Gromobran (SAD) ili gromobran (UK) je metalna ipka ili dirigent montiran na vrhu

zgrade i elektricki spojeni na zemlju kroz ice, kako bi za titili zgradu u slucaju
munje. If lightning strikes the building it will preferentially strike the rod,
and be conducted harmlessly to ground through the wire, instead of passing thro
ugh the building, where it could start a fire or cause electrocution. Ako munja
udari zgradi to preferentially ce trajk tap, te se provodi ne kodljivo za zemlju kro
z icu, umjesto prolazi kroz zgradu, gdje je mogao zapoceti od po ara ili strujnog u
zrok. A lightning rod is a single component in a lightning protection system . G
romobran je jedan komponenta u sustavu munja za tite. In addition to rods placed a
t regular intervals on the highest portions of a structure, a lightning protecti
on system typically includes a rooftop network of conductors, multiple conductiv
e paths from the roof to the ground, bonding connections to metallic objects wit
hin the structure and a grounding network. Osim tapovi postavljeni u redovitim in
tervalima na najvi im dijelovima strukture, sustava munja za tite obicno ukljucuje r
ooftop mre e vodica, vi e vodljivih staza od krova do zemlje, vezivanje veze s metal
nim predmetima unutar strukture i mre e uzemljenja . The rooftop lightning rod is
a metal strip or rod, usually of copper or aluminum. Rooftop gromobran je metaln
a traka ili tap, obicno od bakra ili aluminija. Lightning protection systems are
installed on structures, trees, monuments, bridges or water vessels to protect f
rom lightning damage. Gromobrana sustavi su instalirani na strukture, ume, spomen
ika, mostova ili vodu plovila za za titu od munje o tecenja. Individual lightning ro
ds are sometimes called finials, air terminals or strike termination devices. Th
e United States Patent Office labels "Lightning protectors" in Class 174 (Electr
icity: conductors and insulators), Subclass 2 (Lightning protectors) and Subclas
s 3 (Rods). Individualni gromobrana se ponekad nazivaju i finials, klima termina
la ili trajk raskid uredaje. United States Patent Office oznake "Lightning protek
tori" u klasi 174 (Struja: vodici i izolatori), Red 2 (Munje za titnike) i Red 3 ( t
apovi). The lightning rod was independently invented by Benjamin Franklin in the
Americas in 1749, and by Prokop Divi in Europe in 1754. Gromobran je samostalno
izmislio Benjamin Franklin u Amerike 1749, a po Prokop Divi u Europi u 1754.
Kao to je zgrada postala vi i, munje postaje sve vi e mu je prijetnja. Lightning can
damage structures made of most materials (masonry, wood, concrete and steel) as
the huge currents involved can heat materials, and especially water to high tem
peratures causing fire, loss of strength and explosions from superheated steam a
nd air. Munja mo e o tetiti strukture izradene od vecine materijala (kamena, drva, b
etona i celika) kao i veliku struje ukljuceni mogu toplinu materijala, a posebno
voda na visoke temperature uzrokujuci po ar, gubitak snage i eksplozija iz superh
eated para i zraka.
Europa
Zvonik u mnogim europskim gradovima, obicno najvi e strukture, bio je cesto pogod
ena zgrada munja. Early on, Christian churches tried to prevent the occurrence o
f the damaging effects of lightning by prayers. Rano, kr canske crkve poku ao sprije
citi pojavu tetnih djelovanja munje po molitvama. Priests prayed, Svecenici molio
,
"temper the destruction of hail and cyclones and the force of tempests and light
ning; check hostile thunders and great winds; and cast down the spirits of storm
s and the powers of the air." "temperament uni tavanje tuca i ciklona i snagu fort
unali i munje, gromovi i provjeriti neprijateljskom velike vjetrova i baci duhov
i oluje i ovlasti zrak."
Peter Ahlwardts ("Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Li
ghtning", 1745) advised individuals seeking cover from lightning to go anywhere
except in or around a church. [ 1 ] In Europe, the lightning rod was independent
ly invented by Vclav Prokop Divi between 1750 to 1754. Petar Ahlwardts ( "Razumni
i teolo ko Razmatranja o grmljavina i munje", 1745) savjetovao osoba koje se pokri
ti od munje ici bilo gdje osim u ili oko crkve. [1] U Europi, gromobran je samos
talno izmislio Vclav Prokop Divi izmedu 1750 do 1754.
[ edit ] Asia [Uredi] Azija
Lightning conductors may have been used in Nevyansk tower , where the roof of th
e tower is crowned with a metallic rod in the shape of a gilded sphere with spik
es. Lightning conductors svibanj su koriste u Nevyansk kuli, gdje je okrunjen kr
ova tornja sa metalnim tapom u obliku pozlacena kugla sa iljcima. If the Nevyansk
Tower was built between 1725 and 1732, then the Russians created a lightning rod
before Benjamin Franklin . Ako Nevyansk Kula je sagradena izmedu 1725 i 1732, z
atim Rusi stvorio gromobran prije Benjamin Franklin. The true purpose and intent
behind the metal rooftop remains unknown. Pravu svrhu i namjeru iza metalne roo
ftop ostaje nepoznat.
Some of the most ancient lightning conductors can be found in Sri Lanka in place
s like the Kingdom of Anuradhapura that dates back to thousands of years. Neki o
d najstarijih munja vodovi se mogu naci u ri Lanki u mjestima kao to su Kraljevina
od Anuradhapura koja datira tisucama godina. The Sinhalese kings who mastered c
onstruction of stupas and advanced building structures, installed a metal tip ma
de of copper on the highest point of every building to conduct any lightning cha
rge. Sinhalese kraljeva koji su ovladali izgradnju Stupas i napredne gradevinama
, instaliran metalni vrh od bakra na najvi oj tocki svaka zgrada za obavljanje bil
o munja naboj. In many parts of the world ancient Buddhist monuments have been d
estroyed by lightning strikes but not in Sri Lanka. U mnogim dijelovima svijeta
drevni budisticki spomenici su uni teni gromovima, ali ne u ri Lanki.
[ edit ] United States [Uredi] Sjedinjene Americke Dr ave
In the United States , the pointed lightning rod conductor, also called a "light
ning attractor" or "Franklin rod," was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749 as
part of his groundbreaking explorations of electricity . U Sjedinjenim Dr avama, i
stakao gromobran dirigent, koji se nazivaju "munja atraktor" ili "Franklin tapa",
izumio je Benjamin Franklin je 1749, kao dio svoje groundbreaking istra ivanje el
ektricne energije. Franklin speculated that, with an iron rod sharpened to a poi
nt at the end, Franklin nagadali da je, uz eljezne ipke izo triti do tocke na kraju,

"The electrical fire would, I think, be drawn out of a cloud silently, before it
could come near enough to strike [...]." "Elektricne vatru bi, mislim, biti izv
ucen iz oblaka tiho, prije nego to bi to moglo doci dovoljno blizu na trajk [...].
