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LinkBudgetOverview
Budget Overview
PreparedbyARABSATESC
p y
forDivona Engineers
26th 29th December 2014
Algiers-Divona
g HQ
Introduction
Linkanalysisistheprocessofcalculatingthecarrierpowerlevelstobe
transmittedfromtheEarthStationandtheSatelliteinordertoprovidethe
requiredoverallcarriertonoiseratioatthereceiveendofthelink.
Thepowerlevelswilldependonthetypeofservice,thecodingrate,the
EarthStationlocations,theSatellitescharacteristics.
Thedesignprocesswillalsobeconcernedwiththeallocationofsufficient
linkmargintoprovideanacceptablepropagationavailability.
TradeoffbetweenEarthStationcostsandSatelliteutilizationcostsmust
becarriedouttodefinetheminimumoverallsystemcost.
TheEarthStationpoweramplifiers,antennadiametersandlownoise
receivercharacteristicswillbeoptimizedtoarriveataminimumcost
solution
solution.
2
Therearethreemajorsetsofparameterswhichconstituteinput
Th th j t f t hi h tit t i t
valuestoconductlinkbudget.
Satellite
Earth
Carriers
Stations
3
Earth
Stations
SiteLocationCoordinates.
AntennaSpecification[OperatingFrequencyRange,CPI,Gain,
G/T Diameter ]
G/T,Diameter].
, ,
HPA,SSPA,BUCSize.
LNA/LNBNoiseFigure(orNoiseTemp).
Feed,Waveguide,CableLosses
4
Carriers
- Modulation scheme
scheme,
Modulation scheme BPSK QPSK 8PSK 16PSK
No. of phases
No.ofphases 2 4 8 16
Bitspersymbol 1 2 3 4
- Data Rate
- FEC Code rate
1/2,2/3,3/4,7/8,etc TPC, LDPC
- Roll-off
R ll ff factor
f t
20%, 25%,30%,35%
- BER , : 10E
10E-7
7, 10E
10E-8
8 etc & Corresponding Eb/No
5
Transponder throughput versus modulation scheme,
Transponder bw 36 Mhz
FEC 3/4
Roll-0ff factor 1.31
S b l rate
Symbol t 27 5 MSps
27.5
Modulation BPSK`
BPSK QPSK 8PSK 16PSK 32PSK
scheme
No. of phases 2 4 8 16` 32`
6
BER:
Biterrorrate(orratio).
Theratioofbitsreceived
inerrortothetotal
number of bits
numberofbits
transmitted.BERisa
measureofthequality
ofadigitalsignal.
7
Satellite
Longitude
Frequencyband
SFD
EIRP
G/T
TransponderBW
Transponder BW
TransponderIBO/OBO
p /
TransponderC/IM
Uplink/DownlinkCrossPol IsolationPerformance
8
LinkBudgetProcess:Insertinputstoobtainanoutput
(2) S/C
(1) ES
P
Parameters
t
I/P Values Parameters
(3) Carrier
Parameters
LB
ALBT
Analysis
Program
Database
Note : If any
two sets are
LB given, the
O/P Values
Results third set will
b determined
be d t i d
9
DigitalCarrierModulationParametersRelationships:
ConsiderthefollowingParameters: Modulat Noof Bits/
ModulationScheme=QPSK ion phases symbol
Numberofphases(M)=4
Bits
BitsperSymbol(m)
per Symbol (m) =2
2 BPSK 2 1
InformationRate[B/s]=IR
OverheadRate[B/s]=OH
DataRate[B/s](DR)=IR+OH QPSK 4 2
FECCodeRateFEC=3/4
d /
RSRate=188/204
CompositeRate =CR=(3/4)*(188/204) 8PSK 8 3
[ /]
TransmissionRate[B/s]=Tx R=DR/CR
/
Rollofffactor( )[%]=30% 16PSK 16 4
SymbolRate[S/s]=Tx R/m
NoiseBandwidth[Hz](Nbw)=Tx R/m
All t d B d idth [H ] (B ) (Nb )*(1+ )
AllocatedBandwidth[Hz](Ba)=(Nbw)*(1+)(A1) (A1)
LetEb/No=5.5(dB)atBERof1E6
ThenRequiredC/N=Eb/No+10LOG(DR/Nbw)(A2)
or C/N Rqd=5.5+10LOG(CR*m)(dB)..(A2)
orC/N = 5 5+10LOG(CR*m) (dB) (A2)
