EEG381 Electronics III

CHAPTER 4
Active Filters
[(Jager
[(Jager Ch. 11
11)) and Sedra (Ch. 12
12)]
)]

Prof. Hassan Elghitani Prof. Fawzy Ibrahim

Electronics and Communication Department

Misr International University (MIU)

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 Chapter Contents
4.1 Filter Types
4.1.1 The Filter Transfer Function
4.1.2 The Types and Specifications
4.2 First Order filters
4.2.1 Realization of First Order Low Pass (LP) Passive Filter
4.2.2 Realization of First Order Low Pass (LP) Active Filter
4.2.3 Realization of First Order High Pass (HP) Passive Filter
4.2.4 Realization of First Order High Pass (HP) Active Filter
4.2.5 Realization of First Order Band Pass (BP) Filter
4.2.6 Realization of First Order Band Stop (BS) Filter
4.3 Second Order Passive filters
4.3.1 Realization of Second Order Low Pass (LP) Filter
4.3.2 Realization of Second Order High Pass (HP) Filter
4.3.3 Realization of Second Order Band-Pass (BP) Filter
4.3.4 Realization of Second Order Band-Stop (BS) or Band-
Reject (BR) Filter
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 Chapter Contents
4.4 Inductor Replacement Second Order Active Filters
4.4.1 The Inductance-Simulation Circuit
4.4.2 Realization of HPF by Inductance Replacement
4.4.3 Realization of HPF by Inductance Replacement
4.4.4 Realization of BPF by Inductance Replacement
4.4.5 Realization of BSF by Inductance Replacement

4.5 Second Order Active Filters Using Two integrators

4.6 Switched Capacitor Active Filters
4.6.1 The Basic Principle
4.6.2 Practical Switched Capacitor Circuits
4.6.3 Switched Capacitor filter Circuits

4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots

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4.1 Filter Types
In this chapter, we study the design of an important building block of
communications and instrumentation systems, the electronic filter.
Electronic device or instrument may contain one or more of the following
blocks:
Power Supply Oscillator Amplifier
Filter (Ex. Radio Tuner) D/A and A/D Converters
The realization of filters makes use of inductors, capacitors and resistors.
In low-frequency applications (dc to 100 kHz) the required inductors are large
and physically bulky, and their characteristics are quite nonideal.
Furthermore, such inductors are impossible to fabricate in monolithic form
and are incompatible with any of the modern techniques for assembling
electronic systems.
Therefore, there has been considerable interest in finding filter realizations
that do not require inductors. Of the various possible types of inductorless
filters: active-RC Filters, inductive replacement and switched-capacitor filters.
Active-RC filters utilize op amps together with resistors and capacitors and
are fabricated using discrete, hybrid thick-film, or hybrid thin-film technology.
At the present time, the most viable approach for realizing fully integrated
monolithic filters is the switched-capacitor technique.

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 4.1 Filter Types (Continued)

Analog Filters

Passive Active
Examples: Examples:
LC filters R-C filters
RLC filters Switched-Capacitor filters

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4.1 Filter Types (Continued)
4.1.1 The Filter Transfer Function
The filters are linear circuits that can be represented by the general two-port
network shown in Fig. 4.1.
The filter transfer function H(s) is the ratio of the output voltage Vo(s) to the
input voltage Vi(s) which is written as:
Vo ( s )
H ( s) (4.1)
Vi ( s )
The filter transmission is found by evaluating H(s) for physical frequencies,
s =j, and can be expressed in terms of its magnitude and phase as:
H ( j ) H ( j ) e j ( ) (4.2)
The magnitude of transmission is often expressed in decibels in terms of the
gain function, G() of the attenuation function, A() as:
G ( ) 20 log H ( j ) dB (4.3)
or
A ( ) 20 log H ( j ) dB

(4.4)
Fig. 4.1 The filter as two-port network
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 4.1 Filter Types (Continued)
4.1.2 The Types and Specifications
Filters pass signals whose frequency spectrum lies within a specified
frequency range, and stop signals whose frequency spectrum falls outside
this range.
Fig. 4.2 names the four major filter types: LP, HP, BP and BS or (BR).
Each filter has ideally a frequency band (or bands) over which the magnitude
of transmission is unity (the filter pass band) and a frequency band (or bands)
over which the transmission is zero (the filter stop band).
Fig. 4.3 depicts the ideal transmission characteristics of the four major filter
types: low-pass (LP) in Fig. 4.3(a), high-pass (HP) in Fig. 4.3(b), bandpass
(BP) in Fig. 4.3(c), and bandstop (BS) or band-reject in Fig. 12.3(d). These
idealized characteristics, by virtue of their vertical edges, are known as brick-
wall responses.
Filter Types

Band-Stop (BS)
Low-Pass (LP) High-Pass (HP) Band-Pass (BP) Or
Band-Reject (BR)

Fig. 4.2 The filter as two-port network

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4.1 Filter Types (Continued)
4.1.2 The Types and Specifications

Fig. 4.3 Ideal transmission characteristics of the four major filter types: (a) Low-
Pass (LP), (b) High-Pass (HP), (c) Band-Pass (BP), and (d) Band-Stop (BS).
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4.2 First Order filters
The simplest filter transfer functions are those of first and second order.
These functions are useful in their own right in the design of simple filters.
First- and second-order filters can also be cascaded to realize a high-order
filter.
Cascade design is in fact one of the most popular methods for the design of
active filters (those utilizing op amps and RC circuits).
Because the filter poles occur in complex-conjugate pairs, a high-order
transfer function H(s) is factored into the product of second-order functions. If
H(s) is odd, there will also be a first-order function in the factorization.
Each of the second-order functions [and the first-order function when H(s) is
odd] is then realized using one of the op amp-RC circuits that will be studied
in this chapter, and the resulting blocks are placed in cascade.
If the output of each block is taken at the output terminal of an op amp where
the impedance level is low (ideally zero), cascading does not change the
transfer functions of the individual blocks.
Thus the overall transfer function of the cascade is simply the product of the
transfer functions of the individual blocks, which is the original H(s).
The general first-order transfer function is given by:
Vo ( s ) a1s a0
H ( s) (4.5)
Vi ( s ) s 0
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.1 Realization of First Order Low Pass (LP) Passive Filter
1. The general transfer function of the first order Low Pass Filter is given by:
Vo ( s ) a0
H ( s) (4.6)
Vi ( s ) s 0
2. The Bode plot of the 1st order LP passive filter, Eq.(4.5), is shown in Fig. 4.4 (a).
3. The passive RC realization of the 1st order LP filter is shown in Fig. 4.4 (b).
4. The Op Amp RC realization of the 1st order LP filter is shown in Fig. 4.4 (c).