"
Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported k
ite experiment. Franklin nagadali o gromobrana za nekoliko godina prije njegove
prijavljen zmaj eksperiment. This experiment, in fact, took place because he was
tired of waiting for Christ Church in Philadelphia to be completed so he could
place a lightning rod on top of it. Ovaj eksperiment je, naime, dogodio jer je b
io umoran od cekanja za Kristove Crkve u Philadelphiji biti izraden tako da je m
ogao mjesto gromobran na vrhu. There was some resistance from churches who felt
that it was defying divine will to install these rods. Ima je neki otpor iz crkv
e koji su osjetili da je to prkoseci bo anska volja da instalirate ove tapove. For
instance, in a 1755 sermon titled "Earthquakes the Works of God and Tokens of Hi
s Just Displeasure," the rector of Old South Church in Boston , Rev. Thomas Prin
ce , said: Na primjer, u 1755 propovijed pod naslovom "Potresi Bo ja djela i etoni
Njegove Samo nezadovoljstvo", rektoru Old South Crkve u Bostonu, Rev Toma Prince
, je rekao:
"...the more points of Iron are erected round the Earth, to draw the Electrical
Substance out of the Air; the more the Earth must needs be charged with it. And
therefore it seems worthy of Consideration whether any part of the Earth, being
fuller of the terrible Substance, may not be exposed to more shocking Earthquake
s. In Boston are more erected than anywhere else in New England ; and Boston see
ms to be more dreadfully Shaken. O! there is no getting out of the mighty Hand o
f God! If we think to avoid it in the Air, we cannot in the Earth: Yea it may gr
ow more fatal..." [ 2 ] "... vi e bodova od eljeza su podigli oko Zemlje, kako izvu
ci elektrotehnike tvari iz zraka, vi e Zemlja mora treba biti optu en za to. I zato
se cini vrijedno razmotriti da li bilo koji dio Zemlje, to potpunije i stra na Subs
tance, svibanj ne biti vi e izlo eni okantnim potresi. U Bostonu su podigli vi e nego b
ilo gdje drugdje u Novoj Engleskoj, a Boston cini se da je stra no uzdrman. O! nem
a se izvuce iz sna nom rukom Bo jom ! Ako mislimo da je izbjeci u zraku, ne mo emo u Z
emljinoj: "Da je svibanj rasti vi e kobno ..." [2]
Franklin countered that there is no religious objection to roofs on buildings to
resist precipitation , so lightning, which he proved to be simply a giant elect
rical spark, should be no different. Franklin suprotstavlja da nema vjerske prig
ovor na krovovima zgrada oduprijeti oborina, tako da munja, koji je pokazao da s
e jednostavno div elektricna iskra, ne bi trebalo biti drugacije. As an act of p
hilanthropy , Franklin decided against patenting the invention. Kao cin filantro
pije, Franklina odlucio protiv patentiranja izuma.
In the 19th century the lightning rod became a decorative motif. U 19. stoljecu
postao gromobran dekorativni motiv. Lightning rods were embellished with ornamen
tal glass balls [ 3 ] (now prized by collectors). Gromobrana bili krase s ukrasn
im staklenih kuglica [3] (danas cijenjeni kolekcionari). The ornamental appeal o
f these glass balls has been used in weather vanes . Ukrasnim albu ovih staklenih
kuglica je kori tena u vrijeme lopatice. The main purpose of these balls, however
, is to provide evidence of a lightning strike by shattering or falling off. Gla
vna svrha tih lopti, medutim, je pru iti dokaz o udar groma po drobljenje ili otpa
danje. If after a storm a ball is discovered missing or broken, the property own
er should then check the building, rod, and grounding wire for damage. Ako nakon
oluje lopta je otkrio nedostaje ili je slomljena, vlasnik nekretnine onda treba
provjeriti zgrade, ipke, ice i uzemljenje za tetu.
Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method purported to prevent lig
htning strikes to ships. Balls of solid stakla povremeno su se koristili u metod
i navodnog sprecavanja gromovima na brodovima. Although this failed to work, it
is worth noting. Iako to nije posao, to vrijedi spomenuti. The basic principle w
as that glass objects, being non-conductors, are seldom struck by lightning. Osn
ovni princip je da se staklo objekata, kao ne-dirigenata, rijetko pogoditi grom.
Therefore, goes the theory, there must be something about glass that repels lig
htning. Dakle, ide teorija, mora postojati ne to o staklo koje odbija munje. Hence
the best method for preventing a lightning strike to a wooden ship was to bury
a small solid glass ball in the tip of the highest mast. Stoga je najbolji nacin
za sprjecavanje udara groma na drveni brod je zakopati male cvrste stakla loptu
na vrhu najvi e jarbola. The random behavior of lightning ensured that the method
gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightnin
g rod soon after Franklin's initial work. Slucajna pona anje munje osigurao da met
odom dobio dobar zalogaj od povjerovati cak i nakon razvoj morskih gromobran ubr
zo nakon Franklin's pocetnog rada.
Nikola Tesla 's US Patent 1,266,175 was an improvement in lightning protectors.
Nikola Tesla 's US Patent 1.266.175 bio je pobolj anje u munje za titnika. The paten
t was granted due to a fault in Franklin's original theory of operation; the poi
nted lightning rod actually ionizes the air around itself, rendering the air con
ductive, which in turn raises the probability of a strike. Patent je odobren zbo
g mana u Franklin's originalne teorije djelovanja, naglasio gromobran zaista ion
izes zraka oko sebe, renderiranje zrak antistatik, to pak povecava vjerojatnost tr
ajka. Many years after receiving his patent, in 1919 Dr. Tesla wrote an article
for The Electrical Experimenter entitled " Famous Scientific Illusions ", in whi
ch he explains the logic of Franklin's pointed lightning rod and discloses his i
mproved method and apparatus. Mnogo godina nakon to je primio njegov patent, 1919
dr. Tesla je napisao clanak za Electrical Experimenter pod nazivom "Famous Znan
stvene iluzije", u kojem on obja njava logiku u Franklin je ukazao gromobran i raz
otkriva njegove pobolj ane metode i aparate.
