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Plumbing Plans
I N T R O D U C T I O N molten zinc. The steel pipe used for natural gas appli-
There are two classifications of piping: industrial and residen- cations is protected with a coat of varnish. This pipe is
tial. Industrial piping is used to carry liquids and gases used commonly referred to as black pipe because of its color.
in the manufacture of products. Steel pipe with welded or Steel pipe is strong, rugged, and fairly inexpensive.
threaded connections and fittings is used in heavy construction. However, it is more expensive than plastic pipe, and
Residential piping is called plumbing and carries fresh water, labor costs for installation are generally higher because
gas, or liquid and solid waste. The pipe used in plumbing is of the threaded joints.
made of copper, plastic, galvanized steel, or cast iron. Corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST) is also
used for natural gas piping. CSST is a flexible piping
system that is easier and less expensive to install than
Copper pipes have soldered joints and fittings and are black pipe. This type of pipe comes in rolls that allow
used for carrying hot or cold water. Plastic pipes can the plumbing contractor to run pipe through walls
have glued joints and fittings and are used for vents and under floors nearly as easily as electric wire. The
and for carrying fresh water or solid waste. Many con- flexible piping system is easy to cut with traditional
tractors are replacing copper pipe with plastic piping pipe cutters and has easy-to-assemble fittings and
for both hot and cold water. One example is a plastic fixtures.
pipe with the chemical name of polybutylene (PB), also Stainless steel piping is commonly used in chemical,
known as poly pipe. Some concerns have been addressed pollution control, pharmaceutical, and food industries
about the strength and life expectancy of PB pipe in because of its resistance to corrosion. Stainless steel is
construction. Plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe also sometimes used for water piping in large institu-
has been used effectively for cold water installations. tional and commercial buildings.
Corrosion-resistant plastic piping is available in a ther- Cast-iron pipe is commonly used to carry solid and
moplastic with the chemical name postchlorinated poly- liquid waste as the sewer pipe that connects a struc-
vinyl chloride (CPVC). Metal piping loses heat; CPVC ture with a local or regional sewer system. Cast-iron
pipe retains insulation and saves energy. CPVC piping pipe can also be used for the drain system throughout
lasts longer than copper pipe because it is corrosion- the structure to help substantially reduce water flow
resistant, it maintains water purity even under severe noise in the pipes. It is more expensive than plastic
conditions, and it does not cause condensation, as does pipe, but may be worth the price if a quiet plumbing
copper. Plastic pipe is considered quieter than copper system is desired.
pipe, and it costs less to buy and install. Another plastic Residential plans generally do not require a complete
plumbing product, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) plumbing plan. The need for a complete plumbing
pipe, provides a flexible and durable plumbing system plan should be verified with the local building code. In
that can withstand high pressures and temperatures. It most cases, the plumbing requirements can be clearly
is also freeze-resistant because it expands and contracts provided on the floor plan in the form of symbols for
to its original shape as needed to protect against freeze fixtures and notes for specific applications or condi-
damage. Special fittings and tools are used for making tions. The plumbing fixtures are drawn in their proper
connections when installing this product. locations on the floor plan at a scale of 1/4" = 1'0"
Steel pipe is used for large-distribution water piping (1:50 metric). Other plumbing items to be added to the
and for natural gas installations. Steel pipe is joined by floor plan include floor drains, vent pipes, and sewer
threaded joints and fittings or grooved joints. The steel or water connections. Floor drains are shown in their
pipe used for water is galvanized. Galvanized pipe is approximate location, with a note identifying size, type,
steel pipe that has been cleaned and dipped in a bath of and slope to drain. Vent pipes are shown in the wall
461
462 Architectural Drafting and Design
where they are to be located and labeled by size. Sewer Rough-in: Installation of the plumbing system before
and water service lines are located in relationship to the the installation of fixtures.
position in which these utilities enter the home. The Run: The portion of a pipe or fitting continuing in
service lines are commonly found on the site plan as a straight line in the direction of flow in which it
described in Chapter 15. In the situation described here, is connected.
where a very detailed plumbing layout is not provided,
Sanitary sewer: A sewer that carries sewage without
the plumbing contractor is required to install plumb-
any storm, surface, or groundwater.
ing of a quality and in a manner that meets local code
requirements and that is installed in an economical Sewer: A pipe, normally underground, that carries
manner. Figure 20-1 shows plumbing fixture symbols wastewater and refuse.
in plan, frontal, and profile views. Soil pipe: A pipe that carries the discharge of water
closets or other similar fixtures.