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4.4 Low-Pass (LP) filter: (a) The Bode plot; (b) The passive RC realization;
(c) The Op Amp RC realization
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.1 Realization of First Order Low Pass (LP) Passive Filter
The first order low-pass filter using a signal resistor and capacitor is shown in
Fig.4.4 (b). The output voltage is given by:
1 / sC 1
Vo ( s ) Vi ( s )( ) Vi ( s )( )
1 / sC R 1 sCR
The filter transfer function is defined as H(s) = Vo(s) / Vi (s) and is given by:
Vo ( s ) 1 (4.7)
H (s)
Vi ( s ) 1 sCR
For the Op Amp RC realization of the 1st order LP filter is shown in Fig. 4.4 (c),
the transfer function is given by.
Vo ( s) Vo ( s) V ( s) RF 1 1
H (s) x 1 AV (4.8)
Vi ( s) V ( s) Vi ( s) RG 1 sCR 1 sCR
Where Av is the filter voltage gain. The filter frequency response is determined
by replacing s by j in the filter transfer function H(s) which leads to
H(j) = Vo(j) / Vi (j) and is given by:
Vo ( s ) 1 (4.9)
H ( j ) AV
Vi ( s ) 1 j / H
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.1 Realization of First Order Low Pass (LP) Passive Filter
Where Av is the filter voltage gain and H is the cutoff frequency which calculated
as: RF
AV 1 and H 2 f H 1 f H 1 (4.10)
RG RC 2 RC
Example 4.1
For the first order low-pass filter of Fig.4.4(c ), if R = 1.2 k, C = 0.02 F,
RG = 1 k and RF = 9 k do the following:
(a) Calculate the voltage gain, Av and cutoff frequency fH.
(b) Draw the Bode plot.
Solution
From (4.10), we have:
RF 9
AV 1 1 10 V / V
RG 1
1
fH 3 6
6.63 kHz
2 (1.2 10 )(0.0210 )
The Bode-plot of H(j) is shown in Fig.4.4 (d) Fig. 4.4 (d) The Bode plot for LPF
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.2 Realization of First Order Low Pass (LP) Active Filter
The active realization of the 1st order LP filter is shown in Fig. 4.5. Its transfer
function, H(s) is given by: 1 R
R //
V (s) Z sC 1 sCR R / R1 (4.11)
H (s) o 2
Vi ( s ) Z1 R1 R1 1 sCR
H(s) of Equ. (4.11) has the same form as general transfer function of the first
order Low Pass Filter is given by (4.6).
The filter frequency response is determined
by replacing s by j in the filter transfer
function H(s) which leads to H(j) = Vo(j) / Vi (j)
and is given by:
Vo ( s ) 1
H ( j ) AV (4.12)
Vi ( s ) 1 j / H
Where Av is the filter voltage gain and H is the
cutoff frequency which calculated as:
Fig. 4.5 Low-Pass (LP) active realization.
R 1 1
AV and H 2 f H fH (4.13)
R1 RC 2 RC
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.2 Realization of First Order Low Pass (LP) Active Filter
Example 4.2
Design the first order low-pass active filter of Fig.4.5 to obtain a dc gain of 40 dB,
a 3-dB frequency of 1 kHz.
Solution
Since
AV 40 dB 20 log AV 40 AV 100 V / V
From (4.13), we have:
R
AV 100 V / V
R1
Select R1 = 1 k, and thus R = 100 k.
and 1
fH 1 kHz
2RC
Then
1 1
C 3 3
1.59 nF
2f H R 2 (110 )(10010 )
The Bode-plot of H(j) is shown in Fig.4.5 (a) Fig. 4.5 (a) The Bode plot for LPF
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.3 Realization of First Order High Pass (HP) Passive Filter
1. The general transfer function of the first order High Pass Filter is given by:
Vo ( s ) a1s
H ( s) (4.14)
Vi ( s ) s 0
2. The Bode plot of the 1st order HP filter, Eq.(4.5), is shown in Fig. 4.6 (a).
3. The passive RC realization of the 1st order HP filter is shown in Fig. 4.6 (b).
4. The Op Amp RC realization of the 1st order HP filter is shown in Fig. 4.6 (c).

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4.6 High-Pass (HP) filter: (a) The Bode plot; (b) The passive RC realization;
(c) The Op Amp RC realization
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.3 Realization of First Order High Pass (HP) Passive Filter
The first order low-pass filter using a signal resistor and capacitor is shown in
Fig.4.6 (b). The output voltage is given by:
R sCR
Vo ( s ) Vi ( s )( ) Vi ( s )( )
R 1 / sC 1 sCR
The filter transfer function is defined as H(s) = Vo(s) / Vi (s) and is given by:
Vo ( s ) sCR (4.15)
H (s)
Vi ( s ) 1 sCR
For the Op Amp RC realization of the 1st order HP filter is shown in Fig. 4.5 (c),
the transfer function is given by.
Vo ( s) Vo ( s) V ( s) RF sCR sCR
H (s) x 1 AV (4.16)
Vi ( s) V ( s) Vi ( s) RG 1 sCR 1 sCR
Where Av is the filter voltage gain. The filter frequency response is determined
by replacing s by j in the filter transfer function H(s) which leads to
H(j) = Vo(j) / Vi (j) and is given by:
Vo ( s ) j / L (4.17)
H ( j ) AV
Vi ( s ) 1 j / L
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.2 Realization of First Order Low Pass (LP) Passive Filter
Where Av is the filter voltage gain and H is the cutoff frequency which calculated
as: RF
AV 1 and H 2 f H 1 f H 1 (4.18)
RG RC 2 RC
Example 4.3
For the first order High-pass filter of Fig.4.6(c ), if R = 2.1 k, C = 0.05 F,
RG = 1 k and RF = 9 k do the following:
(a) Calculate the voltage gain, Av and cutoff frequency fH.
(b) Draw the Bode plot.
Solution
From (4.15), we have:
RF 9
AV 1 1 10 V / V
RG 1
1
fL 3 6
1.5 kHz
2 (2.110 )(0.0510 ) Fig. 4.6 (d) The Bode plot for ) LPF
The Bode-plot of H(j) is shown in Fig.4.6 (d)