DuPont Explosives manufacturing sites were surrounded by pine trees. DuPont Eksp
lozivi proizvodnih lokacija je okru ena borovom umom. The needles on many pine tree
s can act as tens of thousands of points for higher voltages to flow current int
o the air and lower the different between the cloud to ground, and reduce the nu
mber of strikes per square mile of area. Iglice na mnogo borovi mogu djelovati k
ao desetaka tisuca bodova za vece napone do toka struje u zrak i donji razlicite
izmedu oblaka do tla, a smanjiti broj trajkova po kvadratnom milja od povr ine. Du
ring the 1950s, DuPont made nitroglycerin in some buildings and moved it in "Ang
el Buggies" to the packing building. Tijekom 1950-ih, DuPont je nitroglicerin u
nekim zgradama i premje tena u "Angel buggies" za pakiranje zgrade. Employees at t
hose sites were very sensitive to potential lightning strikes. [ 4 ] Zaposlenika
na tim mjestima bili su vrlo osjetljiva na potencijal gromovima. [4]
In the 1990s, the 'lightning points' were replaced as originally constructed whe
n the statue of Freedom atop the United States Capitol building in Washington, D
C was restored. [ 5 ] The statue was designed with multiple devices that are tip
ped with platinum. U 1990, 'grom tocaka' su bili zamijenjeni su originalno izgra
dene kad kip slobode na vrhu United States Capitol Building in Washington, obnov
ljena DC. [5] kip je bio dizajniran s vi e uredaja koji su s vrhom od platine. The
Washington Monument also was equipped with multiple lightning points, [ 6 ] and
the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor gets hit with lightning which is groun
ded out. Washington Monument takoder je opremljen s vi e munja bodova, [6] i Kip S
lobode u New Yorku Harbor dobiva hit s munja koja je osnovana out.
Struktura za titnici
Lightning diverzija
Lightning rods convey the current from a strike to the ground or water via a low
- resistance conductor . Gromobrana prenijeti struje od trajka na tlo ili vodu pu
tem nisko-otpor dirigent. A lightning strike is thus said to be diverted from th
e protected structure. Udar groma je tako rekao da se preusmjeravaju iz za ticene
strukture. However, diversion is a misnomer. Medutim, skretanje je pogre an naziv.
Rather, the lightning rod widely used attracts and intercepts a strike that ter
minates near a protected structure. [ 8 ] There is some uncertainty as to why a
lightning strike is attracted to a lightning rod or similar protector, the leadi
ng assumption being that the air near the rod becomes ionized during an electric
al storm , and thus highly conductive relative to the surrounding air. [ 9 ] Umj
esto toga, gromobran na iroko koristi privlaci i presrece udarac koji zavr ava u bli
zini za ticenog objekta. [8] postoji nesigurnost o tome za to je privukla udara grom
a u gromobran ili slicnim za titnika, vodeci se pretpostavka da je zrak u blizini t
ap postaje ioniziranih za vrijeme oluje, pa tako visoko vodljivi u odnosu na oko
lni zrak. [9]

Main article: Lightning arrester Glavni clanak: gromobran

In telegraphy and telephony , a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a
structure, preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the
safety of individuals near them. U telegrafija i telefonije, gromobran, gdje se
nalazi ice uci strukturu, sprijeciti o tecenje elektronickih instrumenata unutar i
osiguranje sigurnosti pojedinaca u njihovoj blizini. Lightning arresters, also c
alled surge protectors , are devices that are connected between each electrical
conductor in a power and communications systems and the Earth. Munja napona, koj
i se nazivaju i val za titnike, su uredaji koji su spojeni izmedu svakog elektricn
e vodove u moci i komunikacijskih sustava i Zemlje. These provide a short circui
t to the ground that is interrupted by a non- conductor , over which lightning j
umps. Ovi daju kratki spoj na zemlju koja je prekinuta ne-dirigent, nad kojima m
unje skokovima. Its purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communication
s or power line is struck by lightning. Njegova svrha je ograniciti porast napon
a kada je pogodio za komunikaciju ili dalekovoda grmljavinom.
The non-conducting material may consist of a semi-conducting material such as si
licon carbide or zinc oxide, or a spark gap. Neprovodljiv materijal svibanj sast
ojati od polu-obavlja materijala kao to su silicij-karbida ili cink-oksid, ili is
kra jaz. Primitive varieties of such spark gaps are simply open to the air, but
more modern varieties are filled with dry gas and have a small amount of radioac
tive material to encourage the gas to ionize when the voltage across the gap rea
ches a specified level. Primitivni varijeteti tih praznina iskra jednostavno su
otvoreni za zrak, ali vi e moderne sorte su punjeni sa suhim plina te imaju male k
olicine radioaktivnog materijala za poticanje plin jonizovati kada napona jaz do
segne odredeni nivo. Other designs of lightning arresters use a glow-discharge t
ube (essentially like a neon glow lamp) connected between the protected conducto
r and ground, or myriad voltage-activated solid-state switches called varistors
or MOVs . Ostali dizajni munje prenapona koriste sjaj-pra njenje cijevi (u biti ka
o neonska lampa sjaj) spojen izmedu za ticene dirigent i zemlju, ili bezbroj napon
-aktiviran cvrstog stanja sklopke zove varistors ili MOVs. Lightning arresters b
uilt for substation use are impressive devices, consisting of a porcelain tube s
everal feet long and several inches in diameter, filled with disks of zinc oxide
. Munja napona sagradena trafostanica za kori tenje su impresivni uredaja, koji se
sastoji od porculanske cijevi nekoliko metara duge i nekoliko centimetara u pro
mjeru, ispunjen s diskovima od cink-oksida. A safety port on the side of the dev
ice vents the occasional internal explosion without shattering the porcelain cyl
inder.' Sigurnosti luka na strani uredaja otvore povremeno unutra nje eksplozije b
ez drobljenje porculana cilindra. "
[ edit ] Electric power system lightning protection [Uredi] Elektroenergetski su
stav za tite munja
High-tension power lines carry a lighter conductor (sometimes called a 'pilot' o
r 'shield') wire over the main power conductors. Visoka napetost vodova nose upa
ljac dirigent (ponekad zvan 'pilota' ili ' tit') icu iznad glavne snage dirigenata.
This conductor is grounded at various points along the link, or insulated from
the tower structures by small insulators that are easily jumped by lightning vol
tages. Ovaj vodic se temelji na razlicitim tockama du povezati, ili izolirani iz
tornja struktura malim izolatora koji se lako preskocio munja napona. The latter
allows the pilot wire to be used for communications purposes, or to carry curre
nt for aircraft clearance lights. Potonji omogucava pilot ice koja se koristi za
komunikaciju svrhe, ili za no enje trenutni za zrakoplove carinjenje svjetla. Elec
trical substations may have a web of grounded wires covering the whole plant. El
ektricna trafostanice svibanj imati mre u utemeljena ica pokrivanje cijele biljke.
