of the government will also increase:
H12. Increased Institutional value associated positively with improved
performance.
Based on the above discussion, the proposed model IQBP (Info quality benefits and
performance) and all the classification of dimensions are presented in Figure 2.
Research method
Sampling and survey administration
The target population for this study was individuals who work for governmental
organizations and who regularly use at least one computer-based IS in the course of
Development
of quantitative
model
337
Figure 2.
The research
conceptual IQBP
model
sharing information with other governmental organizations. Such use was intended to
cover the three primary roles of Information Provider, Information Manager and
Information User. Participants meeting these criteria were eligible for inclusion; all
others were excluded. The size of the sample used for data analysis is critical to the
success of any research study. The minimum sample size rule of thumb recommended
by Hair et al. (2010) is 15 per cent independent variable in a multiple regression equation.
The highest number of independent variables in any one equation for this research was
five; therefore, a minimum sample size of 75 was required to adequately perform the
planned analysis. Of the 360 who were randomly selected to complete a survey
questionnaire, 268 usable responses were collected. This represented a survey response
rate of 74.4 per cent.
The questionnaire was pretested with 4 experts then pilot-tested with 50 potential
participants to ensure its clarity, reliability and validity and to ensure that the meaning
of the constructs under investigation was perceived correctly, and as expected by the
researcher. The results from the four experts focused on giving feedback on the ease of
understanding the questions; use and importance of the different variables, the overall
design of the questionnaire and for any other comments that would make the
questionnaire stronger and better ensure answers from the respondents. Three
questions were modified and two questions were deleted on the basis of their responses.
Though the questions were based on the variables mentioned in the literature review,
however, a few of them could be rephrased or removed, in response to the suggestions
from the experts who tested the pilot questions. After collecting the data through the
pilot study, the questionnaire was reframed and the data was collected again from this
group without confusion.
To ensure content validity, items were adopted from previous research.
The questionnaire items were developed in many stages and translated from
English to Arabic and back-translated before the pilot study (Schneider and
Backman, 1996).
TG Procedures
9,3 A random sampling technique was employed as a sampling method to collect data from
participants positioned in the Kuwait government ministries. After gaining the
authorization to survey governmental employees, the author contacted employees in the
ministries complex to invite them to participate in the survey. The participants were
invited to participate via a combination of electronic mail, personal visits, and internal
338 memos. Those participants who decided to participate in the investigation were
provided with copy of the survey to complete. Upon completion of the survey,
participants delivered their responses to a specified box closely located to the
participants. Boxes then were collected by representatives of the authors and delivered
to the authors. An informed consent notification was provided at the beginning of the
survey. In this notification, participants were given essential information about the
research, were advised of the expected time commitment, were advised of any expected
risks of participation, and were advised that their participation was voluntary and that
they could discontinue participation at any time. No personally identifiable information
was collected as part of the survey and the interviews. Participants were not paid for
their participation.
Measures
It should be noted that the constructs used in this study were drawn from previous
related literature where they proved to be reliable and valid. Two types of variables were
operationalized for this study:
(1) independent variables measuring various aspects of information quality; and
(2) dependent variables measuring e-government strategic benefits.
A set of demographic variables was also collected to facilitate grouping of responses.

More specifically, the information quality section in the questionnaire was extracted
from information quality assessment instrument (Lee et al., 2002; Najjar, 2002), and its
variables (33 questions) were modified according to the requirements of this study. The
quality of the shared information comprises its usefulness, soundness, usability and
dependability. In addition, 16 questions were asked on the strategic benefits,
institutional value and performance gained from the use of information (Appendix I).
These questions were extracted from the framework of assessment and analysis of
e-government proposals (Montagna, 2005). This part of the questionnaire determines
the element that support e-government strategic views and provide decision makers
with the tools to develop e-government projects. All the questions were designed for a
five-point scale, ranging from 1, indicating strongly disagree to 5, representing
strongly agree, with point 3 pointing to neutral status. The PSP/IQ quadrant level
variables were each calculated as the mean value of the dimension values corresponding
to that particular quadrant (Kahn et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2002).
Data analysis
Descriptive analysis
This section provides a description of the demographic characteristics of the
participants, including educational background, occupation and the experience level of
using governmental IS. In terms of education level, nearly half of the participant (48.5
per cent, count 130) held a diploma degree, followed by 39.6 per cent (i.e. count 106)
who held a bachelors degree. Participants with high school and below represented 10.8 Development
per cent (i.e. count 29), with the remaining 1.1 per cent (i.e. count 3) of the of quantitative
participants had higher education. The time of using governmental IS was varied
among the participants. Nearly third of the participant (29.3 per cent, count 78) have
model
been using these systems for more than five years, followed by 26.3 per cent (i.e. count
70) for one-three years, then 15.4 per cent (i.e. count 41) for three-five years, 13.2 per
cent (i.e. count 35) less than one year and 15.8 per cent (i.e. count 42) for those who 339
stated that they never used these systems before.
Quantitative analysis and hypothesis testing