10
SatelliteLINK
11
UplinkEIRP
HavingaTXESwithanAntennasizeDiameterandHPA/BUC
size we can start defining our uplink EIRP by
sizewecanstartdefiningouruplinkEIRPby
Assuming0dBOBOand0dBwaveguidelossesthecomputed
p p
uplinkEIRPofastationwithHPApowerof20dBW and
AntennaGainof50dBi
12
FluxEquationandFluxDensity
Thepowerpersquaremeterthatarrivesatthereceive
sideofthetransponder
PT
dBW/
4 d 2 m2
Th
Theareaexpandswiththesquareofthedistance
d ith th f th di t
1
YouwillnotethattheisarepresentationofFreeSpacePathLoss
4 d 2
(FSPL)
13
FluxEquationandFluxDensity
NowforFluxdensityreceivedatsatelliteinputreference.The
actualPowersourceistheTXESHPApower(P)andwithAntenna
GainAmplificationtheUplinkEIRPcomputed.ThusFluxDensity
willbeupdatedas
PT G T
dBW/
4 d 2 m2
Flux=EIRP FSPL
AddingsomefurtherAtmosphericandrainloss(Lr )dB
Flux=EIRPFSPLLr
Flux = EIRP FSPL Lr
14
SatelliteSFD
TheSFD(saturatedfluxdensity)isthepowerper
squaremeterthatisneededattheinputtosaturatethe
transponder(maximumoutputpowerofthe
transponderamplifier)
Typicalvalue: 80~90dBW/m
SinceSatelliteSFDreferenceusedforanormalized1m2areasurfacearea,
thecomparisonbetweenSFDandCarrieruplinkFluxshallbeconsideredas:
4
FluxDelta=SFD(sat) (EIRPFSPLLr )+
2
ThisFluxDeltawillbeamajorinputforthecalculationasCarrierInputBackOff
15
OperationIBO/OBO
EachTransponderwillhavearecommendedIBO/OBOvaluesfrom
theoperatorforthefullloadingofthetransponderbasedonmode
ofoperation.
Thisrecommendedoperationismainlytoguaranteethesignal
Thi d d ti i i l t t th i l
amplificationtomaintainwithinalinearrange.
16
OperationIBO/OBO
BelowaresponseIBO/OBOplotshowingthreemainmodesof
loading(SingleCarrier,TwoCarrier,MultiCarriers)
0
Single-Carrier OBO (dB)
-6
ut Backoff (dB)
-8
-10
Outpu
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
Input Backoff (dB)
17
OperationIBO/OBO
BelowtableshowingtherecommendedIBO/OBOhighestvaluesto
maintainlinearperformanceperoperationmode.
ThosevalueswillbeusedforcomputingcarriersBackoffandEIRP
thatbeenamplified.
Single Carrier Input Single Carrier Output Two Carrier Input Two Carrier Output Multi Carrier Input Multi Carrier Output
Backoff Backoff Backoff Backoff Backoff Backoff
(IBO) (OBO) (IBO) (OBO) (IBO) (OBO)
ADeltafactor(F)willbepresentedasF=OBOIBO.
ThisValuewillusedforCarriersPowerComputation
p
18
CarrierIBO/OBO
ItshallbeNotedthatSFDvaluetobeconsideredovertheuplink
locationstation.
TheEarlyDefinedFluxDeltaisourCarrierIBO.
4
(CarrierIBO)FluxDelta=SFD(sat) (EIRPFSPLLr )+
2
NowtoknowtheCarrierAmplifiedEIRPbytheSatellitewewill
simply
simply
CarrierOBO=CarrierIBO+F
CarrierEIRPDownlink=EIRP(sat) {CarrierOBO}
19
CarrierIBO/OBO
Whensaturatingthetransponder,thesatellitetransmitswith
When saturating the transponder the satellite transmits with
theEIRPindicatedintheEIRPfootprints
20
CarrierIBO/OBO
TopreventnonlineareffectsduetosaturationoftheTWTA,
To prevent non linear effects due to saturation of the TWTA
someinputbackoff istaken,whichresultsinoutputbackoff
21
CarrierIBO/OBO
Thesatelliteinputandoutputbackoff percarrierchangeaccordingly
22
CarrierIBOandPEB!