[ edit ] Lightning protection of mast radiators [Uredi] gromobrana jarbola radij
atora
Mast radiators are insulated from the ground by a gap at the base. Mast radijato
ri su izolirani od tla prema jaz u bazu. When lightning hits the mast, it jumps
this gap. Kad munja udari jarbolom, ona skoci ovu prazninu. A small inductivity
in the feed line between the mast and the tuning unit (usually one winding) limi
ts the voltage increase, protecting the transmitter from dangerously high voltag
es. Mali induktiviteta u hrani linija izmedu jarbola i ugadanje jedinica (obicno
jedan navijanje) ogranicava porast napona, titeci oda iljaca iz opasno visoke napo
ne. The transmitter must be equipped with a device to monitor the antenna's elec
trical properties. Oda iljac mora biti opremljen uredajem za nadzor antene je elek
tricna svojstva. This is very important, as a charge could remain after a lightn
ing strike, damaging the gap or the insulators. To je vrlo va no, jer naboj mogao
ostati nakon udara groma, o tecenja jaz ili izolatori. The monitoring device switc
hes off the transmitter when the antenna shows incorrect behavior, eg as a resul
t of undesired electrical charge. Pracenje uredaj iskljucuje oda iljac kada antena
pokazuje kriv pona anje, npr. kao rezultat ne eljenih elektricnog naboja. When the
transmitter is switched off, these charges dissipate. Kada je ukljucen, iskljuce
n oda iljac, ovih tro kova rasipati. The monitoring device makes several attempts to
switch back on. Pracenje uredaja cini nekoliko poku aja da se prebaciti natrag na
. If after several attempts the antenna continues to show improper behavior, pos
sibly as result of structural damage, the transmitter remains switched off. Ako
nakon nekoliko poku aja antena nastavi prikazivati nepravilnog pona anja, vjerojatno
 kao rezultat strukturalnih o tecenja, oda iljac ostaje iskljucen.
Munje vodici i uzemljenja mjere opreza
U idealnom slucaju, podzemni dio skup tine trebala nalaziti u podrucju uzvisine v
odljivost. If the underground cable is able to resist corrosion well, it can be
covered in salt to improve its electrical connection with the ground. Ako podzem
ni kabel je u stanju da se odupre koroziju dobro, to mo e biti pokrivena u sol kak
o bi pobolj ala svoj elektricni prikljucak sa zemljom. While the electrical resist
ance of the lightning conductor between the air terminal and the Earth is concer
ning, the inductive reactance of the conductor could be more important. Dok elek
tricnog otpora gromobran zraka izmedu terminala i Zemlja je u vezi, induktivna r
eaktancija i dirigenta bi moglo biti vi e va no. For this reason, the down conductor
route is kept short, and any curves have a large radius. Iz tog razloga, dolje
dirigent ruta je zadr ao kratko, a sve krivulje imaju veliki radijus. If these mea
sures are not taken, lightning current may arc over an obstruction, resistive or
reactive, that it encounters in the conductor. Ako ove mjere nisu poduzete, mun
ja trenutni svibanj luk preko opstrukcija, buntovna i reaktivan, da naide na dir
igent. At the very least, the arc current will damage the lightning conductor an
d can easily find another conductive path, such as building wiring or plumbing,
and cause fires or other disasters. Na samom kraju, luk trenutni ce o tetiti dirig
ent i munje mogu lako pronaci drugi vodljivi put, kao to je izgradnja o icenje ili
vodovod, a uzrok po ara ili drugih nesreca. Grounding systems without low resistiv
ity to the ground can still be effective in protecting a structure from lightnin
g damage. Sustavi uzemljenja bez niska otpornost na tlo i dalje mo e biti djelotvo
rna u za titi od munje o tecenja struktura. When ground soil has poor conductivity,
is very shallow, or non-existent, a grounding system can be augmented by adding
ground rods, counterpoise (ground ring) conductor, and/or cable radials projecti
ng away from the building. Kada tlo vodljivost tla ima lo e, vrlo je plitko, ili n
epostojece, uzemljenje sustav mo e biti pro iren dodavanjem zemlju tapovi, protute a (p
rizemlje prsten) dirigent, i / ili kabel radials projektiranje udaljen od zgrade
. These additions, while still not reducing the resistance of the system in some
instances, will allow the dissipation of the lightning into the earth without d
amage to the structure. [ 10 ] Ovi dodaci, dok je jo uvijek ne smanjujuci otporno
st sustava u nekim slucajevima ce se dopustiti rasipanje munje na zemlju, bez o te
cenja struktura. [10]
Additional precautions must be taken to prevent side-flashes between conductive
objects on or in the structure and the lightning protection system. Dodatne mjer
e opreza treba poduzeti kako bi se sprijecilo strana-treperi izmedu vodljivih ob
jekata na ili u strukturi i sustavu munja za tite. The surge of lightning current
through a lightning protection conductor will create a voltage difference betwee
n it and any conductive objects that are near it. Val munja struje kroz provodni
k groma za tita ce stvoriti razliku napona izmedu nje i bilo koje vodljive predmet
e koji su blizu njega. This voltage difference can be large enough to cause a da
ngerous side-flash (spark) between the two that can cause significant damage, es
pecially on structures housing flammable or explosive materials. Ova razlika nap
ona mo e biti dovoljno velik da uzrokuje opasnu stranu-flash (iskra) izmedu dva ko
je mogu izazvati znacajne tete, posebice na strukturama stambene zapaljivih ili e
ksplozivnih materijala. The most effective way to prevent this potential damage
is to ensure the electrical continuity between the lightning protection system a
nd any objects susceptible to a side-flash. Najucinkovitiji nacin da se sprijeci
ovaj potencijal teta je da se osigura kontinuitet izmedu elektricnih sustava gro
mobrana i sve predmete osjetljiv na stranu-flash. Effective bonding will allow t
he voltage potential of the two objects to rise and fall in tandem, thereby elim
inating any risk of a side-flash. [ 11 ] Efektivna veza ce omoguciti napon poten
cijal od dva objekta za rast i pad u tandemu, cime se eliminira rizik od strana-
flash. [11]
[ edit ] Lightning protection system design [Uredi] Dizajn sustav za tite od munje
Considerable material is used to make up lightning protection systems, so it is
prudent to consider carefully where a rod structure will have the greatest effec
t. Znatna materijalna se koriste kako bi se sistemi gromobrana, pa je razumna da
pa ljivo razmislite gdje tap struktura ce imati najveci ucinak. Historical underst
anding of lightning, from statements made by Ben Franklin, [ 12 ] assumed that e
ach device protected a cone of 45 degrees. [ 13 ] This has been found to be unsa
tisfactory for protecting taller structures, as it is possible for lightning to