Each of the main effect hypotheses was analyzed using stepwise multiple regression
with stepwise selection. Stepwise multiple regression is considered appropriate for

exploratory studies. Stepwise selection adds variables in the order of their contributions,
yet tests the significance of each variable already added, removing them if it is
determined that they no longer provide a significant contribution, resulting in the
potential for a more parsimonious regression model. The end result of each regression is
an equation of the form: Yj 0 1 [] i (Equation 1) where i a
particular independent variable and Yj an instance of a dependent variable. Each beta
coefficient () represents the standardized weighted contribution of a particular
independent variable in predicting the value of a dependent variable (Mertler and
Vannatta, 2005).
The ten hypothesis formulated in this research were tested using three dependent
variables, namely, strategic benefits, institutional value and organizational
performance against information quality dimensions and their components as
independent variables. The hypotheses H1-H10 were evaluated using a stepwise
multiple regression analysis to identify the independent variables that were considered
as predictors of the dependent variables. Analysis of the residuals revealed no evidence
of violations of the assumptions of linearity, normality or homoscedasticity; therefore,
the results of the multiple regression analysis are accepted and the null hypothesis (H1
[] H10 null) rejected. Summary of the results of the multiple regression analysis is
given in Table II, showing dependent variable, independent variables and their
predictive accuracy.
Hypothesis Independent variables Dependent variables Results
H1 Soundness of information Strategic benefits 0.613**