Soil stack: A vertical pipe that extends one or more
PLUMBING TERMS AND DEFINITIONS floors and carries discharge of water closets and other
To understand the contents of this chapter, and to similar fixtures.
communicate effectively as an architectural designer Stack: A general term referring to any vertical pipe
or drafter, it is important for you to understand key for soil waste or vent piping.
plumbing terminology. Storm sewer: A sewer used for carrying groundwater,
Cleanout: A fitting with a removable plug that is rainwater, surface water, or other nonpolluting waste.
placed in plumbing drainage pipe lines to allow Trap: A U-shaped pipe below plumbing fixtures
access for cleaning out the pipe. that holds water to prevent odor and sewer gas from
Drain: Any pipe that carries wastewater in a building entering the fixture.
drainage system. Valve: A fitting that is used to control the flow of
Fitting: A standard pipe part such as a coupling, fluid or gas.
elbow, reducer, tee, or union; used for joining Vanity: A bathroom lavatory fixture that is freestand-
together two or more sections of pipe. ing or in a cabinet.
Hose bibb: A faucet used to attach a hose. Vent pipe: The pipe installed to ventilate the building
Lavatory: A fixture designed for washing hands and drainage system and to prevent drawing liquid out of
face, usually found in a bathroom. traps and stopping back pressure.
Main: The primary supply pipe, also called a water Vent stack: See Stack.
main or sewer main, depending on its purpose. Waste pipe: A pipe that carries only liquid waste free
Plumbing fixture: A unit used to supply and contain of fecal material.
water, and discharge waste. Examples of fixtures are Waste stack: A vertical pipe that runs one or more
sinks, lavatories, showers, tubs, and water closets. floors and carries the discharge of fixtures other than
Plumbing system: The plumbing system of a build- water closets and similar fixtures.
ing provides all the piping and fixtures and has these Water closet: A water-flushing plumbing fixture,
elements: such as a toilet, that is designed to receive and dis-
charge human excrement. This term is sometimes
Water supply pipes.
used to mean the compartment where the fixture is
Fixtures and fixture traps.
located.
Soil, waste, and vent pipes.
Water distributing pipe: A pipe that carries water
Drain and sewer. from the service to the point of use.
Stormwater drainage. Water heater: An appliance used for heating and
Plumbing wall: The walls in a building where plumb- storing hot water.
ing pipes are installed. Water main: See Main.
Potable water: Drinking water, which is free from Water meter: A device used to measure the amount
impurities. of water that goes through the water service.
Riser: A water supply pipe that extends vertically one Water service: The pipe from the water main or
story or more to carry water to fixtures. other supply to the water-distributing pipes.
Chapter 20: Plumbing Plans 463
FLOOR OUTLET
IN CABINET
WALL HUNG
INTEGRAL TANK
SAME SAME
DOUBLE LAUNDRY TRAY
WALL HUNG TANK
WATER CLOSETS (WC, TOILETS)
WALL HUNG
SHOWER (SH)
PEDESTAL
URINAL (U)
BATHTUB (B)
DW
WITH BACK
DISHWASHER (DW)
SLAB TYPE
WH
PEDESTAL
LAVATORY (LAV, BATH SINK)
Minimum
Fixture
Trap and Minimum
Fixture or Pipe Size Water Size Drain Size Vent Size
Distributing pipe 3/4"
Bathroom group* 1/2"
Plus one or more fixtures 3/4"
Two fixtures 1/2"
Three fixtures 3/4"
Hose bibb 1/2"
Plus one or more fixtures 3/4"
Water closet (toilet) 3/8" 3" 2"
Bathtub 1/2" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"
Shower 1/2" 2" 1 1/4"
Lavatory 3/8" 1 1/4" 1 1/4"
Kitchen sink 1/2" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"
Laundry tray 1/2" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"
Clothes washer 1/2" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"
Bidet 3/8" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"
Dishwasher 3/8" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"
*The typical bathroom group consists of a lavatory, tub with shower, and toilet.
SIZING OF PLUMBING PIPING used, these threads are designed to provide pressure-
tight joints. American pipe threads are measured by the
Plumbing must be large enough to allow fixtures to nominal pipe size, which is the inside pipe diameter.
operate properly and for proper draining and vent- For example, a 1/2" pipe size has an outside diameter
ing. The size of water supply piping is based on these of .840". Pipe threads are identified using a thread note
conditions: such as 3/4-14NPT, where the 3/4 is the nominal inside
Amount of water needed. diameter of the pipe, 14 is the number of threads per
INSTALLATIONS
Flow pressure needed at the farthest point from the
source. Plumbing systems and fixtures can be designed to
accommodate a variety of needs for people of all ages,
The size of drainage piping is based on standards
and people with disabilities. Design considerations
established for the type of fixture and the average
include the following:
amount of waste that can be discharged through the
fixture in a given amount of time. The size of vent pipes Sinks. Sinks should be approximately 6" (150 mm)
is based on the number of drainage fixture units that deep, and be easily reachable from a wheelchair.