strike the side of a building. Povijesni razumijevanje munje, iz izjave Ben Fran
klin, [12] Pretpostavlja se da svaki uredaj za ticen sto ac od 45 stupnjeva. [13] Ov
o je utvrdeno da je nezadovoljavajuce za za titu vi i strukture, kao to je to moguce
za munja na trajk strani zgrade. A better technique to determine the effect of a
new arrester is called the "rolling sphere technique" and was developed by Dr Ti
bor Horvth. Bolji tehnika za utvrdivanje ucinka novi odvodnik se zove "Rolling sf
era tehniku", a razvio je dr. Tibor Horvth. To understand this requires knowledge
of how lightning 'moves'. Za razumijevanje ovog zahtijeva znanje o tome kako mu
nja 'poteze'. As the step leader of a lightning bolt jumps toward the ground, it
steps toward the grounded objects nearest its path. Kao voda korak u skokovima
znak munje prema zemlji, on korake prema uzemljene objekte najbli e svom putu. The
maximum distance that each step may travel is called the critical distance and
is proportional to the electrical current. Maksimalna udaljenost da je svaki kor
ak svibanj putovanje se naziva kriticna udaljenost i proporcionalna je elektricn
a struja. Objects are likely to be struck if they are nearer to the leader than
this critical distance. Objekti su vjerojatno da ce biti pogoden ako su bli e nego
to voda ove kriticne udaljenosti. It is standard practice to approximate the sph
ere's radius as 46 m near the ground. [ 14 ] To je standardna praksa pribli ni sfe
ri kao to je radijus 46 metara u blizini tla. [14]
Electricity travels mostly along the path of least resistance, so an object outs
ide the critical distance is unlikely to be struck by the leader if there is a g
rounded object solidly OR within the critical distance. Struja putuje uglavnom u
z put manjeg otpora, tako da objekt izvan kriticna udaljenost je vjerojatno da c
e biti pogodeni voda ako ima cvrsto uzemljeni objekt ili unutar kriticke udaljen
osti. Noting this, locations that are safe from lightning can be determined by i
magining a leader's potential paths as a sphere that travels from the cloud to t
he ground. Konstatirajuci ovo, lokacije koje su sigurne od udara munje mo e biti o
dredena zami ljajuci voditelja potencijal staze kao sferu koja putuje iz oblaka na
tlo. For lightning protection, it suffices to consider all possible spheres as
they touch potential strike points. Za munja za titu, dovoljno je razmotriti sve m
oguce oblastima kao to su dodir potencijal trajk bodova. To determine strike point
s, consider a sphere rolling over the terrain. Za odredivanje trajk bodova, razmi
slite sfera prevrtanja terenu. At each point, we are simulating a potential lead
er position. U svakom trenutku, mi smo simulirati potencijalne vodecu poziciju.
Lightning is most likely to strike where the sphere touches the ground. Munja je
vrlo vjerojatno da ce trajka, gdje sfere dotakne zemlju. Points that the sphere
cannot roll across and touch are safest from lightning. Bodovi da sfera ne mogu
preko valjaka i dodir su najsigurniji od munje. Lightning protectors should be p
laced where they will prevent the sphere from touching a structure. Munja protek
tori bi trebao biti stavljen na kojem ce sprijeciti sferu iz dira strukture. A w
eak point in most lightning diversion systems is in transporting the captured di
scharge from the lightning rod to the ground, though. [ 15 ] Lightning rods are
typically installed around the perimeter of flat roofs, or along the peaks of sl
oped roofs at intervals of 6.1 m or 7.6 m, depending on the height of the rod. [
16 ] When a flat roof has dimensions greater than 15 m by 15 m, additional air
terminals will be installed in the middle of the roof at intervals of 15 m or le
ss in a rectangular grid pattern. [ 17 ] Slaba tocka u vecini sustava munje dive
rzija je u transportu zarobljeni iscjedak iz gromobran na zemlju, iako. [15] gro
mobrana obicno instaliraju oko perimetra ravnih krovova, ili uz vrhove kos krovo
va u intervalima od 6.1 m ili 7,6 m, ovisno o visini od tapa. [16] Kada ravnog kr
ova ima dimenzije vece od 15 m do 15 m, dodatni klima terminali ce biti instalir
an u sredini krova u razmacima od 15 m ili manje u pravokutna grid uzorkom. [17]
 Munja-Inhibitor je za titni uredaj koji, za razliku od gromobran, sprjecava nasta
nak krivi kanal kroz koji utjecaj dogada. In this way, it prevents the natural l
ightning formation process in a given area. Na ovaj nacin se sprecava prirodni p
roces formiranja munje u danom podrucju. Traditional lightning conductors protec
t structures but cannot prevent the negative effects of electromagnetic inductio
n caused by the huge amount of energy transmitted during the discharge, which ca
n harm all existing apparatuses, whether electrical, telephonic, computer, elect
ronic, etc. to a greater or lesser extent, including complete destruction. Tradi
cionalna dirigenata munja za tite strukture, ali ne mo e sprijeciti negativne ucinke
elektromagnetske indukcije uzrokovanih velikom kolicinom energije prenosi tijek
om iscjedak, koji mo e tetiti svi postojeci aparati, da li elektricni, telefonski,
racunalo, elektronski, itd. na vecoj ili manjoj mjeri , ukljucujuci i potpuno un
i tenje. The Lightning-Inhibitor provides protection not just from lightning but a
lso from the effects of electromagnetic induction, as it is able to prevent the
natural process of lightning formation in the protected area. Munja-Inhibitor pr
u a za titu ne samo od munje, ali isto tako od utjecaja elektromagnetske indukcije,
kao to je u mogucnosti da sprijeci prirodni proces formiranja groma u za ticeni pro
stor. The earth and the cloud behave like two plates of a condenser , so that if
the voltage between the plates increases sufficiently, it reaches breaking poin
t and thereby produces lightning. Zemlje i oblaka pona aju kao dvije ploce kondenz
atora, tako da ako se napon izmedu ploca povecava dovoljno, to razbijanje dosegn
e tocku i na taj nacin stvara munje. The time it takes for the lightning to stri
ke is almost instantaneous, but the tracer channel formation process can last fo
r minutes. Vrijeme koje je potrebno da pogodi munja je gotovo trenutna, ali kriv
i kanal formiranje proces mo e trajati minuta. The physical principle behind the L
ightning-Inhibitor is based on the controlled and constant discharge of the cond
enser over this period, through an electrical flow of milliamperes which occurs
from its head to the earth lead at moments of high electrical fields 'between pl
ates', as occurs during a storm. Fizicki princip iza Lightning-Inhibitor temelji
se na stalnom kontrolom i ispu tanje kondenzator tijekom ovog perioda, kroz proto
k elektricne milliamperes koja se javlja iz svoje glave na zemlju dovesti u tren
ucima visokih elektricnih polja 'izmedu ploce ", kao to se dogada za vrijeme oluj
e.
Trebam gromobran imaju tocke?