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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.4 Realization of First Order High Pass (HP) Active Filter
The active realization of the 1st order HP filter is shown in Fig. 4.7. Its transfer
function, H(s) is given by:
Vo ( s ) Z R2 sCR2 R s
H (s) 2 (4.18)
Vi ( s ) Z1 1 1 sCR R1 s 1 / CR
R
sC
H(s) of Equ. (4.18) has the same form as general transfer function of the first
order High Pass Filter is given by (4.14).
The filter frequency response is determined
by replacing s by j in the filter transfer
function H(s) which leads to H(j) = Vo(j) / Vi (j)
and is given by:
Vo ( s ) j
H ( j ) AV (4.19)
Vi ( s) j L
Where Av is the filter voltage gain and L is the
cutoff frequency which calculated as: Fig. 4.7 High-Pass (HP) active realization.
R 1 1
AV 2 and L 2 f L fL
R (4.20)
RC 2 RC
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.4 Realization of First Order High Pass (HP) Active Filter
Example 4.4
Design the first order high-pass active filter of Fig.4.7 to obtain a dc gain of 20 dB,
a 3-dB frequency of 10 kHz.
Solution
Since
AV 20 dB 20 log AV 20 AV 10 V / V
From (4.13), we have:
R2
AV 10 V / V
R
Select R = 1 k, and thus R2 = 10 k.
and 1
fH 10 kHz
2RC
Then
1 1
C 3 3
15.9 nF
2f H R 2 (1010 )(110 ) Fig. 4.7 (a) The Bode plot for LPF
The Bode-plot of H(j) is shown in Fig.4.7 (a)
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.5 Realization of First Order Band-Pass (BP) Filter
The Band-pass filter circuit passes signals above one ideal cutoff frequency
fL and below a second cutoff frequency fH as shown in Fig.4.4(c).
Fig.4.8 (a) shows a band-pass filter using two stages, the first a high-pass filter
and the second a low-pass filter. The combined response of the filteri s:
R1 Rf SR 1C 1 Rf
V o1 ( s ) V i ( s )( ).( 1 ) V i ( s )( )(1 )
R1 1 / Sc 1 RG 1 SR 1C 1 RG
1 / SC 2 Rf 1 Rf
V o ( s ) V o1 ( s )( ).(1 ) V o 1 ( s )( ).(1 )
R 2 1 / Sc 2 RG 1 SR 2 c 2 RG
Combine the above equations we get the filter transfer function as:
Vo ( s ) R f 2 SR 1C 1 1
H (s) (1 ) ( )( ) (4.21)
Vi ( s ) RG 1 SR 1C 1 1 SR 2 c 2
The filter frequency response is determined by replacing s by j in the filter
transfer function H(s) which leads to H(j) = Vo(j) / Vi (j) and is given by:
j / L 1
H ( j ) AV x (4.22)
1 j / L 1 j / H
Rf 1
AV (1 )2 , FL 1
RG and FH (4.23)
2C1R1 2C2 R2
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.5 Realization of First Order Band-Pass (BP) Filter
Notes:
1. The Band-pass filter must consists of HPF with fL followed by LPF with fH.
2. If this construction is reversed the output voltage Vo will be always zero.
3. fL must be less than fH otherwise the output voltage Vo will be always zero.

1
FH
2R2C2
1
FL FL FH
2R1C1
Fig. 4.8 (a) Bandpass active filter circuit.
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4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.5 Realization of First Order Band-Pass (BP) Filter
Example 4.5
For the first order band-pass filter of Fig.4.8 (a ), if R1 = R2 =10k, C1 = 0.1 F
and C2 = 0.002 F, RG = 1 k and RF = 5 k do the following:
(a) Calculate the voltage gain, Av and cutoff frequencies, fL and fH.
(b) Draw the Bode plot.
,
Solution: From (4.23), we have:
Rf 4 2
AV (1 ) 2 (1 ) 25 V / V 28 dB
RG 1
1 1
FL
2R1C1 2 (10103 )(107 )
159.15Hz
1 1
FH
2 R 2 C 2 2 10 4 2 10 5
7 . 96 KHz
Fig. 4.8 (b) BP filter Bode plot.
The Bode-plot is shown in Fig.4.8 (b).
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.6 Realization of First Order Band-Stop (BS) Filter
The Band-stop filter circuit passes signals above one ideal cutoff frequency fH
and below a second cutoff frequency fL as shown in Fig.4.4(d).
Fig.4.9 (a) shows a band-stop filter using a low-pass filter, high-pass filter and a
summer circuit. The combined response that represents the filter is:
R1 Rf SR 1C 1 Rf
V o1 ( s ) V i ( s )( ).( 1 ) V i ( s )( )(1 )
R1 1 / Sc 1 RG 1 SR 1C 1 RG
1 / SC 2 Rf 1 Rf
V o 2 ( s ) V o 1 ( s )( ).(1 ) V o1 ( s )( ).(1 )
R 2 1 / Sc 2 RG 1 SR 2 c 2 RG
Combine the two outputs by the voltage summer, the filter transfer function is:
Vo ( s ) R f SR 1C 1 1
H (s) 1 (4.24)
Vi ( s ) R G 1 SR 1C 1 1 SR 2 C 2
The filter frequency response is determined by replacing s by j in the filter
transfer function H(s) which leads to H(j) = Vo(j) / Vi (j) and is given by:
j / H 1
H ( j ) Av (4.25)
1 j / 1 j / L
Rf
1
H

AV (1 ) , FL 1
F (4.26)
RG 2R2C2 and H
2R1C1
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 4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.6 Realization of First Order Band-Stop (BS) Filter
Notes:
1. The Band-pass filter can
consist of LPF with fL in
parallel with HPF with fH.
2. fL must be less than fH 1
FH
otherwise the output 2R1C1
voltage, Vo will be always
equals to the input
voltage, Vi. This is called
all pass filter.