drain into the waste portion of the vent stack. The cabinet below the sink can be recessed for easier
The following chart lists common minimum plumbing access with a wheelchair. The drain can have an
pipe sizes for residential installations. Pipe sizes are also auxiliary control that is mounted in a close, conve-
given in the discussions and examples throughout this nient place on the countertop. More than one sink
chapter. Actual plumbing pipe sizes should be confirmed should be considered, allowing placement at different
with local, state, and national codes that apply to your area. heights. Stainless steel sinks might be a consideration
American National Standard taper pipe threads for durability. Bathroom sinks that are either ped-
are the standard thread used on pipes and pipe fittings. estal-based or wall-mounted can help provide easy
Depending on the intended function and materials access for wheelchairs. Wall-mounted sinks should
465
GOING
GREEN
Energy Conservation
have extra support. The height of the sink should be access should be wall-mounted and have an elon-
approximately 34" (860 mm) for convenient wheel- gated bowl that is between 15" and 19" (380 to 480
chair access. The water pipes should be concealed mm) high. The toilet seat should be specified with
behind the sink. Single-lever or automatic faucets a front opening. Some wheelchairs are designed for
can be provided, which allow ease of operation and bathroom use and should be coordinated with the
better reach. The faucets can be mounted to the side shower and toilet access. In some designs, a toilet
rather than in the back as with most installations. inside the shower can be considered. Some home
Gooseneck faucets allow for easier access than regular owners may want a toilet with warm water for wash-
units. A sink can also be provided in the water closet ing and a dryer, or a bidet for washing. The toilet
compartment for convenience and privacy. flush lever should be specified on the access side and
Water Closet. The water closet compartment should can have an extension for convenient use. Grab bars
be designed to provide easy access and movement should be conveniently located at the sides.
when a wheelchair is in use. A minimum of 42" Bathtubs. A bathtub can be specified with a height
(1070 mm) of clear space should be provided to the to match the wheelchair for easier access. Single-
side of the toilet. A toilet designed for wheelchair lever controls should be considered. A seat should
466 Architectural Drafting and Design
be designed into the length of the bathtub. This Other schedules can include specific information
allows a person to transfer from a wheelchair to regarding floor drains, water heaters, pumps, boilers, or
the seat before entering the tub. The tub should be radiators. These schedules generally key specific items
at least 60" (1524 mm) long with a minimum 15" to the floor plan with complete information describ-
(380 mm) wide seat. The clear floor space in front ing size, manufacturer, type, and other specifications as
of the tub should be 30" (760 mm) minimum. A appropriate.
slant at the back of the tub and on the seat allows
for easier access to the tub and serves as a headrest. Description of Plumbing Fixtures and
Select a bathtub or design a tub area that offers easy Materials
access and comfort, and has a slip-resistant bottom
and handles for getting in and out. Grab bars should Mortgage lenders may require a complete description of
be conveniently located at the sides. materials for the structure. Part of the description often
Showers. Showers are generally easier to access and includes a plumbing section in which certain plumbing
use than bathtubs. The shower should be designed specifications are described, as shown in Table 20-1.
for wheelchair access by providing a minimum
length and width of 60" 30" (1524 760 mm). The PLUMBING DRAWINGS
shower should have rails and have a handheld faucet
with temperature and surge controls to help main- Plumbing drawings are usually not on the same sheet
tain a constant water temperature and flow rate. The as the complete floor plan. The only plumbing items
shower should have a slight ramp for easy access and shown on the floor plans are fixtures, as previously
have a nonslip bottom. A shower should be designed explained. The plumbing drawing is generally drawn
with a convenient seat when the owner does not separate from the floor plan, with the floor plan used
use a shower wheelchair. Shower controls should as a base drawing. The base floor plan drawing is
be carefully placed at the shower entrance. Controls set up to display the plumbing symbols and piping
can be specified that start the shower and maintain layout, with specific plumbing layers used for CADD
the temperature automatically. Grab bars should be applications.
conveniently located at the sides. Plumbing drawings may be prepared by a drafter in
an architectural office or in conjunction with a plumb-
ing contractor. In some situations, when necessary,
PLUMBING SCHEDULES plumbing contractors or mechanical engineers create
rough sketches, or use specialized CADD plumbing
Plumbing schedules are similar to door, window, and applications software. Plumbing drawings are made up
lighting fixture schedules. Schedules provide specific of lines and symbols that show how liquids, gases, or
information regarding plumbing equipment, fixtures, solids are transported to various locations in the build-
and supplies. The information is condensed in a chart so ing. Plumbing lines and features are drawn as thick as
the floor plan is not unnecessarily crowded. A plumbing wall lines or thicker than wall lines, so they are clearly
fixture schedule can provide fixture type, manufacturers distinguishable. Lateral lines are commonly broken
name, model number, and color columns. Figure 20-2 when they cross over other lines. Symbols identify types
shows a typical plumbing fixture schedule. of pipes, fittings, valves, and other components of the
system. Sizes and specifications are provided in local or
general notes. Figure 20-3 shows some typical plumb-
ing symbols. Abbreviations commonly used in plumb-
ing drawings are shown in Table 20-2.