TheCarrierUplinkTowardasatellitetransponderwouldhaveaflux
Th C i U li k T d t llit t d ld h fl
projectionthatbeenhighlightedasCarrierIBO.
IfMulticarrieroperatedoverthesametransponderthetotalflux
valuesshallnotexceedthetransponderSFDdesignatedvalueandits
recommendedOperatingpoint(IBO)ofthetransponder!
ToAllowusunderstandingtheuplinkCarrierEIRPlimitintothe
transponderwedefinePowerEquivalentBW(PEB)whichisa
functionofCarrierIBOtoTransponderIBOanditsBWashereunder:
CarrierPEB
10 * log
l CarrierIBO
C i IBO Transponde
T d r . IBO
Transponde r . BW
23
CarrierIBOandPEB!
CarrierPEB
10 * log CarrierIBO Transponde r . IBO
Transponde r . BW
Case A B C D
TransponderBW 36 36 72 72
TransponderIBO 4 4 4 6
CarrierIBO 12 9 12 9
CxrIBO TPIBO 8 5 8 3
LinearValue 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5
PEB( Mhz ) 5.7 11.4 11.4 36.1
From here
F h comes th
the statement
t t t off P
Power lilimited
it d When
Wh PEB comes
higher than Carrier Allocated BW ! The limit coming from excess
Power Consumed on Transponder level
24
UplinkC/No&C/NDerivation
EIRP
dBW/m2
4 d 2
EIRP
C * Ae * Ae dBW
4 d 2
25
UplinkC/No&C/NDerivation
Recall that the receive antenna gain is given in terms of its effective
aperture by:
GR 4 Ae
2
Therefore we can write the received power as:
2 2 2
EIRP GR 4 d EIRP
C EIRP RG EIRP G GR
4 d 2 4 4 d R FSL
2
4 d
Where FSL stands for the Free Space Loss,
Note once again that this FSL term is a function of frequency and
is not just the inverse square law energy spreading loss. This form
is very convenient for use in link analysis. Since the total path is
not in free space, but passes through the atmosphere, a loss term
for atmospheric absorption must be added. The equation now
becomes:
C EIRP GR
dBW
FSL L
The actual level of the carrier received is not critical since the
receiver has gain to restore the signal to a workable level.
27
UplinkC/No&C/NDerivation
RecallingtheThermalNoisePower causedbyrandommotionofelectrons.
relatedtoTemperature.
Noise
NoisePower
Power
No =kTB
T=NoiseTemperature
(
k=TheBoltzmannconstant(1.38x1023 J/K))
B=ReceiverBandwidth
kcanhaveunitsdBJ/KordBW/Hz/K
26Jan15 Sat.TelecomOverveiw 28
UplinkC/No&C/NDerivation
C EIRP G R 1
NO FSL L K T SYS
C C
10 log(NoiseBW ) dB
N No
29
UplinkC/No&C/NDerivation
C
EIRP 32.4 20Log (d ) 20 log( f ) L G / T 228.6 10Log ( Nbw)
N
Approximate
pp FSPL p
per band to GEO can be used as :
C-Band (200 dB)
Ku-Band (207 dB)
Ka Band (214 dB).