FL FH

1
FL
2R2C2

Fig.4.9 (a) Bandstop active filter circuit.

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4.2 First Order filters (Continued)
4.2.6 Realization of First Order Band-Stop (BS) Filter
Example 4.6
For the first order band-pass filter of Fig.4.9 (a ), if R1 = R2 =10k, C1 = 0.002
F and C2 = 0.1 F, RG = 1 k and RF = 9 k do the following:
(a) Calculate the voltage gain, Av and cutoff frequencies, fL and fH.
(b) Draw the Bode plot.
,
Solution: From (4.26), we have:
Rf 9
AV (1 ) 2 (1 ) 10 V / V 20 dB
R 1
1 G
FL
2 R 2 C 2
1
3 7
159 . 15 Hz
2 (10 10 )( 10 )
1 1
FH
2R1C1 2 104 2 105
7.96KHz
Fig. 4.9 (b) BS filter Bode plot.
The Bode-plot is shown in Fig.4.9 (b).
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 4.3 Second Order filters
The general second-order (or biquadratic) filter transfer function is usually
expressed in the standard form and is given by:
Vo ( s ) a2 s 2 a1s a0
H ( s) 2 (4.27)
Vi ( s ) s (0 / Q) s o2
where o is the cutoff frequency for LPF and HPF; however it is called the
center frequency for BPF and BRF or BSF and Q is called the filter quality
factor.
The numerator coefficients, a0, a1 and a2 determine the type of second-order
filter function (i.e., LP, HP, etc.).
The response obtained for Q = 0.737 is the maximally flat, response.
The general filter structure is shown in Fig. 4.10 and its transfer function is:

Vo ( s ) Z 2 (s) Y1 ( s )
H (s)
Vi ( s ) Z1 ( s ) Z 2 ( s ) Y1 ( s ) Y2 ( s )
(4.28)

Fig. 4.10 Realization of various second-order filter functions using the LCR resonator
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 4.3 Second Order filters (Continued)
4.3.1 Realization of Second Order Low Pass (LP) Filter
1. The general transfer function of the second order Low Pass Filter is given by:
Vo ( s ) a0
H ( s) 2 (4.29)
Vi ( s ) s (0 / Q) s o2
2. The Bode plot of the 2nd order LP filter, Eq.(4.20), is shown in Fig. 4.11 (a).
3. The passive RC realization of the 2nd order LP filter is shown in Fig. 4.11 (b).
2
Lim T (s) ao / o Lim T ( s ) 0
s
s o

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.11 Low-Pass (LP) filter: (a) The Bode plot; (b) The passive RC realization.
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 4.3 Second Order filters (Continued)
4.3.1 Second Order Low Pass (LP) Filter
The transfer function can be written by using the voltage-divider rule. we obtain:

Vo ( s ) Z 2 (s) Y1 ( s ) 1 / sL
H (s)
Vi ( s ) Z1 ( s ) Z 2 ( s ) Y1 ( s ) Y2 ( s ) (1 / sL) sC 1 / R
1 / LC (4.30)
2
s s (1 / CR ) (1 / LC )

From Equ.(4.30), H(s) has the same format as the general transfer function of the
second order Low Pass Filter Equ.(4.29).
LPF allows signals with frequency less than fH to pass through it.
If Q is increased it will increase the sharpness and decrease the flatness.
If Q is decreased it will decrease the sharpness and increase the flatness.
The transmission zeros of this circuit will be at the value of s for which the series
impedance becomes infinite (sL becomes infinite at s = ) and the value of s at
which the shunt impedance becomes zero (l/[sC + (1/R)] becomes zero at s = ).
Thus this circuit has two transmission zeros at s = , as an LP is supposed to.

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 4.3 Second Order filters (Continued)
4.3.2 Realization of Second Order High Pass (HP) Filter
1. The general transfer function of the second order High Pass Filter is given by:
Vo ( s ) a2 s 2
H ( s) 2 (4.31)
Vi ( s ) s (0 / Q) s o2
2. The Bode plot of the 2nd order HP filter, Eq.(4.31), is shown in Fig. 4.12 (a).
3. The passive RC realization of the 2nd order HP filter is shown in Fig. 4.12 (b).

Lim T(s) 0 Lim T (s) a 2

s o s

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.12 High-Pass (HP) filter: (a) The Bode plot; (b) The passive RC realization.
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 4.3 Second Order filters (Continued)
4.3.2 Realization of Second Order High Pass (HP) Filter
The transfer function can be written by using the voltage-divider rule. we obtain:

Vo ( s ) Z 2 ( s) Y1 ( s ) sC
H (s)
Vi ( s ) Z1 ( s ) Z 2 ( s ) Y1 ( s ) Y2 ( s ) SC 1 / sL 1 / R
s 2 LC s2 (4.32)
2 2
s LC 1 sL / R s s / CR 1 / LC
From Equ.(4.32), H(s) has the same format as the general transfer function of the
second order High Pass Filter Equ.(4.31).
HPF allows signals with frequency greater than fL to pass through it.
If Q is increased it will increase the sharpness and decrease the flatness.
If Q is decreased it will decrease the sharpness and increase the flatness.
Here the series capacitor introduces a transmission zero at s = 0 (dc), and the
shunt inductor introduces another transmission zero at s = 0 (dc).
The value of a2 can be determined from the circuit by observing that as s
approaches , the capacitor approaches a short circuit and V0 approaches Vi,
resulting in a2 = 1.
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 4.3 Second Order filters (Continued)
4.3.3 Realization of Second Order Band Pass (BP) Filter
1. The general transfer function of the second order Band Pass Filter is given by:
Vo ( s) a1s
H ( s) 2 (4.33)
Vi ( s ) s (0 / Q) s o2
2. The Bode plot of the 2nd order BP filter, Eq.(4.22), is shown in Fig. 4.13 (a and b).
3. The passive RC realization of the 2nd order BP filter is shown in Fig. 4.13 (c).
Lim
T (s) 0
Lim T (s) 0
s o s
fo fo
Q
BW f H f L
f
BW o
Q