WATER SYSTEMS
Water supply to a structure begins at a water meter for
public systems or at a water storage tank for private
well systems. The water supply to the home or business,
known as the main line, is generally 1" plastic pipe. This
size may vary in relation to the service needed. The
plastic main line joins a plastic or copper line within
FIGURE 202 Plumbing fixture schedule. a few feet of the building. The rest of the water system
Chapter 20: Plumbing Plans 467
PLUMBING
FIXTURE NUMBER LOCATION MAKE MANUFACTURERS FIXTURE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SIZE COLOR
Sink
Lavatory
Water closet
Bathtub
Stall shower
Laundry trays
piping is also plastic or copper pipe as described earlier fixtures, such as the kitchen sink. Figure 20-4 shows
in this chapter. The 1" main supply often changes to a typical installation from the water meter of a house
3/4" pipe where a junction is made to distribute water with distribution to a kitchen. The water meter loca-
to various specific locations. From the 3/4" distribu- tion and main line representation are generally shown
tion lines, 1/2" pipe usually supplies water to specific on the site plan. Verify local codes regarding the use of
plastic pipe and the water meter location.
There is an advantage to placing plumbing fixtures
CURRENT MCS back-to-back in a common plumbing wall when possi-
CW Cold water supply WC Water closet (toilet) ble. A common plumbing wall is a wall between rooms
HW Hot water supply LA Lavatory (bath sink)
where plumbing fixtures are placed back-to-back. The
HWR Hot water return B Bathtub
HB Hose bibb S Sink
common plumbing wall can require 2 6 (50 150 mm)
CO Cleanout U Urinal stud framing for extra width to accommodate the piping.
DS Downspout SH Shower This practice saves materials and labor costs. Also, in
RD Rain drain DF Drinking fountain designing a two-story building, placing plumbing fix-
FD Floor drain WH Water heater
tures one above the other is economical. If the functional
SD Shower drain DW Dishwasher
CB Catch basin BD Bidet design of the floor plan clearly does not allow for such
MH Manhole GD Garbage disposal economy measures, then good judgment should be used
VTR Vent thru roof CW Clothes washer in the placement of plumbing fixtures so the installation
TABLE 202 Some Typical Plumbing Abbreviations. of the plumbing is physically possible. Figure 20-5 shows
468 Architectural Drafting and Design
CWV
SOIL WASTE PIPE COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT
VENT PIPE SD
S
STORM DRAIN OR SEWER
COLD WATER SUPPLY
SW
SOFT COLD WATER
HOT WATER SUPPLY
ICW
HOT WATER RETURN INDUSTRIALIZED COLD WATER
OR IHW, HOT WATER
F
TEE DOWN ELBOW DOWN FIRE SERVICE
M G
GAS LINE
WATER METER
T
TEMPERED WATER
90 ELBOW 45 ELBOW
REDUCER
LATERAL TEE
FLANGED SCREWED BELL WELDED SOLDERED
SPIGOT
HB 3/8"
DW
NOTE: PROVIDE SHUT-OFF VALVES
AT ALL FIXTURES HOT AND COLD
1/2" COLD
WATERLINE
1/2" HOT WATERLINE
DW WATER HEATER
3/4" COPPER
120
W
Water Heaters
D
Water heaters should be placed on a platform with an
overflow tray. Water heaters with nonrigid water con-
NOTE: PROVIDE VALVES ON nections and those over 4" (1200 mm) in height must
HOT AND COLD FOR ALL
FIXTURES be anchored or strapped to the building. If the water
heater is located in the garage, it should be protected
from impact by automobiles with a steel pipe placed
in front and embedded in concrete. Fuel-combustion
FIGURE 206 Common plumbing wall with a bath and laundry
water heaters cannot be installed in sleeping rooms,
room back-to-back. bathrooms, clothes closets, or closets or other confined
spaces opening into a bedroom or bathroom.
a back-to-back bath design. If the design allows, another Recommended water heater sizes vary, depending
common installation can be a bath and laundry room next on the number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms,
to each other, to provide a common plumbing wall (see and type of water heater, such as electric, gas, or oil-
Figure 20-6). If a specific water temperature is required, fired. Size specifications for water heaters can also vary,
that specification can be applied to the hot water line, as depending on the fuel type and manufacturer, but the
shown in Figure 20-7. following chart gives some basic size guidelines:
HB
1/2"
WH
3/4"
3" PVC
NOTE: METER TO BE
INSIDE IN COLD
CLIMATES (CHECK
M METER WITH LOCAL CODES)
HB
1" PVC C.O.