Ka-Band dB)
30
DownlinkC/No&C/NDerivation
The Downlink C/N will be using same derivation as
uplink C/N with EIRP considered the carrier
downlink EIRP and G/T value of the Earth
Station Reception side
C
EIRP 32.4 20Log (d ) 20 log( f ) L G / T 228.6 10Log ( Nbw)
N
31
DownlinkC/No&C/NDerivation
The Downlink C/N will be using same derivation as
uplink C/N with EIRP considered the carrier
downlink EIRP and G/T value of the Earth
Station Reception side
C
EIRP 32.4 20Log (d ) 20 log( f ) L G / T 228.6 10Log ( Nbw)
N
32
SystemNoiseTemperature
ConsiderNcascadedandimpedancematchedsystemseachwiththesame
bandwidthbutwithitsownpowergainGi (orlossGi=1/Li)andnoisefigureFi
Overallnoisefigureofthesystem
Effectiveinputnoisetemperature
33
SystemNoiseTemperature
ThusNoiseTemperatureandNoiseFigurearerelatedasbelowequation
Th N i T t d N i Fi l t d b l ti
state
34
SystemNoiseTemperature
LNA
LOSS GLNA=60dB
LNA = 60 dB RECEIVER
L F
Using the input of the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) as a reference point, the
totall system noise
i temperature iis calculated
l l d as ffollows:
ll
a 0 ( L 1) 0 ( f 1)
sysy 1
L L GLNA
TSYS
35
290
1.122 1 40 290 1.35 1
31.2 31.5 40 0.00001
1.122 1.122 105
=102.7K
35
SystemNoiseTemperature
36
TotalC/No
37
TotalC/No(DownlinkDominant)
Theaboveexampleofadominantdownlink(duesmallG/T)thateven
The above example of a dominant downlink ( due small G/T ) that even
increasinguplinkpowerby3dBaveryminor0.2dBimprovedinthetotal
C/No
38
TotalC/No(DownlinkDominant)
Butforthesamelink,increasingreceptiongainby3dBwillhaveadirect
impactonthetotalC/No
39
TotalC/No(UplinkDominant)
HavingabigreceptionAntennawithbigG/T,ifweincreaseitsgainby3dB,
theimpactwillbeverylowontotalC/No
40
TotalC/No(UplinkDominant)
However,the3dBincreaseontheuplinkEIRPwillhaveanoticedimpacton
theoverallC/No.
41
TransponderC/IM IntermodulationProducts
Case(1):SingleCleanCarrier
O/P
I/P
I/P O/P
fA fB
2fA fB fA fB 2fB fA
42
TransponderC/IM
IntermodProducts:ThreeCleanCarriers
d d h Cl C i
I/P
fA fB fC
0/P
fA +fB fC fA fB fC
fC +fA fB
fB +fC fA
43
TransponderC/IM
IntermodProducts:MultiCleanCarriers
I/P
fA fN
O/P
44
TransponderC/IM
45
TransponderC/IM
TWTATransferCharacteristics(Tabularformfora36MhzTP)
Aloadedtransponderwithmultiplecarriersshowingthe3rd IM
impactoneachpartofthetransponderspectrum
p p p p
47
OtherImpairments
BesidecomputedUplink/DownlinkCarriertoThermalnoisethe
B id d U li k /D li k C i Th l i h
totalCarriertoNoisewillneedtoincludeotherimpairmentsas:
Crosspolarization
p
Adjacentcarrier
Adjacentsatellite
AllthoseimpairmentsareexpressedasaC/Ivalueandsimilarto
aC/Nofthewantedsignal.
MathematicallyweusuallyPutallthosevaluesinparallelto
obtainthefinalC/N
48
OtherImpairments
49
CrossPolarization
s/cRXxpol=30dB s/cTXxpol=30dB
50
CrossPolarization
s/cRXxpol=30dB s/cTXxpol=30dB
51
BW&PowerLimited!
Carrier Allocated Bandwidth given by: [Ballocated =symbol rateX(1+) ]
Required C/N given by: [C/Nrequied =Eb/No + 10log(data rate/noise bw) ]
According to the given E/S parameters & S/C parameters, the Link Budget
lt determines
result d t i h
how much h power and
db d idth are consumed
bandwidth d iin
terms of:
Bandwidth viewpoint p :
i- PEBrslt = Ballctd : Optimal operation
ii- PEBrslt Ballctd : Power limited operation
Iii- PEBrslt Ballctd : Bandwidth limited operation
Power viewpoint :
i- C/Nrslt = C/Nrqd : Link optimal operation
ii- C/Nrslt C/Nrqd : Link realized. Excess TX Power.
Iii C/Nrslt C/Nrqd : Link Not realized.
Iii- realized Insufficient TX Power
Power.
52
OptimizationofSatelliteOperatingPoint
53
OptimizationofSatelliteOperatingPoint
54
55
56
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