H2 Dependability of information Strategic benefits 0.639**
H3 Usefulness of information Strategic benefits 0.715*
H4 Usability of information Strategic benefits 0.755**
H5 Soundness of information Institutional value 0.601*
H6 Dependability of information Institutional value 0.612**
H7 Usefulness of information Institutional value 0.677**
H8 Usability of information Institutional value 0.725**
H9 Strategic benefits Organizational performance 0.875**
H10 Institutional value Organizational performance 0.884** Table II.
Summary of the
Notes: * p 0.05; ** p 0.01 research hypothesis
TG To summarize, the results of the analysis showed that the relationships between quality
9,3 information and strategic benefits were in upright agreement. They both revealed
positive and significant relationships between information quality attributes and
strategic benefits. Table II illustrates these relationships by showing R2 coefficients and
p-values. As expected and in consistence with the conceptual IQBP model in Table I, all
the coefficients are significant and positive at either the five per cent or the one per cent
340 level. As can be shown in Table II, usability comes on the top of the key influencers on
strategic benefits with R2 value of 0.755 followed by R2 values of 0.715, 0.639 and 0.613
for usefulness, dependability and soundness, respectively. These results provide
support for H1, H2, H3 and H4. The results also provide support for H5, H6, H7 and H8.
This means that the relationships between quality information and institutional value
were also in the upright agreement. As can be shown in Table II, usability also found to
be the strongest factor on institutional value with R2 value of 0.725 followed by R2
values of 0.677, 0.612 and 0.601 for usefulness, dependability and soundness,
respectively. The results also revealed both strategic benefits and institutional value
were found to be key influences of Organizational performance, with R2 values of 0.875
for strategic benefits and 0.884 for institutional value, supporting H9 and H10. As can
be seen from these results, usability and usefulness have been identified by the majority
of the research participants as the key characteristics of high-quality information. Many
of these participants revealed that they most concern about system usability and
usefulness because this enable them to answer questions and perform functions relevant
to their job duties.
Discussion
Findings from the analysis of H1, H2, H3 and H4 support the existence of a positive
relationship between sound, dependable, useful and usable information from one side
and strategic benefits from the other side. These findings reveal that sound information
is essential to provide timely and accurate information, which, in turn, leads to quick
reaction to users needs. These findings are consistent with findings of Campbell et al.
(2004) who found that accuracy can positively affect organizations ability to respond
quickly to customers needs. The results also reveal that dependable and secure
information can reduce cost because lack of security increases customers complaints,
which, in turn, result in substantial increase of costs to deal with these complaints.
These results are consistent with e-government literature, where security and privacy
have been cited frequently as a barrier to the development of e-government
(Lambrinoudakis et al., 2003).
In the same line, useful information offers enormous strategic benefits, including
enhancing communications with partners and citizens and enabling better decision
making. Similar conclusion is drawn from the analysis of the relationships between
usable information and strategic benefits, which reveal that usable information
enhances communications with partners and citizens. The similarity between these
findings and the views found in the literature (Tsakonas and Papatheodorou, 2006; Scott
et al., 2011) provide validation for these finding. Although all the information quality
factors are found to be important, usability comes on the top of the key influencers on
strategic benefits followed by usefulness, dependability and soundness.
Similarly, findings from the analysis of H5, H6, H7, H8 support the existence of a
positive relationship between sound, dependable, useful and usable information from
one side and institutional image from the other side. These findings reveal that sound Development
information is vital to build up credibility of organizations and to strengthen their of quantitative
professional image. This is because incomplete information can delay or stop processing
e-government transactions, which in turn can cause miss-trust over the public. This
model
corresponds with the literature findings those points out that sound information exerts
a greater influence on organizational image and credibility (Nguyen and Leblanc, 2001).
In addition to enhancing organization credibility and image, dependable information is 341
found to be a key enabler for community commitment and active participation in
e-government services. The analysis asserted that both timeliness and security have
become a priority for organizations because they not only affect the quality of
e-government services but the whole institutional image as well. In recent years, a
number of reports literature findings have highlighted the relation between dependable
information and organizational credibility and image (Shih and Li, 2006; Headayetullah
and Pradhan, 2010).
Usable and useful information makes it easy to track and monitor e-government
services, which reflects directly on institutional value. Usability comes on the top of the
key influencers on institutional value followed by usefulness, dependability and
soundness. Interestingly, this is the same ranking of importance for the information
quality attributes, which is found in the relationships between information quality and
strategic benefits. Usability and usefulness have been ranked as the key characteristics
of high-quality information which significantly affect strategic benefits and
institutional value. This is because of the fact that the research participants are most
concerned about system usability and usefulness because this enables them to answer
questions and perform functions relevant to their job duties. This is consistent with
e-government literature which identified information usability and usability as a key
barriers to the e-government adoption (Gilbert et al., 2004; Ebrahim and Irani, 2005).
The analysis of H9 revealed a strong and positive relationship between strategic
benefits elements and organizational performance. On one hand, consolidated services,
knowledge of users needs, communication channels and quick reaction to users needs
and links with partners were ranked as the strongest factors contributing to
organizational performance. On the other hand, development of human resources and
introducing new and innovative e-Services were excluded from the list of factors which
affect organizational performance. The exclusion of new and innovative e-Services can
be explained by the fact that the research participants were government workers, and
they were more concerned about getting reliable and usable services, which help them to
execute their job duties more efficiently than innovative ones. Not surprisingly, Gorla
et al. (2010) asserted that quality information is a key to better decision making, which
leads directly to improve organizational performance. McKinney et al. (2002) and Teo
et al. (2008) assured the effect of information quality on customer satisfactions and
organizational performance. The results showed that usable information as the most
influential attribute of information quality on strategic benefits and consequently on
organizational performance. As expressed by many participants, usable information
can improve organizational performance by enhancing productivity, increasing service
adoption and improving overall customer satisfaction.
As with H9, the analysis of H10 revealed a strong and positive relationship between
institutional value elements and organizational performance. The analysis showed that
institutional value elements were accounted for 88.4 per cent of the variation in
TG organizational performance. This high percentage emphasizes the importance of
9,3 improving various aspects of institutional value to increase organizations performance.
Improvement of institutional image, constant control of action, ability of inspection of
public services and institutional credibility were the most influential elements of
institutional image. In addition, the analysis revealed that active participation in all
government actions had no effect on organizational performance. The results showed
342 that the improvement in institutional image and credibility can greatly increases
organizational performance. This is because the organizations will reduce the need to
devote their resources to establish their image and credibility and will make these
resources available for more productive purposes. Van Der Heijden, H. and Verhagen
(2004) and Gefen and Straub (2000) showed that usable information have clear
implications on the image of the organization and impact the intentions of users towards
using e-Services.
Research contributions and implications