4" C.I.
/4" 4"
11 3" AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS
Based on the acceptance of the 2009 International Resi-
FIGURE 2010 Residential plumbing plan. dential Code (IRC) automatic fire sprinkler systems
that meet Section P2904 of the International Plumbing
Code (IPC) are required for all new townhouse con-
struction. A townhouse, also called a townhome, is one
ROOF VENT
of a row of homes sharing common walls. Generally,
the difference between a townhouse and a condo-
VENT FLASHING
VENT LOOP
minium is that townhouse ownership usually includes
ROOFLINE
LAV
VENT WC
3" TUB
11/2" VENT
11/2"
LAV
TO CITY SEWER
3"
W
WASHER
STAND PIPE
11/2"
11/2"
CLEANOUT
3" TO STREET
DRAIN
VENT C.O.
FIGURE 2011 Detailed isometric drawing of drain, waste, and FIGURE 2012 Single-line isometric drawing of drain,
vent system. waste, and vent system.
472 Architectural Drafting and Design
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
STOP VALVE
AIR CHAMBERS A sanitary sewer system is a system of underground
pipes designed for the collection and transfer of waste-
water from domestic residences, businesses, and indus-
tries to a wastewater treatment plant, or private sewage
treatment such as a septic tank or cesspool. The domes-
tic sewage is from the bathroom, kitchen, and laundry
MAIN
SHUT- AIR
drains. Sanitary sewers are usually not designed to
OFF
VALVE
CHAMBERS handle stormwater. Stormwater is carried in a separate
HOSE BIBB
stormwater system. Septic tanks are used primarily for
STOP VALVE individual residences outside of public sewage districts.
WATER
METER
A septic tank is an on-site treatment system for domes-
AIR RELIEF
FROM CHAMBERS VALVE tic sewage, in which the sewage is held to go through a
WATER SUPPLY process of liquefaction and decomposition by bacterial
WATER
HEATER
SHUT-OFF
organisms. The flow continues to be safely disposed in
VALVE
DRAIN
a subsurface facility such as a tile field, leaching pools,
WASHING
COLD WATER
MACHINE or buried sand filter. A cesspool is a cistern that receives
HOT WATER
untreated sewage that goes through a process of lique-
faction and decomposition by bacterial organisms. The
FIGURE 2013 Detailed isometric drawing of a hot and cold flow continues through an open bottom and perforated
water system. sides into porous soil.
The characteristics of the soil must be verified for Veterans Administration (VA) and the Federal Housing
suitability for a septic system by a soil feasibility test, Administration (FHA) require a minimum of 240' of
also known as a percolation test. This test, performed field line, or more if the soil feasibility test shows it is
by a soil scientist or someone from the local govern- necessary. Verify these dimensions with local building
ment, determines if the soil will accommodate a septic officials. When the soil characteristics do not allow a
system. The test should also identify certain specifi- conventional system, there are some alternatives such
cations that should be followed for installation. The as a sand filter system, which filters the effluent through
MAIN
FLOOR
THRU STREET
FOUNDATION
WALL
STREET
S S S
CONCRETE
3" OR 4"
"Y" TAP
CAST PUBLIC
CL
MH
10'
MAIN
FLOOR CLEAN OUT (CO)
EFFLUENT
5' MIN.
TANK COVER
OUTLET
STRUCTURE
125' MAX
GRAVEL
CL STREET
3" OR 4" INLET SLOPE
PLASTIC (PVC)
OR CAST IRON (CI) 2"/100'
DISTRIBUTION 1000 GAL.
SLUDGE
BOX
PERFORATED SEPTIC TANK
PIPE
STEEL OR CONCRETE TANK
10'
SECTION VIEW PLAN VIEW
a specially designed sand filter before it enters the soil Losses are 90% lower than can be expected from a
absorption field. Check with your local code officials home fire without a sprinkler system.
before calling for such a system. Figure 20-17 shows a Fire sprinkler systems provide added security.
typical serial septic system. The serial system allows for Each sprinkler is individually activated by heat. A
one drain field line to fill before the next line is used. single sprinkler controls 90% of all fires.
The drain field lines must be level and must follow the
A fire can easily spread throughout the home without
contour of the land perpendicular to the slope. The
drain field should be at least 100' from a water well, but a fire sprinkler system, and traditional firefighting
verify the distance with local codes. There is usually no generally takes over eight times the amount of water
minimum distance to a public water supply. A septic to fight a fire when compared to a home protected
system generally has gravity feed of solid and liquid with a fire sprinkler system.
waste to the septic tank. However, if gravity feed is not Fire sprinklers activate by a water plug that releases
possible a pump system can be installed. The pump water when the heat reaches a certain temperature.
system has a chamber with an automatic pump that Designers and architects can create a fire sprinkler
receives waste from the home and sends it to the septic system design, or send a base floor plan drawing to a fire
tank located at a higher elevation. sprinkler consultant or a qualified plumbing contractor
to complete the design. Some plumbing contractors are
able to design and install fire sprinkler systems; however,
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS a fire sprinkler specialist is used in most locations.