(a) (b)
Fig.4.13 The Bode plot of BPF for: (a) small Q or broad band; (b) large Q or selective.
31 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.3 Second Order filters (Continued)
4.3.3 Realization of Second Order Band Pass (BP) Filter
The transfer function can be written by using the voltage-divider rule. we obtain:
Vo ( s ) Z 2 ( s) Y1 ( s ) 1/ R
H ( s)
Vi ( s ) Z1 ( s ) Z 2 ( s ) Y1 ( s ) Y2 ( s ) 1 / R SC 1 / sL
(4.34)
sL / R s / CR

sL / R s 2 LC 1 s 2 s / CR 1 / LC
From Equ.(4.34), H(s) has the same format as the general transfer function of the
second order Band Pass Filter Equ.(4.3).
Here the series impedance is resistive and thus does not introduce any
transmission zeros. These are obtained as follows: One zero at s = 0 is realized
by the shunt inductor, and one zero at s= is realized by the shunt capacitor. At
the center frequency o, the parallel LC-tuned
circuit exhibits an infinite impedance, and thus
no current flows in the circuit. It follows that at
= o, Vo= Vi. In other words, the center
frequency gain of the bandpass filter is unity.
BPF allows signals with frequency Fig. 4.13 (c) The passive RC realization.
between fL and fH to pass through it.
32 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.3 Second Order filters (Continued)
4.3.4 Realization of Second Order Band Stop (BS) or Notch Filter
1. The general transfer function of the second order Band StopFilter is given by:
Vo ( s) a2 ( s 2 o2 )
H ( s) 2 (4.35)
Vi ( s ) s (0 / Q) s o2
2. The Bode plot of the 2nd order BS filter, Eq.(4.35), is shown in Fig. 4.14 (a and b).
3. The passive RC realization of the 2nd order BS filter is shown in Fig. 4.14 (c).
Lim
T (s) a2
Lim T (s) a2
s o s

fo fo
Q
BW f H f L
f
BW o
Q

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.14 Band-Stop (BS) filter, The Bode plot for : (a) small Q; (b) large Q;
33 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.3 Second Order filters (Continued)
4.3.4 Realization of Second Order Band Stop (BS) or Notch Filter
The transfer function can be written by using the voltage-divider rule. we obtain:
Vo ( s ) Z 2 ( s) Y1 ( s ) sC 1 / sL
H ( s)
Vi ( s ) Z1 ( s ) Z 2 ( s ) Y1 ( s ) Y2 ( s ) 1 / R SC 1 / sL
(4.36)
s 2 LC 1 s 2 1 / LC
2
2
sL / R s LC 1 s s / CR 1 / LC
From Equ.(4.36), H(s) has the same format as the general transfer function of the
second order Band Pass Filter Equ.(4.36).
BSF allows signals with all frequencies except between fL and fH to pass through
it.
Notch filter is BSF or BRF with high Q.
Broad filter is BSF or BRF with low Q.

Fig. 4.14 (c) The passive RC realization.

34 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 Inductor Replacement Second Order Active Filters
4.4.1 The Inductance-Simulation Circuit
In this section, we study a family of op amp-RC circuits that realize the various
second-order filter functions.
The circuits are based on an Op Amp- RC resonator obtained by replacing the
inductor L in the LCR resonator with an op amp-RC circuit that has an inductive
input impedance.
A. Antoniou proposed an inductance-simulation circuit shown in Fig. 4.15(a).
If the circuit is fed at its input (node 1) with a voltage source VI and the input
current is denoted II then for ideal Op Amps the input impedance can be shown to
be: V (s)
Z in I sC4 R1 R3 R5 / R2 sLeq (4.37)
I I ( s)
which is that of an equivalent inductance Leq given by:
Leq sC4 R1 R3 R5 / R2 (4.38)
Fig. 4.15(b) shows the analysis of the circuit assuming that the op amps are ideal.
The design of this circuit is usually based on selecting R1= R2- R3 = R5 = R and
C4 = C, which leads to L = CR2.
Convenient values are then selected for C and R to yield the desired inductance
value L.
35 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 Inductor Replacement Second Order Active Filters
4.4.1 The Inductance-Simulation Circuit

Fig. 4.15 (a) The Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit.

36 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 Inductor Replacement Second Order Active Filters
4.4.1 The Inductance-Simulation Circuit

Fig. 4.15 (b) Analysis of the circuit assuming ideal op amps. The order of the
analysis steps is indicated by the circled numbers.
37 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 Inductor Replacement Second Order Active Filters
4.4.2 Realization of LPF by Inductance Replacement
1. The passive RC realization of the 2nd order LP filter is shown in Fig. 4.16 (a).
2. The filter realization by inductance replacement is shown in Fig. 4.16 (b).
3. The filter transfer function Equ. (4.30) after inductance replacement becomes:
1 / Leq C KR2 / CC 4 R1 R3 R5
H (s) 2 2 (4.39)
s s (1 / CR ) (1 / Leq C ) s s (1 / CR ) ( R2 / CC 4 R1 R3 R5 )
Where K = DC gain

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.16 LPF realization using: (a) passive RLC; (b) after inductance replacement
38 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 Inductor Replacement Second Order Active Filters
4.4.3 Realization of HPF by Inductance Replacement
1. The passive RC realization of the 2nd order HP filter is shown in Fig. 4.17 (a).
2. The filter realization by inductance replacement is shown in Fig. 4.17 (b).
3. The filter transfer function Equ. (4.32) after inductance replacement becomes:
s2 Ks 2
H (s) 2 2 (4.40)
s s / CR 1 / Leq C s s / CR ( R2 / CC4 R1 R3 R5 )
Where K = DC gain

