Bi = — “7 Saim javed . Saim Alt what > Single Stroke Letters ? bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 9609-1990) recommended single stroke levers for engineering ingle stroke means thatthe letters and numerals should be nade by uniform thick drawing, TI in lines produced by the line width obtained in one stroke of the pencil or pen. This does not mean that the entire letter should be written without lifting the pen or pencil Ihe single stoke letters recommended by BIS ean be classified into the Following categoreies: 1. Vertical (00) 2. Inclined (150 to right) Classitication by height (h) to line thickness (d) ratio Y Lettering A (d=h/14) Y Lettering B (d=h/10) Ihe size of letters and numerals are designated by their height. ihe init vf the Pop taken as the base of the dimensions. Vertical and Inclined Letters: The vertical letters have the stems . perpendicular to the base line of lettering But for inclined letters, the stems are inclined at 150 t0 the Tieht of the vertical drawn perpendicylar to the base line Profile Plane ‘tui plane perpendicular to both coordinate planes, and hence tothe gious line, is called a profile plane. This plane is vertical in position, ‘and may be used as a plane of projection, A projection on the trolile plane is called a profile view. o* end view, or sometimes edge ove and is often required in ee and dimensions, 40"Fig, 107. Three Projections of a Rectangular Prism. } [A projection on this plane is found in the same way as on the V plane, j.¢., by perpendiculars drawn - from pointsfn the object. i Sinee, however, the profil is cular to the ine, it will be seen from the front and top simply as a straight Tine; in order that the size and shape of the profile view may be shown, the profile plane is revolved into V using its intersection with the vertical plane as the axis. Read more: hitp://chestofoooks,com/architecture/Cyclopedia-Carpentry-Building-4-6/Profile- \ Plane. himi#.Vi.MN44Zm tsifixzz3tENVKOC _ Horizontal plane In geometry, physics, astronomy, geography, and related science#M plune js said to be horizo ven point if i ion wvity field at that point} in other words, if | apparent gravity makes a plumb bob hang perpendicular to the plane at that potnt. Alternatively, a spirit level, which exploits the buoyancy of a bubble, can be used to determine if the plane is horizontal. Ingadip sei ori is is ative field strength the ‘ground (which directly affects a station's coverage area) on apolar wraph Normally the maximum of | Hod) oral is ethetop, wtih ea a tha to the top at 360°, Other | Fld stretigihs are expressed as a Gecimal less than 1.000, a percentage less than 100%, or decibels less than 0 dB. If the graph is of an actual or proposed installation, rotation is applied so that the top is 0° true north. See also the perpendicular vertical plane. . ( In general, something that is horizontal can be drawn from Jeft to right (or right to lef), such as the x- | axis in the Cartesian coordinate system, . Discussion Although the word horizontal is commonly used in daily life and language (see below), itis subject to many misconceptions. + The concept of horizentality only makes senso in the context of a clearly measurable gravity field, i.e., in the ‘neighborhood’ of a planet, star, etc. When the gravily field ‘becomes very weak (the masses are too small or too distant from the point of interest), the notion of being horizontal loses its meaning. t Verticals at two separate points are not parallel. The same holds for their associated horizontal planes q la at the int. Horizontal planes at two separate points are not parallel, they intersect + Ingeneral, a horizontal plane will only be perpendicular to @ vertical direction if both are specifically defined with respect to the same point: a direction is only vertical at the re striclly speaking local location the direction or the point of reference. Thus bo! concepts, and itis always necessary to stale to whi plane refers to. Note that (1) the same restriction applies to the straight lines contained wwthin the plane: they are horizontal only at the point of reference, anc (2) those straight ines containad in the plane but not passing by the reference point are not necessarily horizontal anywhere. field tines for a non homogeneous knobbly planet in motion may be curved. The white, red and hlue bits illustrate the planet's heterogeneity. + Inreality, the gravity field of # heterogeneous planet such as Earth is deformed due to the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of materials with different densities, Actual horizontal planes are thus not even parallel! even if their reference points are along the same vertical line, since a vertical line is slightly curved.| + Atany given location, the total gravitational force is not quite constant over time, because the objects that generate the gravity are moving. For instance, on Earth the horizontal plane at a given point (as determined by a pair of spit levels) changes with the position of the Moon (air, sea and land tides). “ On a rotating planet such as Earth, the strictly gravitational pull of the planet (and other celestial objects such as the Moon, the Sun, etc.) is different from the apparent net force (e.g., on a free-falling object) that can be measured in the laboratory or in the field. This difference is the centrifugal force associated with the planet's rotation. This is a fictitious force: it only arises when calculations or experiments are conducted in non- inertial frames of reference, such as the surface of the Earth. Practical use in daily life ‘The concept ofa horizontal plane is thus anything but simple, although, in practice, most of these cffoots and variations are rather small: they are measurable and can be predicted with great accuracy, but they may not greatly affect our daily life. “This dichotomy between the apparent simplicity of a concept and an actual complexity of defining (and measuring) tific terms arises from the fact that the typical linear scales and dimensions of Felovance in daily life are 3 orders of magnitude (or more) smaller than the size of the Earth. Hence, the ‘earid appears to be fat locally, and horizontal planes in nearby locations appear to be parallel. Such Statements are nevertheless approximations; whether they are acceptable in any particular context or appiealion dpeni's ore APPHCAT ie E its. in partiewtar Hirterins of decantey=—— ~~ 5 The y-axis on the wall is vertical but the one on the table Is horizontal. In graphical contexts, such as drawing and drafting and Co-ordinate geometry on rectangular paper, it is very common to associate one of the dimensions of the paper with a horizontal, even though the entire sheet of paper is standing on a flat horizontal (or slanted) table. In this case, the horizontal direction is typically from the left side of the paper to the right side. This is purely conventional {although itis somehow ‘natural’ when drawing a natural scene as it is seen in reality), and may lead to misunderstandings or misconceptions, especially in an educational context.Definition of ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 4: projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface “2: the representation of related views of an object as if they were alll in the same plane and projected by orthographic projectionThird Angke Projection So far we have only covered one method of Orthographic Projection, this Is known as First Angle Projection. First Angle Projection is used in Europe and most of the world, However America and ‘Australia use a method kndwn as Third Angle Projection. dst In First Angle Projection we place our object in the First Quadrant (see above figure). This means that the Vertical Plane is behind the object and the Horizontal Plane is underneath the object.singarenesn 2rd a In Third Angle Projection the Object is placed in the Third Quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is in front of the object and the Horizontal Plane is above the abject. To sec the effects of this watch the animation below. ‘You may have noticed that the Plan is above the Elevation and the End Bevan of the right hand side oh the right ofthe Elevation, These changes in the position of the views are the only difference between projection methods.‘Because the difference between projection methods is so small this pres little or no difficulty for engineers io interpret drawings, provided we indicate on the ‘drawing which system we are using, The Symbols for First Angle and Third Angle projection are shown, ‘below. The symbols are derived from @ cat cone which has been projected in First or Third Angle respectively Third angle © cS