Fire sprinkler systems are commonly used in commer-
cial buildings, and are becoming a consideration in resi-
METRICS IN PLUMBING
dential design. In some cases, residential fire sprinkler
systems are required. The requirement is determined Pipe is made of a wide variety of materials identified by
by the local governing agency, and may be determined trade names, with nominal sizes related only loosely to
by the square footage or location. Some remote loca- actual dimensions. For example, a 2" galvanized pipe
tions require fire sprinkler systems due to the logistics has an inside diameter of about 2 1/8" but is called 2"
for fighting a fire. Even if a fire sprinkler system is not pipe for convenience. Because few pipe products have
required, it should be a consideration when design- even inch dimensions that match their specifications,
ing a home. According to the National Fire Protection there is no reason to establish even metric sizes. Metric
Association (NFPA), properly installed and maintained values established by the International Organization for
automatic fire sprinkler systems help save lives. Because Standardization relate nominal pipe sizes (NPS) in inches
fire sprinkler systems react so quickly, they can dramati- to metric equivalents, referred to as diameter nominal
cally reduce the heat, flames, and smoke produced in a (DN). The following equivalents relate to all plumbing,
fire. Some of the advantages of an automated home fire natural gas, heating, oil, drainage, and miscellaneous
sprinkler system are: piping used in buildings and civil engineering projects:
Chapter 20: Plumbing Plans 475
NPS (IN.) DN (MM) NPS (IN.) DN (MM) on 1/2" pipe reads 1/214NPT, where 14 is threads per
1/8 6 8 200
inch. The metric conversion affects only the nominal
3/16 7 10 250
pipe size1/2 in this case. The conversion of the
1/214NPT pipe thread to metric is DN1514NPT.
1/4 8 12 300
3/8 10 14 350
1/2 15 16 400
ADDING PLUMBING INFORMATION
TO THE FLOOR PLAN
5/8 20 20 450
3/4 20 20 500 Most residential floor plan drawings prepared by the
1 25 24 600 architect or designer place the plumbing symbols and
1 1/4 32 28 700 notes with all other floor plan content. Plumbing sym-
1 1/2 40 30 750 bols such as the sinks and water closets aid in reading
2 50 42 800 and understanding the drawing. Plumbing notes are
2 1/2 65 36 900
generally minimal. The plumbing symbols and notes
can also be placed on a separate drawing. Figure 20-18
3 80 40 1000
shows the base floor plan drawing with the plumbing
3 1/2 90 44 1100
symbols and notes displayed in color.
4 100 48 1200
4 1/2 115 52 1300
COMMERCIAL PLUMBING DRAWINGS
5 125 56 1400
6 150 60 1500 In most cases, plumbing drawings are found as an
individual component of the complete set of plans for
a commercial building. The architect or mechanical
In giving a metric pipe size, it is recommended that engineer prepares the plumbing drawings over the base
DN precede the metric value. For example, the conver- floor plan. This method keeps the drawing clear of
sion of a 2 1/2" pipe to metric is DN65. any unwanted information and makes it easier for the
Standard threads for thread pipe are given in the plumbing contractor to read the print. An example is
National Standard Taper Pipe Threads (NPT). The thread shown in Figure 20-19. Notice the floor plan outline
HB
LT
HB
DN 14 R
32" RAIL
UP 14 R
DW GD
HB
FIGURE 2018 Base floor plan with plumbing layer shown in color.
476
Architectural Drafting and Design
FIGURE 2019 Architectural floor plan with the plumbing layout shown on a color CADD layer. Courtesy System Design Consultants.
Chapter 20: Plumbing Plans 477
UP 1'-6"
HB
UTILITY
9'-5" X 7'-1"
FAMILY
17'-0" X 11'-5" DINING SHOP
17'-4" X 11'-5" 12'-6" X 11'-5"
HB
DN 7 1/2"
UP 1'-2"
PANTRY
BATH
KITCHEN
LIVING 12'-9" X 15'-4"
S&P
12'-11" X 15'-4"
CLOSET
GARAGE
UP 14R
22'-5" X 23'-4"
DN 7 1/2" ENTRY DW TC
GD LS
HB
UP 1'-6"
COVERED PORCH
FIGURE 2020 Some common plumbing symbols, a schedule, and general notes. Courtesy System Design Consultants.