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.17 HPF realization using: (a) passive RLC; (b) after inductance replacement
39 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 Inductor Replacement Second Order Active Filters
4.4.4 Realization of BPF by Inductance Replacement
1. The passive RC realization of the 2nd order BP filter is shown in Fig. 4.18 (a).
2. The filter realization by inductance replacement is shown in Fig. 4.18 (b).
3. The filter transfer function Equ. (4.34) after inductance replacement becomes:
s / CR Ks / CR
H ( s) (4.41)
s 2 s / CR 1 / Leq C s 2 s / CR ( R2 / CC 4 R1 R3 R5 )
Where K = DC gain

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.18 BPF realization using: (a) passive RLC; (b) after inductance replacement
40 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 Inductor Replacement Second Order Active Filters
4.4.5 Realization of BSF by Inductance Replacement
1. The passive RC realization of the 2nd order BS filter is shown in Fig. 4.19 (a).
2. The filter realization by inductance replacement is shown in Fig. 4.19 (b).
3. The filter transfer function Equ. (4.36) after inductance replacement becomes:
s 2 1 / Leq C K [ s 2 ( R2 / CC4 R1 R3 R5 )]
H ( s) 2 (4.42)
s s / CR 1 / Leq C s 2 s / CR ( R2 / CC 4 R1 R3 R5 )
Where K = DC gain

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.19 BSF realization using: (a) passive RLC; (b) after inductance replacement
41 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.5 Second Order Active Filters Using Two-integrators
In this section, we study another family of op amp-RC circuits that realize second-
order filter functions.
The circuits are based on the use of two integrators connected in cascade in an
overall feedback loop and are thus known as two-integrator-loop circuits as
shown in Fig. 4.20.
The circuit is known as the TowThomas biquad after its originators. It permits
the input signal to be fed to all three op amps. It work as a filter because the total
phase shift is not zero.

Fig. 4.20 The two-integrator-loop biquad active filters.

42 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.5 Second Order Active Filters Using Two-integrators
The filter transfer function, H(s), can be derived as follow:
Vo ( s)
H ( s) (4.43)
Vi ( s)
Apply KCL at the node V-, we get :

I 0 I1 ( s ) I 2 ( s ) I 3 ( s ) I 4 ( s ) I 5 ( s ) 0 (4.44)
Where:
Vo 2 ( s ) and V ( s ) V ( s ) r V ( s ) r
I1 ( s ) o2 o1 i
R r R 3
1 / sC 1 / sC Vo ( s) Vi ( s )
also Vo1 ( s ) Vo ( s )
Vi ( s )

R R2 sCR sCR2
Put Vo1 in the above equation Vo2 is given by
Vo ( s ) Vi ( s ) r
Vo 2 ( s ) Vi ( s )
sCR sCR2 R3
So the current I1 is given by
Vo 2 ( s ) Vo ( s ) Vi ( s ) r
I1 ( s ) 2
Vi ( s ) (4.45a)
R sCR sCRR2 RR3
43 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.5 Second Order Active Filters Using Two-integrators
Similarly the other currents are calculated as follows:
Vo ( s ) I 3 ( s ) Vo ( s)[ sC ] (4.45c)
I 2 ( s) (4.45b)
QR
V (s)
I 4 ( s) i (4.45d) I 5 ( s) Vi ( s )[ sC1 ] (4.45e)
R1
Substitute the values of the currents Equ(4.36 a-e) into Equ.(4.35), we get:
I 0 I ( s ) I ( s) I ( s ) I ( s ) I ( s ) 0 Leads to:
1 2 3 4 5
Vo ( s ) Vi ( s) Vi ( s ) r Vo ( s ) Vi ( s )
2
Vo ( s )[ sC ] Vi ( s )[ sC1 ] 0
sCR sCRR2 RR3 QR R1
Combine the similar terms, we have:
1 1 1 r 1
Vo ( s ) 2
sC Vi ( s ) sC1 0 (4.46)
sCR QR sCRR2 RR3 R1
From Equs. (4.45) and (4.46), filter transfer function, H(s), is given by:
1 r 1
sC1
Vo ( s) R1 RR3 sCRR2
H ( s)
Vi ( s ) 1 1
sC
QR sCR 2
44 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.5 Second Order Active Filters Using Two-integrators
Multiply the numerator and denominator of the above by s/C, we get:
C s 1 r 1
s 2 1 2
V ( s) C C R1 RR3 C RR2
H ( s) o
Vi ( s ) s 1
s2 2 2
CRQ C R
Modify the second and third terms in the numerator to have o =1/CR, we get:
C s R r R
s2 1
C CR R1 R3 C R R2
2 2
Vo ( s )
H (s)
Vi ( s ) s 1
s2 2 2
CRQ C R
Replace o =1/CR, the final filter transfer function, H(s), is given by :
C R r R
s 2 1 so o2
V ( s) C R1 R3 R2 (4.47)
H ( s) o
Vi ( s )
s 2 s o o2
Q
Two-integrator-loop biquads Equ. (4.47), are extremely versatile and easy to
design and different filters can be obtained by the appropriate selection of the
values of the circuit components as we will se in the next examples.
45 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.5 Second Order Active Filters Using Two-integrators
Remember that the transfer functions for different filters previously discussed are:
Vo ( s ) K
For LPF: H ( s ) 2 Cancel the coefficients of s2 and s.
Vi ( s ) s (0 / Q ) s o2 (4.48)
Vo ( s ) Ks 2 Cancel the coefficients of s and
For HPF: H ( s ) 2
Vi ( s) s (0 / Q ) s o2 the constant term.
(4.49)
Vo ( s ) Ks
For BPF: H ( s ) 2 Cancel the coefficients of s2 and
Vi ( s ) s (0 / Q ) s o2 the constant term.
(4.50)
Vo ( s ) K ( s 2 o2 )
For BSF: H ( s ) 2 2
Cancel the coefficients of s only.
Vi ( s ) s (0 / Q) s o
(4.51)
Notes:
1. The circuit of Fig. 4.20 whose transfer function of (4.47) is called all pass filter or
universal filter.
2. To have any of the above filters, we can not modify the integrators components,
but we can modify (choose a specific value or entirely remove) only the external
components, C1, R1, R2, and R3.
3. Removing C1 means (C1 = 0) while removing any of the resistors means (Rx = )
.
46 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.5 Second Order Active Filters Using Two-integrators
The all pass or universal filter can be used to implement different filter types as
follows:
1) To implement a Low Pass Filter (LPF) transfer function Equ.(4.48) from (4.47) do:
Remove C1 (C1 = 0) , this will cancel the s2 term.
Choose (R/R1) = (r/R3) or remove R1 and R3. The transfer function becomes:
R
o2
V ( s)
H ( s) o R2
K (4.52)
Vi ( s) o o
s s o s s o2
2 2 2