This was a controversy as early as the 1700s. To je bio spor jo 1700s. In the mid
st of political confrontation between Britain and its American colonies, British
scientists maintained that a lightning rod should have a ball on its end. U sre
dini je politicki sukob izmedu Britanije i njegove americke kolonije, Britanski
znanstvenici tvrdili da gromobran treba imati loptu na svoj kraj. American scien
tists maintained that there should be a point. Americki znanstvenici tvrdili da
ne bi trebalo biti tocka. As of 2003, the controversy has not been completely re
solved. [ 18 ] It is difficult to resolve the controversy because proper control
led experiments are nearly impossible in such work; in spite of the work of Moor
e, et al. Od 2003, polemika nije u potpunosti rije en. [18] Te ko je rije iti spor, je
r pravi kontrolirani eksperimenti su gotovo nemoguce u takvim radom, unatoc radu
Moore, et al. [described below] most lightning rods seen on buildings have shar
p points. [opisano u nastavku] vecini gromobrana vidjeti na zgradama imaju o tar b
odova. Work performed by Moore, et al. [ 19 ] , in 2000 has helped this issue, f
inding that moderately rounded or blunt-tipped lightning rods act as marginally
better strike receptors. Poslova koje obavljaju Moore, et al. [19], u 2000 je po
moglo ovo pitanje, utvrdiv i da je umjereno zaobljeni ili tupim vrhom-gromobrana d
jelovati kao marginalno bolji trajk receptora. [described below] As a result, rou
nd-tipped rods are installed the majority of the time on new systems in the Unit
ed States. [opisano u nastavku] Kao rezultat toga, round-tipped ipke su instalira
ni vecinu vremena na nove sustave u Sjedinjenim Dr avama. To quote: Da citiram:
Izracuni od relativne prednosti elektricnog polja iznad slicno izlo ena o trim i tu
pim ipke pokazuju da, dok polja su puno jaci na vrhu o trog tapa prije bilo koje emi
sije, oni smanjuju br e s udaljenosti. As a result, at a few centimeters above the
 tip of a 20-mm-diameter blunt rod, the strength of the field is greater than ov
er an otherwise similar, sharper rod of the same height. Kao rezultat toga, na n
ekoliko centimetara iznad vrh 20-mm promjera tupi tapa, jakost polja je veca od p
reko inace slican, o trije tap od iste visine. Since the field strength at the tip
of a sharpened rod tends to be limited by the easy formation of ions in the surr
ounding air, the field strengths over blunt rods can be much stronger than those
at distances greater than 1 cm over sharper ones. Buduci da je jakost polja na
vrh nao trio tap tendira biti ogranicen jednostavno formiranje iona u okolni zrak,
polje snage preko tup ipki mo e biti mnogo veca od onih na udaljenosti vece od 1 cm
iznad o triji one.
The results of this study suggest that moderately blunt metal rods (with tip hei
ght to tip radius of curvature ratios of about 680:1) are better lightning strik
e receptors than sharper rods or very blunt ones.
In addition, the height of the lightning protector relative to the structure to
be protected and the Earth itself will have an effect. [ 20 ] [ 21 ]
[ edit ] Lightning dissipation
Lightning dissipators have been widely discredited and criticized by lightning r
esearchers over the last 30 years. These terminals (known as Dissipation Array S
ystems , and Charge Transfer Systems ) claim to make a structure less attractive
to lightning and other charges that flow through the Earth's atmosphere around
it. These generally encompass systems and equipment for the preventative protect
ion of objects located on the surface of the earth from the effects of atmospher
ics . The devices are alleged to deal with the phenomena such as electrostatic f
ields , electromagnetic fields , field transients , static charges , and any oth
er related atmospheric electricity phenomena.
Individual dissipator rods may appear as slightly-blunted metal spikes sticking
out in all directions from a metal conductor. [ 22 ] These elements are mounted
on short metal arms at the top of a radio antenna or tower , the area most likel
y to be struck. The dissipation theory states an alteration in the potential dif
ference ( voltage ) between the structure and the storm cloud miles above theore
tically reduces but does not eliminate risk of lightning strikes. [ 23 ] Various
manufacturers make these claims. Induced upward lightning strikes occurring on
tall structures (effective heights of 300 m or more) can be reduced by altering
the shape of the structure. [ 24 ]
[ edit ] Evaluations and analysis
A controversy over the assortment of operation theories dates back to the 1700s,
when Franklin himself stated that his lightning protectors protected buildings
by dissipating electric charge. Kontroverzi oko asortiman operacije teorija se e d
o 1700, kada je Franklin je sam izjavio da je njegova munja za titnici za ticene zgr
ade po dissipating elektricni naboj. He later retracted the statement, stating t
hat the device's exact mode of operation was something of a mystery at that poin
t. Kasnije uvuceni iskaz, navodeci da uredaj je tocan nacin djelovanja bio je ne t
o od misterija u tom trenutku. Diversion is a misnomer; no modern systems are cl
aimed to divert anything, but rather to intercept the charge that terminates on
a structure and carry it to the ground. Razbibriga je pogre an naziv, nema moderne
sustave su tvrdili da odvrati ni ta, nego da presresti naboj koji zavr ava na struk
turu i nositi ga na zemlju. The energy in a lightning strike is measured in Joul
es. Energije udara groma se mjeri u Joules. The reason that lightning does damag
e is that this energy is released in a matter of microseconds (typically 30 to 5
0 microseconds). Razlog da se munja teta je da je ova energija se oslobada u pita
nje Microseconds (obicno 30 do 50 Microseconds). If the same energy could be rel
eased slowly over a period of many seconds or minutes, the current flow would be
in milliamperes or a few amperes at most. Ako je ista energija mo e biti oslobode
n polako tijekom razdoblja od mnogih sekundi ili minuta, trenutni protok ce biti
u milliamperes ili najvi e nekoliko ampera. This is the intent of charge dissipat
ion. [ 25 ] Ovo je namjera naboja rasipanje. [25]
The dissipation theory states that a lightning strike to a structure can be prev
ented by altering the electrical potential between the structure and the thunder
cloud. Rasipanje teorija navodi da je udar groma da struktura mo e se sprijeciti p
romjenom elektricnog potencijala izmedu strukture i olujni oblak. This is done b
y transferring electric charge (such as from the nearby Earth to the sky or vice
versa). [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Transferring electric charge from the Earth to the sky is
done by erecting some sort of tower equipped with one or more sharply pointed p
rotectors upon the structure. To se posti e prijenos elektricnog naboja (kao to je
iz blizini Zemlje do neba ili obrnuto). [23] [26] Prijenos elektricni naboj od z
emlje do neba je to ucinio podizanju nekakav toranj opremljen sa jednim ili vi e o t
ro je ukazao na strukturu za titnike. It is noted that sharply pointed objects wil
l indeed transfer charge to the surrounding atmosphere [ 27 ] [ 28 ] and that a
considerable electric current through the tower can be measured when thunderclou
ds are overhead. On je napomenuo da o tro je ukazao objekti zaista ce prenijeti na
boj na okolne atmosfere [27] [28] te da je znatan elektricne struje kroz toranj
mo e se mjeriti kad su thunderclouds pretek.