with unnecessary detail and information has been omit- to plumbing drawings. When a pipe is rising, the end
ted. The plumbing plan shown in color is the only other of the pipe is shown as if it is cut through, and the
information provided. As you can see by this example, inside is crosshatched with section lines. When a pipe
the plumbing drawing can be fairly complex. is turned down, or running away from you, the symbol
45 ELBOW
1 1/2"
TEE
REDUCER
CAP
1 1/2"
LATERAL
CADD APPLICATIONS
Drawing Plumbing Symbols with CADD
In residential architecture, plumbing drawings usually symbol into position on the drawing. The use of parametric
involve placing symbols such as sinks, water closets, and programs plays an important role in applications as entire
tubs on the floor plan. With commercial architecture supply and wastewater piping systems can be generated
applications, a separate plumbing drawing shows the by automatically adjusting pipe fittings and valves, and
complete plumbing layout with symbols and pipes in specifying pipe sizes. Parametric tools can also be used by
relation to the floor plans. Generally, a floor plan is used architects when designing multiple water closet stalls in a
as a base drawing, and then piping lines and symbols are commercial building restroom, for example. The distance
drawn over the plan. This creates a composite plumbing between walls or the width of each stall, the number of
sheet in the construction documents. stalls, the stall length, and the door-swing direction are
Many companies show two separate drawings specified; then the program automatically draws the entire
for commercial projects. One drawing is a floor plan series of restroom stalls.
completely dimensioned, and the other drawing is a AutoCAD, AutoCAD Architecture, and AutoCAD MEP
floor plan with walls, doors, windows, and the plumbing have a powerful drafting information manager called
layout. Figure 20-24 shows an example plumbing plan DesignCenter. Several symbol libraries are available as
for a waste treatment plant. For single-family residence drawing (.dwg) files within these programs. Also included
projects, a plumbing diagram showing supply and waste are a number of different files containing architectural
lines is generally not required. plumbing symbols and piping symbols such as those
The various CADD programs include menus, palettes, for valves and fittings. These symbols can be accessed
dialog boxes, and libraries with symbols for use in in DesignCenter and dragged and dropped into your
plumbing applications. Typically, you select the desired drawing. Figure 20-25 displays an example of the
symbol from a menu or palette and then drag or insert the DesignCenter with some piping content.
Platform
Contro
trol
roo
Panels
ls
1)Micro Filters
2)Lime(4" conduit)
3)Ferric(1"PVC) Filter Plates FP 2
4)Fill Line (3"PVC ins.)
5)Decant RET. WALL From water tank
below platform
to pressurize
6)Micro Filters plate lines.
ffeed pump
to solids
Control Panels holding
&
Disconnects
D.E. feed
tank
Micro
c Filters
Acid
FT 1
5 control Caustic Bleach
c
1)Filter Press #1 valves D.E. hopper
2)Lime conduit OLD EQ
3)Ferric
Water 90 dayy
4)Fill - Filter Press haz. waste
5)Micro Filters 1&2 acc. area
- NIS 1)Liquids
Blower 2 on ea. pump Fill Line 2)Powder
FT 2 3)Filter Press #1
1)Fill line/Solids holding from eq. 4)DE Slurry
2)Solids holding decant/recirc. 5)Aerosol
3)Clarifier CLAR.
FILTERS
L 6)Filter Press sump
4)Filter Press pumps ffeed T
TANK 7)Filter Press #2
5)Solids fill line EQ Blower RAMP
Pump Fill
Blower line
P mp Sh
Pu Shed
d
PVC Valve
NEW EQ 1)Blower
LIME 2)Aerosol
3)Powders
Over Flow 4)Liquids
FERRIC
CCCHLOR. SOLIDS 5)Filter Press sump
SOLIDS HOLDING 6)Acid
FILTER
L PRESS 7)Recirc.
1)Fill line
2)Lime
3)Ferric
W
WASTE
TREATMENT
FIGURE 2024 Example of a plumbing plan for a waste treatment plant. Courtesy Ron Palma, 3D-DZYN.
480 Architectural Drafting and Design
CADD APPLICATIONS
Drawing Plumbing Symbols with CADD (Continued)
FIGURE 2025 AutoCADs DesignCenter is a symbol manager that can be used to import
plumbing symbols into your drawings.
The content for this Going Green feature is taken in while maintaining a desired comfort level and adequate
part from Mascord Efficient Living, Building a Sustainable flow. Reducing the amount of hot water used in the
Lifestyle. shower also leads to significant energy savings. Low-
flow shower heads alone can save 300 pounds of CO2
INTRODUCTION per year for electrically heated water, or 80 pounds for
Having a continuous supply of fresh, clean water is a gas-heated water. For household chores, make sure you
worldwide need. Other than using water for irrigation, select Energy Starrated appliances that promote water
the majority of the water used in the home is indoors. efficiency.