The contributions achieved throughout this research are diverse, covering
methodological, theoretical and applied implications. This study adds value to research
and practice of e-government. In addition, it provides a theoretical research model for
extending previous work on explaining the relationships between information quality
and organizations performance. This model is particularly useful for researchers
because it helps to organize and incorporate the divers aspects of the research problem
identified in this study in a simple and consistent way. This model is also valuable for
practice because it helps government agencies to become more proactive in overcoming
barriers that hinder performance. For example, this model can help e-government
agencies to be proactive about information security and not wait for an incident to occur
before something is done.
Theoretical contributions
The research model developed in this research illustrates the structural relationships
among influencing factors of information quality on organization performance. This
model elucidates why and how information quality affects strategic benefits and
institutional value and ultimately institutional performance. This model synthesizes
two proven research instrument and model for information quality called IQ/PSP (Kahn
et al., 2002) and an instrument called IS success model (Delone, 2003) to measure
organizational performance. In this manner, this model is better suited to analyzing and
understanding the relationships, interdependencies and impacts of information quality
on organization performance. In addition, this research developed a theoretical research
model that can guide future research studies. In comprising with the existence research,
this model has the following advantages:
provide a platform to explain the value, the significance and the causality of
relationships between variables;
offer tools for planning proactive responses to potential threats to information
quality, such as planning for information security policy and developing security
program; and
include intermediate factors of strategic benefits and institution value which
affect organization performance and are affected by information quality;
Practical contributions Development
The research model proposed in Figure 1 offers a generic, usable, comprehensive model of quantitative
of key information quality factors that influence the performance of e-government
projects in a developing countries context such as Kuwait. This model can be utilized by
model
the Kuwaitis e-government managers as a strategic decision support tool to improve
organization performance, by means of quality, productivity and cost saving. It can help
in outlining a roadmap for e-government agencies to be aware of the key information 343
quality factors that stimulate or impede organization performance. In addition, this
model can help in facilitating the development and planning of e-government projects
by defining information quality requirements.
The full potential of the e-government will be not utilized without the employees
adoption of such services and their participation in such initiatives. This point has been
placed at the top priorities of the Kuwaiti Government in the recent years (www.e.gov.
com), and this is encouraging for all stakeholders (government, businesses and citizens).
In this respect, the government organizations in the Gulf Cooperation Countries in
general and more specifically in Kuwait are improving the content design and quality of
their online services. Certainly, this can be accomplished by providing up-to-date,
secure, accessible, transparent, complete and relevant information to the users about the
available online service which will ensure efficient delivery of the public services.
The government can also increase the usage of e-government services among the
governmental employees by raising awareness such as advertising and promoting the
national e-government Web site and setting up citizen service centers to assist those
who are less computer-savvy to adapt e-government services.
Research limitations and further research

As with any study, this research encountered some difficulties and limitations. Firstly,
there are some limitations in the data collected for this research. These data are collected
from three governmental agencies in Kuwait. Those agencies have a relatively similar
profile in terms of the portfolio of the e-government services they offer. Therefore, the
sample of the data collected is not representative of the entire Kuwaiti population and
thus may introduce some bias to the results of this study. In addition, and as this study
confined to Kuwait, the findings of this research cannot be generalized to other countries
because each country has unique characteristics, needs and capabilities. However, the
main contribution of this research, the research model in Figure 1, provides a valuable
and reliable tool to explore information quality drivers and barriers to improving
organization performance within the Kuwaiti context. Therefore, to increase
generalization of the study, future research can build on the conclusions of this research
to validate the research model developed in Figure 1 in different context and countries.
Also, to realize a good generalization, it is recommended to extend the developed model
with factors related to cultural, political and organizational aspects of e-government.
Secondly, to measure and analyze the performance of any system, objective and
quantifiable means to measure performance are needed. Developing these means is a
challenging and intricate task. Although this study adopted a well-founded IS success
model (Delone, 2003) to quantify performance, this study clearly experiences a limitation
related to the subjectivity in the process of quantifying and measuring organization
performance. Future research should use new methods to collect data required that use
new data analysis tools and techniques such as data mining, text analytics and
TG sentimental analytics. Other possible areas for future research are developing and
9,3 applying new methods and key performance indicators to measure organization
performance.
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Appendix I
Strategic benefits, institutional value and performance from information use
Use of the information in this system []:
(1) Enables quick reaction to my needs.
(2) Allows consolidated services.
(3) Allows creation of new and innovative e-Services.
(4) Helps to create closer relationships among partners.
(5) Provides new communication and operation channels.
(6) Generates new links and networks: alliances and communities.
(7) Improves knowledge of users needs.
(8) Enables development of human resources.
(9) Provides indirect strength of aspects such as governance, image.
(10) Increases use of e-Services.
(11) Enables greater credibility in institutions.
TG (12) Improves institutional image.
9,3 (13) Allows government tracking from any place.
(14) Provide constant control of actions.
(15) Enhances inspection of public services.
(16) Allows more active participation in all government actions.
350 Information quality assessment
(1) This information is sufficiently complete for our needs.
(2) This information covers the needs of our tasks.
(3) This information is presented concisely.
(4) The representation of this information is compact and concise.