Lightning strikes to a metallic structure can vary from leaving no evidence exce
pting perhaps a small pit in the metal to the complete destruction of the struct
ure. Gromovima na metalik struktura mo e varirati od ostavlja nikakvih dokaza osim
mo da malo jama u metalnim do potpunog uni tenja strukture. (Rakov, Page 364 [ 29 ]
). (Rakov, 364 stranica [29]). When there is no evidence, analyzing the strikes
is difficult. Kada nema dokaza, analiziranje trajkovi je te ko. This means that a
strike on an uninstrumented structure must be visually confirmed, and the random
behavior of lightning renders such observations difficult. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ]
[ 32 ] There are also inventors working on this problem, [ 33 ] [ 34 ] such as
through a lightning rocket . To znaci da se trajk na uninstrumented struktura mor
a biti vizualno potvrdena, a slucajni pona anje munje buke takvih promatranja je te k
o. [29] [30] [31] [32] Postoje i izumitelji rade na tom problemu, [33] [ 34] kao
to je kroz munja raketa. While controlled experiments may be off in the future,
very good data is being obtained through techniques which use radio receivers th
at watch for the characteristic electrical 'signature' of lightning strikes usin
g fixed directional antennas. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Through accurate timin
g and triangulation techniques, lightning strikes can be located with great prec
ision, so strikes on specific objects often can be confirmed with confidence. Ia
ko je svibanj biti kontrolirani eksperimenti krenuti u buducnosti, vrlo dobro se
podaci dobiveni kroz tehnike koje koriste radio prijemnici taj sat za karakteri
sticne elektricne 'potpis' i gromovima koristeci fiksni pravac antena. [35] [36]
[37] [38 ] Kroz vrijeme i precizan triangulacije tehnike, gromovima mo e biti smj
e ten s velikom precizno cu, tako da napada na odredenim predmetima cesto mo e potvrdi
ti s povjerenjem.
The introduction of lightning protection systems into standards allowed various
manufactures to develop protector systems to a multitude of specifications and t
here are various lightning rod standards. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 4
4 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] The NFPA 's independent third party panel found
that "the [Early Streamer Emission] lightning protection technology appears to b
e technically sound" and that there was an "adequate theoretical basis for the [
Early Streamer Emission] air terminal concept and design from a physical viewpoi
nt". Uvodenje gromobrana sustava na razlicite standarde dopu teno proizvodaca razv
iti sustave za titnika za mno tvo specifikacija i postoje razne gromobran standardim
a. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [ 46] [47] [48] NFPA 's nezavisne trece st
rane panela je utvrdio da "[Early Streamer Emisija] munja tehnologija za za titu C
ini se da je tehnicki zvuk" i da je "odgovarajuca teorijska osnova [Early Stream
er Emisija] Air Terminal koncept i dizajn iz fizickog stajali ta ". (Bryan, 1999 [
49 ] ) The same panel also concluded that "the recommended [NFPA 780 standard]
lightning protection system has never been scientifically or technically validat
ed and the Franklin rod air terminals have not been validated in field tests und
er thunderstorm conditions." (Bryan, 1999 [49]) istog panela takoder zakljucio d
a je "preporuceno [standard NFPA 780] sustav za tite od udara munje nikad je znans
tveno i tehnicki ovjeren i Franklin iba zrak terminali nisu ozakoniti u podrucju
ispitivanja pod oluja uvjetima." In response, the American Geophysical Union con
cluded that "[t]he Bryan Panel reviewed essentially none of the studies and lite
rature on the effectiveness and scientific basis of traditional lightning protec
tion systems and was erroneous in its conclusion that there was no basis for the
Standard." Kao odgovor, American Geophysical Union zakljucio da "[t] on Bryan p
loca pregledani u su tini ni ta od studija i literature o ucinkovitosti i znanstvenu
osnovu tradicionalnog sustava gromobrana i bio je pogre no u svoj zakljucak da ne
ma osnova za Standard. " AGU did not attempt to assess the effectiveness of any
proposed modifications to traditional systems in its report. [ 50 ] AGU nije pok
u ao procijeniti ucinkovitost svake predlo ene modifikacije na tradicionalne sustave
u svom izvje cu. [50]
No major standards body, such as the NFPA or UL , has currently endorsed a devic
e that can prevent or reduce lightning strikes. Nema vecih normirnog tijela, kao
to NFPA odnosno UL, trenutno je odobrila uredaj koji mogu sprijeciti ili smanjit
i gromovima. The NFPA Standards Council, following a request for a project to ad
dress Dissipation Array Systems and Charge Transfer Systems, denied the request
to begin forming standards on such technology (though the Council did not forecl
ose on future standards development after reliable sources demonstrating the val
idity of the basic technology and science were submitted). [ 51 ] Members of the
Scientific Committee of the International Conference on Lightning Protection ha
s issued a joint statement stating their opposition to dissipater technology. [
52 ] NFPA standardima Vijeca, nakon zahtjeva za projekt koji se bavi Dissipation
Array sistemi i Charge Transfer Systems, odbijen zahtjev za pocetak formira sta
ndarde na takve tehnologije (iako Vijece nije poni titi o buducim standardima razv
oja nakon pouzdani izvori pokazuju valjanost osnovna tehnologija i znanost su pr
edani). [51] Clanovi Znanstvenog odbora Medunarodne konferencije o za titi Lightni
ng objavila zajednicku izjavu navodi svoje protivljenje dissipater tehnologije.