Q Q

2) To implement a High Pass Filter (HPF) transfer function Equ.(4.49) from (4.47) do:
Remove R1, R2 and R3. The transfer function becomes:

C
s2 1
Vo ( s) C Ks 2 (4.53)
H ( s)
Vi ( s)
s 2 s o o2 s 2 s o o2
Q Q
47 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.5 Second Order Active Filters Using Two-integrators
The all pass or universal filter can be used to implement different filter types as
follows:
3) To implement a Band Pass Filter (BPF) transfer function Eq.(4.50) from (4.47) do:
Remove C1 (C1 = 0) , this will cancel the s2 term.
Remove R2 and or R3. The transfer function becomes:
R r
so
Vo ( s) R1 R3 Ks (4.54)
H ( s)
Vi ( s)
s 2 s o o2 s 2 s o o2
Q Q
4) To implement a Band Stop Filter (BSF) transfer function Equ(4.51) from (4.47) do:
Choose C1 = C1 .
Remove R1 and R3 and choose R2 = R. The transfer function becomes:
2 C1 2 R
s o 2 2
Vo ( s) C R
2 K ( s o) (4.55)
H ( s)
Vi ( s )
s 2 s o o2 s 2 s o o2
Q Q
48 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.6 Switched Capacitor Filters
4.6.1 The Basic Principle
The switched-capacitor filter technique is based on the realization that a capacitor
switched between two circuit nodes at a sufficiently high rate is equivalent to a
resistor connecting these two nodes as shown in Fig. 4.21 (a).
The MOS switches are driven by a non overlapping two-phase clock. The clock
waveforms are shown in Fig. 4.21 (c). The clock frequency (fclk = 1/Tclk) is
assumed to be much higher than the frequency of the signal, fsig, being filtered.
Thus during clock phase , when the capacitor, C, is connected across the input
signal source vi the variations in the input signal are negligibly small. It follows
that during capacitor C charges up to the voltage vi and the total charge is:
Q vi C
Then, during clock phase bar, capacitor C is connected is thus forced to
discharge, and its previous charge Q. Thus the average current flowing between
the input node and the ground is:
Q vi C
iav
Tclk Tclk
If Tclk is sufficiently short, one can think of this process as almost continuous and
define an equivalent resistance, Req, that is in effect present between the input
node and the ground.
49 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.6 Switched Capacitor Filters
4.6.1 The Basic Principle
equivalent resistance, Req, that is in effect present between the input node and
the ground given by: v v vT T 1
R i i i clk clk (4.56)
eq
iav iav vi C C Cf clk

(b)
(a)

(c)
Fig. 4.21 (a) The switched-capacitor circuit; (b) Its equivalent resistance; (c) Two phase clock
50 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.6 Switched Capacitor Filters (4.56)
4.6.2 Practical Switched Capacitor Circuits
1. The Inverting Amplifier
The inverting Op Amp configuration using resistors is shown in Fig. 4.22 (a) with
gain: vo R 1 1
2 R1 R2
vi R1 C1 f clk C2 f clk
The inverting Op Amp configuration using switched-capacitor realization is
shown in Fig. 4.22 (b) with gain: v R C
o
2 1 (4.57)
vi R1 C2

(a)

(b)
Fig. 4.22 (a) The inverting Op Amp configuration; (b) Its switched-capacitor realization
51 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.6 Switched Capacitor Filters
4.6.2 Practical Switched Capacitor Circuits
1. The Inverting Amplifier
The noninverting Op Amp configuration using switched-capacitor realization is
shown in Fig. 4.22 (c). In this circuit the direction of he current is changed by
interchange the clock for the resistor R1 so the resulting gain will be:
vo R2 C1 (4.58)

vi R1 C2

(c)
Fig. 4.22 (c) The switched-capacitor circuit; (b) Its equivalent resistance; (c) Two phase clock
52 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.6 Switched Capacitor Filters
4.6.2 Practical Switched Capacitor Circuits
2. The Inverting Switched-Capacitor Integrator
The inverting Op Amp integrator using R and C is shown in Fig. 4.23 (a) with
transfer function given by: 1
H (s)
SC 2 R
The inverting Op Amp integrator using switched-capacitor realization is shown in
Fig. 4.23 (b) with transfer function given by:
1 f clk C1 (4.59)
H (s)
SC 2 R1 SC 2

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.23 (a) Op Amp Inverting integrator; (b) Its Inverting switched-capacitor realization.
53 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.6 Switched Capacitor Filters
4.6.2 Practical Switched Capacitor Circuits
2. The Inverting Switched-Capacitor Integrator
The noninverting Op Amp integrator using switched-capacitor realization is shown
in Fig. 4.23 (c). In this circuit the direction of he current is changed by
interchange the clock for the resistor R1 so the resulting transfer function will be:
1 f clk C1
H (s) (4.60)
SC 2 R1 SC 2

Fig. 4.23 (c) Noninverting switched-capacitor integrator.