Paying careful attention to the systems we use to deliver
potable water can aid in efforts to be efficient without WATER COLLECTION AND REUSE
impacting lifestyles. After you have reduced your consumption of water as
much as possible, the next step is to modify the source of
EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS water. This means acquiring an alternate source of water,
An efficient water distribution system minimizes which can be accomplished in these ways:
plumbing requirements between the water source and Collecting rainwater, which is called rainwater
destination. Design considerations include centrally harvesting.
located water heat sources, water need areas close Reusing indoor wash water, called gray water.
together, and central manifold or recirculating plumbing
systems. These design options reduce the time needed Rainwater Harvesting
for hot water to appear at the faucet, the amount of Rainwater harvesting is the capture of rainwater from
water wasted waiting for hot water, and the amount of the roofs of residential buildings. Harvested rainwater
energy lost in transition. can be used for indoor needs and irrigation. Rainwater
harvesting systems can be as simple as a barrel on the
REDUCING WATER LEAKS end of a downspout that collects water for lawn and
Surprisingly, leaks can be a significant portion of garden irrigation. Systems can also be as involved as
indoor water use. According to a study conducted collection tanks above- or below-ground that store
by the American Water Works Association (AWWA), runoff from rooftops and other collection surfaces and
leaks make up about 14% of all indoor water use. filter the water before directing it indoors for use with
Fixing leaks is an easy and highly effective way to your washing machine, dishwasher, or toilets. More
save water. Check your utility bill to see if your water complex systems additionally incorporate filtration
consumption seems realistic. If water use is high, elements to make harvested water potable.
you may have a leak. One of the most common leaks When collecting rainwater for use indoors, make
is found in the toilet. A faulty flapper can cause sure you follow the guidelines set by the local building
water loss even if there are no visible sign of water department. Some municipalities rely on the water in
leaking from the tank to the bowl. To check for a your toilet tank as an emergency drinking source and
faulty flapper, pour food coloring into the tank and require it to be potable.
wait a couple of hours to see if the water in the bowl
changes color. If it does, you have a leak and need to Gray Water
change the flapper. Recycling gray water can be an effective way to save
water and help protect the environment. Gray water
REDUCING WATER CONSUMPTION is the wastewater from sources such as baths, basins,
After checking that your plumbing distribution system sinks, washing machines, and dishwashers; contains
is effective and that there are no leaks, the primary no human waste; and is considered to be only mildly
way to reduce indoor water consumption is to select dirty. Redirecting gray water to a storage tank makes
efficient faucets and appliances. Selecting low-flow it available for use outdoors. However, avoid using
sink faucets and shower heads, and installing efficient untreated, detergent-filled water on your vegetable
toilets can reduce indoor water use by 30% to 40%. garden. Consider using eco-friendly cleaning materials,
Dual-flush toilets allow occupants to select a suitable soaps, and detergents when using a gray water system
amount of water for the task. Low-flow shower heads are for irrigation. Using compatible systems help keep you
available that reduce the amount of water consumed and the environment safe and healthy.
482
GOING
GREEN
Indoor Water Use (Continued)
FIGURE 2026 Pervious surfaces to allow rainwater to be FIGURE 2027 A planter used in formal landscaping. Incor-
absorbed into the ground rather than runoff. A planter is also porating features from both vegetative swales and rain gardens,
used to collect rainwater. Courtesy Alan Mascord Design Associates, planters are a popular way of slowing down rainwater before it
Inc. Photography by Bob Greenspan. enters a sewer system. Courtesy Alan Mascord Design Associates, Inc.
Chapter 20: Plumbing Plans 483
Garbage disposal. Waterline from main with valve, meter, valve union
Toilets (bidet and urinal when used). to a house or building.
Hose bibbs. Hot water line.
Plumbing schedules completed as needed. Cold water line.
All specific notes reviewed. All valves shown.
General notes reviewed. Break lines that cross over other lines.
Drawing title and scale. The following items are for the drainage and vent
Title block information. system checklist:
The following items are part of the water supply All pipe sizes specified.
system checklist: Drainage and vent lines drawn.
Proper symbols used. Fixtures labeled or symbols shown.
All pipe sizes specified.
See CD
for more
Plumbing Plans Test information
QUESTIONS
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions with short, com- prepared on a word processor if approved by your course
plete statements or drawings as needed on an 8 1/2" 11" sheet guidelines.
of notebook paper, or complete the electronic chapter test on
Question 201 Floor plan plumbing symbols are
the Student CD.
generally drawn at what scale?
1. Letter your name, Chapter 20 Test, and the date at the top of
the sheet.
Question 202 Identify at least four methods that can
2. Letter the question number and provide the answer.
contribute to energy-efficient plumbing.
You do not need to write the question. Answers can be
484 Architectural Drafting and Design