(5) This information is consistently presented in the same format.
(6) This information is accurate.
(7) This information is reliable.
(8) This information is of sufficient volume for our needs.
(9) The amount of information is neither too much nor too little.
(10) It is easy to interpret what this information means.
(11) The measurement units for this information are clear.
(12) This information is appropriate for our work.
(13) This information is applicable to our work.
(14) This information is easy to understand.
(15) The meaning of this information is difficult to understand.
(16) This information is based on facts.
(17) This information presents an impartial view.
(18) This information is protected against unauthorized access.
(19) This information is not protected with adequate security.
(20) This information can only be accessed by people who should see it.
(21) This information is sufficiently current for our work.
(22) This information is not sufficiently timely.
(23) This information is sufficiently up-to-date for our work.
(24) This information is believable.
(25) This information is trustworthy.
(26) This information is easy to manipulate to meet our needs.
(27) This information is easy to combine with other information.
(28) This information has a poor reputation for quality.
(29) This information comes from good sources.
(30) This information is easily accessible.
(31) This information is quickly accessible when needed.
(32) This information provides a major benefit to our work.
(33) This information adds value to our tasks.
About the authors Development
Hussain Alenezi is a Faculty Member at the Public Authority of Applied Education Business
College in Kuwait. His research interest includes but not limited to e-government, organizational of quantitative
strategy, information quality and social media. model
Ali Tarhini is a Researcher in the Department of Computer Science at Brunel University, UK,
where he received his PhD. He also has MS in advanced Web application programming from
University of Essex in 2008, UK. His research interests include human computer interaction,
cross-cultural studies, user adoption and acceptance of technology, quantitative methods, 351
structural equation modeling. His research has been published in journals, including the
Computers in Human Behavior, Information Technology & people, Journal of Educational
Computing Research, British Journal of Educational Technology and Interactive Learning
Environments. Ali Tarhini is the corresponding author and can be contacted at:
ali.tarhini@hotmail.co.uk
Sujeet Kumar Sharma is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Operations Management
and Business Statistics in Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. He earned his PhD in Statistics. His
teaching and research interests include the areas of business statistics, structural equation
modeling, multivariate data analysis, data mining, technology acceptance model and cricket
statistics. He has published a good number of articles in a number of internationally refereed
journals. He has authored a book on Computer based Numerical and Statistical Techniques.
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Development of quantitative model to investigate the strategic relationship

*Related content and download information correct at time of download.

Electronic Government Information Systems (EGIS) across different levels and

attainment of e-government goals is of strategic importance for governments.

Papadomichelaki et al. (2006) emphasize the importance of quality in e-government.

different government institutions (Scholl and Klischewski, 2007; Abu-shanab, 2014).

Quality Conforms of specification Meets or exceeds consumer expectation

Product quality Sound information Useful information

(4) usable information as shown Table I.

increased strategic benefits.

increased institutional value.

H7. Improvements in the usability of information will be associated with increased

quick reaction to users needs;

E-government strategic benefits are focused on delivering consolidated services and

Institutional value and organizational performance

search engines and customized information by topic.

A set of demographic variables was also collected to facilitate grouping of responses.

Quantitative analysis and hypothesis testing

with stepwise selection. Stepwise multiple regression is considered appropriate for

Hypothesis Independent variables Dependent variables Results

H1 Soundness of information Strategic benefits 0.613**

Research contributions and implications

Research limitations and further research

Science and Technology, Vol. 64 No. 11, pp. 2379-2395.

(4) The representation of this information is compact and concise.

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