54 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.6 Switched Capacitor Filters
4.6.2 Practical Switched Capacitor Circuits

(a)

(b)
Fig. 4.24 (a) A two-integrator-loop active-RC biquad and (b) its switched-capacitor counterpart
55 of 73 Prof Hassan Elghitani EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.7 Appendix A: (Bode Plots)
If instead of dealing with the amplitude curves directly, their logarithms
are used, multiplication becomes addition. Commonly, decibels
(abbreviated dB) are used in for the description of frequency response
amplitude ratios as shown in Fig. A4.2 and defined as:A dB 20 log 10 | A ( j ) |
The general form of the open loop transfer function is:
s s s s
kab( 1)( 1) k 1 ( 1)( 1)
k ( s a )( s b) a b a b
G ( s) H (s )
s ( s c)( s d ) cds( s 1)( s 1) s ( s 1)( s 1)
c d c d
For unity feedback H(s) = 1 then G(s) H(s) = G(s)
For rational function, it is only necessary to be able to plot amplitude and
phase shift for the following types of terms:
Basic Terms
Constant gain K Amplitude= 20 log k and phase = 0degree
Integral factors G(s) = 1/s or G(j) = 1/(j n)
Derivative factors G(s) = s or G(j)=(j n)
First order factors G(s) = [(s/a)+1)]1 or G(j) = (j n+1)1
Quadratic factors G(s)=[s2+2ns+n2]orG(j)=n2[(jn)2+2( jn)+1]
The plots for these factors are shown in Figs. A4.3 - 4.12

56 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Basic Terms: Decibel Definition KdB= 20 log k

20 log10 (number)

decade

Fig. A4.2 A number to decibel conversion

57 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
G(s) = K
Basic Terms: Constant Gain Magnitude (M) = 20 log k
and phase () = 0 degree

Fig. A4.3 The Bode Plot (Magnitude and phase) for a constant gain K
58 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Basic Terms: S
G(s) = s or G(j)=j, G(j)|dB= 20 log |j|
M is a straight line with slope 20dB/dec
The corner frequency is 1
Phase () is +90o

Fig. A4.4 Bode plots (Magnitude and phase) for G(s) = s

59 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Basic Terms: 1/s
G(s)=1/s or G(j)=1/j, G(j)|dB=-20 log |j|
M is a straight line with slope -20 dB/dec
The corner frequency is 1
Phase () is -90o for all

Fig. A4.5 Bode plots (Magnitude and phase) for G(s) = 1/s
60 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Basic Terms: (s/a)+1
G(s)=(s/a) +1 G(j)|dB=-20 log|(j/a) + 1|
M is a straight line (= 0dB for a and
with slope +20 dB/dec for > a)
The corner frequency is a
= 0 for << a and = +90o for >> a

Fig. A4.6 Bode plots (Magnitude and phase) for G(s) = (s/a) + 1
61 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Basic Terms: 1/(s+a)
G(s)=1/[(s/a)+1], G(j)|dB=-20log(1/|(j/a)+1)|
M is a straight line (= 0dB for a and
with slope -20 dB/dec for > a)
The corner frequency is a
= 0 for << a and = -90o for >> a

Fig. A4.7 Bode plots (Magnitude and phase) for G(s) = (s/a) + 1
62 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
G(s)=sn, G(j)|dB=+20n log|(j)n|
Basic Terms: sn M is a straight line with slope +n20dB/dec
Corner frequency is a
= +90no for all
j n
3

j n 2

j n

j n 2

j n

j n 3
n
Fig. A4.8 The Bode Plots for a derivative factor sn
63 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
G(s)=s-n, G(j)|dB=-20n log|(j)n|
Basic Terms: 1/sn M is a straight line with slope +n20dB/dec
Corner frequency is a
= -90no for all
j n 1
2
j n n 20 dB/decade

j n 3

1
j n
n
j
j n
2
n 90 for
n
3
j n

n
Fig. A4.9 The Bode Plots for an integral factor s-n
64 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 2
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued) s 2s
nd
G (s) 2 2 1
Basic Terms: 2 order term (Numerator) n n

Fig. A4.10 Bode plots for 2nd order term: (a) magnitude; (b) phase
65 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 2
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)G ( s ) s 2s 1
2 2
Basic Terms: 2nd order system (Numerator) n n

Fig. A4.11 Effect of on the log magnitude response for 2nd order system
66 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued) G ( s ) 1
2
Basic Terms: 2nd order system (Denominator) s 2s 1
2n 2n

Fig. A4.12 Effect of on the log magnitude response for 2nd order system
67 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Procedure for plotting Bode diagram
The Magnitude:
Rewrite the transfer function T(j) as a product of basic factors
Determine the value of n for the K0 (j)n term
Plot the low frequency magnitude asymptote through the point
K0 at =1 with slope of n x 20 dB / decade
Identify the corner frequencies associated with basic factors
Complete the composite magnitude asymptotes:
- extend the low-frequency asymptote until the break point
- step the slope by 20 dB/decade for first order terms
- step the slope by 40 dB/decade for second order terms
sketch the approximate magnitude curve:
- 3 dB correction for first order terms
- correction |G(j)| = 0.5/or 2 for second order terms

68 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)

Procedure for plotting Bode diagram

2 The Phase
1. Plot the low-frequency asymptote of the phase curve n x 90?
2. Sketch the phase curve changing
- 90? for the first order terms
- 180? for the second order terms
(+ for terms in numerator, - for terms in denominator)
3. Locate the asymptotes for each individual phase curves
4. Sketch in each individual phase curve
5. Graphically add each phase curves

69 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

 4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Example A 4.1: Draw the Bode plot for a system transfer function G(s)

G (s)
s 3
s s 1 s 2
s
3 1
3
s
2 s s 1 1
2

Fig. A4.13 Bode log-

magnitude plot for
Example 4.1:
a. components;
b. composite

70 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

 4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Example A 4.1 Continued

G(s)
s 3
s s 1s 2
s
3 1
3
s
2 s s 1 1
2

Fig. A4.14 Bode

phase plot for
Example A4.1:
a. components;
b. composite

71 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

 4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Example A 4.2: Draw the Bode plot for the following transfer function G(s)

G (s)
s 3
s 2 ( s 2 2 s 25 )
s
3 1
3
2
s 2s
50 1 ( s 1)
2 25 25

Fig. A4.15 Bode

log-magnitude
plot for Example
A4.2:
a. components;
b. composite
72 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.7 Appendix A: Bode Plots (Continued)
Example A 4.2 Continued

G (s)
s 3
s 2 ( s 2 2 s 25)
s
3 1
3
s s2 2s
50 1( 1)
2 25 25
Fig. A4.16 Bode
phase plot for
Example A4.1:
a. components;
b. composite

73 of 73 EEG381 Ch4 Active Filters Prof Fawzy Ibrahim