[52]
Various investigators believe the natural downward lightning strokes to be unpre
ventable. [ 24 ] Since most lightning protectors' ground potentials are elevated
, the path distance from the source to the elevated ground point will be shorter
, creating a stronger field (measured in volts per unit distance) and that struc
ture will be more prone to ionization and breakdown. [ 53 ] Scientists from the
National Lightning Safety Institute claim that these dissipation devices are not
hing more than expensive lightning protectors and that they, unlike traditional
methods, are not based on "scientifically proven and indisputable technical argu
ments". [ 54 ] William Rison states that in his opinion the underlying theory of
dissipation is "scientific nonsense". [ 55 ] According to these sources, there
is no proof that the dissipation arrangement is at all effective. Razliciti istr
a ivaci vjeruju da prirodne dolje munja potezi biti unpreventable. [24] Buduci da
se vecina munja za titnici 'tlu potencijali povi en, put udaljenost od izvora do pov
i enog tla tocka ce biti kraci, stvaranje jace polje (mjerena u voltima po jedinic
i udaljenost) i da struktura ce biti vi e skloni ionizacije i slom. [53] znanstven
ika iz Nacionalnog instituta za sigurnost Lightning tvrde da su te rasipanje ure
daji nisu ni ta vi e nego skup munja za titnike i da su oni, za razliku od tradicional
nih metoda, ne temelji se na "znanstveno provjereno i neosporni tehnicke argumen
te ". [54] William Rison navodi da je u svom mi ljenju temeljne teorije disipacija
je" znanstvena besmislica. "[55] Prema tim izvorima, nema dokaza da je rasipanj
e aran man je uopce ucinkoviti. According to opponents of the dissipation technolo
gy, the various designs of dissipaters indirectly "eliminate" lightning via the
alteration of a building's shape and only have a small effect (either intended o
r not) because there is no significant reduction to the susceptibility of a stru
cture to the generation of upward lightning strokes. [ 24 ] Some field investiga
tions of dissipaters show that their performance is comparable to conventional t
erminals and possess no great enhancement of protection. Prema protivnici disipa
cija tehnologije, raznim nacrtima dissipaters neizravno "eliminirati" munja prek
o promjena zgrade oblika i imaju samo mali ucinak (ili su bili namijenjeni ili n
e), jer ne postoji znacajno smanjenje osjetljivosti strukture za generacija munj
e pokretima prema gore. [24] Neki od dissipaters terenska istra ivanja pokazuju da
je njihov nastup je usporediva s konvencionalnim terminala i ne posjeduju velik
o pobolj anje za tite. According to these field studies, these devices have not show
n that they totally eliminated lightning strikes. [ 56 ] Prema tim polju istra iva
nja, ovi uredaji nisu pokazala da su potpuno eliminirani gromovima. [56]
[ edit ] Aircraft protectors [Uredi] Zrakoplovi za titnici
Lightning protection for aircraft is provided by mounting devices on the aircraf
t structure. Gromobrana za zrakoplov osigurava ugradnju uredaja na strukturi zra
koplova. The protectors are provided with extensions through the structure of th
e aircraft's outer surface and within a static discharger . Protektori se pru aju
s nastavcima kroz strukturu zrakoplova i vanjske povr ine u roku od statickog disc
harger. Protection systems for use in aircraft must protect the electronic equip
ment that is critical to aircraft flight and equipment that is not critical to a
ircraft flight. Za tita sustavi za upotrebu u zrakoplovu moraju za tititi elektronic
ke opreme koja je kriticna za let zrakoplova i opreme koja nije kriticna za let
zrakoplova. Aircraft lightning protection provides an electrical path having a p
lurality of conductive segments, continuous or discontinuous, that upon exposure
to a high voltage field form an ionization channel due to the system's breakdow
n voltage . Zrakoplovi munja za tite pru a elektricna put koji pluraliteta vodljivi
segmenata, kontinuirane ili diskontinuirane, da se na izlo enost visokog napona po
lje obrasca ionizacije kanal zbog sustava probojni napon. Various lightning prot
ection systems must reject the surge currents associated with the lightning stri
kes. Razliciti sustavi za tite udara munje moraju odbiti val struje povezan s grom
ovima. Lightning protection means for aircraft include components which are diel
ectrics and metallic layers applied to the ordinarily lightning-accessible surfa
ces of composite structures. Gromobrana sredstva za zrakoplove ukljucuje kompone
nte koje su dielektrika i metalni slojevi primjenjuju se obicno munja-dostupni p
ovr ine kompozitnih struktura. Various ground connection means to the layers compr
ises a section of wire mesh fusing the various layers to an attachment connectin
g the structure which to an adjacent ground structure. Razne zemlje veza znaci s
lojeve obuhvaca dio icane mre e spajaju razlicite slojeve u privitku koji povezuje
strukturu koja na tlo susjednih struktura. Composite-to-metal or composite-to-co
mposite structural joints are protected by making the interface areas conductive
for transfer of lightning current. Kompozitni-to-metal ili kompozitnih-to-kompo
zitne strukturalne zglobovi su za ticeni stvaranje sucelja podrucja vodljivi za pr
ijenos struje munje.
Some aircraft lightning protection systems use a shielded cable system. Neki zra
koplovi gromobrana sustavi koriste za ticeni kabel sustava. These systems carry on
e or more conductors enclosed by a conductive shield having one end connected to
grounding element to provide protection from electrostatic interference . Ovi s
ustavi nositi jedan ili vi e vodica ograden vodljivi oklop s jednom kraju spojen n
a uzemljenje element pru iti za titu od elektrostatski smetnji. Such systems reduce
the electromagnetically induced voltage in a shielded conductor and provides pro
tection from the induced electromagnetic interference of lightning. Takvi sustav
i smanjiti elektromagnetski inducirane napona u za titnoj dirigent i pru a za titu od
elektromagnetske smetnje inducirane munje. This network provides a high impedanc
e and changing to a very-low impedance in response to a momentary voltage surge
electromagnetically induced in the shield, thereby establishing a conductive cir
cuit path between the shield and ground. Ta mre a osigurava visoka impedancija mij
enja se i vrlo niske impedancije-u odgovoru na trenutacnom napon induciran elekt
romagnetski val u titu, cime ostvaruje vodljivi sklop put izmedu tita i tlo. Any s
urge voltage from lightning drives a shield current through the circuit to provi
de an electromagnetic field of the opposite direction canceling and reducing the
magnitude of the overall electromagnetic field that links the shielded cable. B
ilo koja val napona od munje pogone tit struje kroz sklop pru iti elektromagnetsko
polje suprotnog smjera ukida i smanjivanje velicine ukupnog elektromagnetskog po
lja koje veze oklopljeni kabel.
[ edit ] Watercraft protectors [Uredi] titnici za plovila
A lightning protection installation on a watercraft comprises a lightning protec
tor mounted on the top of the mast or superstructure and a grounding conductor i
n contact with the water. Electrical conductors attach to the protector and run
downward to the conductor. Instalacija gromobrana na plovila koja se sastoji od
munje za titnik montiran na vrhu jarbola ili nadgradnju i uzemljenje dirigent u ko
ntaktu s vodom. Elektrotehnike dirigenti pridaju za titnik i trcanje dolje za diri
genta. For a vessel with a conducting (iron or steel) hull, the grounding conduc
tor is the hull. Za posudu s provodenje ( eljeza ili celika) trup, uzemljenje diri
gent je trup. For a vessel with a non-conducting hull, the grounding conductor m
ay be retractable, part of the hull , or attached to a centerboard . Za posudu s
neprovodljiv trupa, uzemljenje dirigent svibanj biti retractable, dio trupa, il
i su bile pripojene kobilica.