19-Feb-2017 Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Green Valley Project

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,Bhubaneswar,Odisha

All the facts captured are based on facts available across internet ,facts provided by fellow
researchers and authors personal observations. This document is neither stating about
any particular group or company or country or particular person or religion. Author written
this document in the interest of Man Kind, Environment and our Planet.
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Smart City Garbage Management Programme

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Dump vs Landfill

There are two ways to bury trash:

Dump - an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that has various animals
(rats, mice, birds) swarming around. (This is most people's idea of a landfill!)

Landfill - carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is
isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is
accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil. A sanitary landfill uses a
clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment. A municipal solid waste (MSW)
landfill uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment
The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from
groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions,
trash will not decompose much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose
is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Environmental Concerns-Land Filling
What are the three main problems or environmental concerns associated with landfills?

Methane Gas, leachate, and loose waste are the three main challenges for landfills today.
Methane gas is produced in a landfill by anaerobic decomposition. It can be collected using
current technology and then used to generate electricity, or it can be purified and used as a
power-generating fuel. Leachate is a thick liquid that forms when garbage decomposes.
Loose waste attracts disease carrying vermin of all types, and it can fly away in the breeze.

Are there products in my house that should not be sent to a landfill?

Many of the products we use in our homes are considered hazardous materials. A
hazardous material is one that is toxic or will corrode metal, burn, or explode. Materials like
oven cleaner, batteries, motor oil, paints, varnishes, thinners, fluorescent bulbs, mercury
switches etc, should not be sent to landfills.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Methane (CH4) Greenhouse gas
Methane and carbon dioxide make up 90 to 98% of landfill gas. The remaining 2 to 10%
includes nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen and various other gases. Landfill
gases are produced when bacteria break down organic waste.

Landfill gas is a complex mix of different gases created by the action of microorganisms
within a landfill. Landfill gas is approximately forty to sixty percent methane, with the
remainder being mostly carbon dioxide. Trace amounts of other volatile organic compounds
comprise the remainder (<1%).

A byproduct of this anaerobic breakdown is landfill gas, which contains approximately 50

percent methane and 50 percent carbon dioxide with small amounts of nitrogen and oxygen.
This presents a hazard because the methane can explode and/or burn. So, the landfill gas
must be removed.Garbage is a major contributor to global warming. Solid waste landfills are
the single largest man-made source of methane gas in the United States. Methane (CH4) is a
powerful greenhouse gas that is 23 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere
than the most prevalent greenhouse gascarbon dioxide (CO2).

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Leachate
Leachate is the liquid that drains or leaches from a landfill. It varies widely in composition
regarding the age of the landfill and the type of waste that it contains. It usually contains
both dissolved and suspended material.

In fact the term leachate is so often applied to landfill leachate, both within the waste
management industry and outside, that it is easy to forget that leachate is the term used
for any liquid produced by the action of leaching. Leaching occurs when water percolates
through any permeable material.

The precipitation that falls into a landfill, coupled with any disposed liquid waste, results in
the extraction of the water-soluble compounds and particulate matter of the waste, and
the subsequent formation of leachate. The creation of leachate, sometimes deemed
"garbage soup," presents a major threat to the current and future quality of groundwater.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Leachate Generation
Formation of Leachate:

Leachate generation Leachates from landfill are

generated by a number of factors.

The following biological, physical and chemical events

occur when solid waste are placed in a sanitary landfill:

1. Biological decay of organic materials, either

aerobically or anaerobically with the evolution
of gases and liquids.
2. Chemical oxidation of waste materials
3. Escape of gases from landfills
4. Movement of liquid caused by differential heads
5. Dissolving and leaching of organic and inorganic by water and leachate moving
through the fills.
6. Movement of dissolved material by concentration gradients and osmosis.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Leachate generation Contd.
Characteristics:

The constituents and the characteristics of

leachate are as follows:
1. BOD5,
2. Total organic carbon
3. Chemical oxygen demand
4. Total suspended solid
5. Organic and ammonia nitrogen
6. Total phosphorous and ortho-phosphorous
7. Alkalinity, pH, total hardness
8. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulphate and iron.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Modern Landfill

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Methane and Leachate Extraction

Landfill Leachate Collection/Extraction

And Telemetry Leachate Management Systems

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Organic Waste vs. Landfilling
Now a days because of waste management advancement/implementaton in modern cities,
most of the dry recyclable wastes like Aluminum products (like soda, milk and tomato cans),
Plastics (grocery shopping bags, plastic bottles), Glass products (like wine and beer bottles,
broken glass), Paper products (used envelopes, newspapers and agazines, cardboard boxes)
segregated at source or in the waste management area.

Rest non-toxic garbage's organic materials

which goes to landfill .Though we do dump
the garbage in the form of landfill but it has
many environmental impacts unless
Managed properly. We need to avoid as
much as possible to dump garbage in
landfills.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Avoid Dumping or Landfilling
As much as possible we should minimize the waste disposal to landfill as it generates
methane and leachate. Its very difficult to monitor both methane gas and leachate leaking
after the landfill. Also we need to monitor/test ground water frequently to see if there is any
water contamination occurring because of toxic substance contact and leachate leaking near
the landfilling area.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Segregate Wet Waste-Avoid Landfilling

Wet waste, typically refers to organic waste usually generated by eating establishments
and are heavy in weight due to dampness. Wet waste consists of kitchen waste -
including vegetable and fruit peels and pieces, tea leaves, coffee grounds, eggshells,
bones and entrails, fish scales, as well as cooked food (both veg and non-veg). Wet
waste can be segregated further to avoid landfilling as landfilling is not a good sign of
effective waste management.

Lets understand how much organic waste we

generate in the next slide and how to avoid those
garbage to go for landfilling.

In one of the report (US, few other countries) it has

been observed that around 30% of the total waste
generated contributed by food waste.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 FOOD WASTE FACTS
United Nations Environment Programme: The impact of food waste is not just financial.
Environmentally, food waste leads to wasteful use of chemicals such as fertilizers and
pesticides; more fuel used for transportation; and more rotting food, creating more
methane one of the most harmful greenhouse gases that contributes to climate change.
Methane is 23 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. The vast amount of food
going to landfills makes a significant contribution to global warming.

Roughly one third of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year
approximately 1.3 billion tonnes gets lost or wasted.

Every year, consumers in rich countries waste almost as much food (222 million tonnes)
as the entire net food production of sub-Saharan Africa (230 million tonnes).

Food loss and waste also amount to a major squandering of resources, including water,
land, energy, labour and capital and needlessly produce greenhouse gas emissions,
contributing to global warming and climate change.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 FOOD WASTE FACTS (UNEP)
The amount of food lost or wasted every year is equivalent to more than half of the
world's annual cereals crop (2.3 billion tonnes in 2009/2010).

In developing countries food waste and losses occur mainly at early stages of the food
value chain and can be traced back to financial, managerial and technical constraints in
harvesting techniques as well as storage and cooling facilities. Thus, a strengthening of
the supply chain through the support farmers and investments in infrastructure,
transportation, as well as in an expansion of the food and packaging industry could
help to reduce the amount of food loss and waste.

In medium- and high-income countries food is wasted and lost mainly at later stages in
the supply chain. Differing from the situation in developing countries, the behaviour of
consumers plays a huge part in industrialized countries. Moreover, the study identified
a lacking coordination between actors in the supply chain as a contributing factor.
Farmer-buyer agreements can be helpful to increase the level of coordination.
Additionally, raising awareness among industries, retailers and consumers as well as
finding beneficial use for save food that is presently thrown away are useful measures
to decrease the amount of losses and waste.
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 FOOD WASTE FACTS (UNEP)
In the United States 30% of all food, worth US$48.3 billion (32.5 billion), is thrown
away each year. It is estimated that about half of the water used to produce this food
also goes to waste, since agriculture is the largest human use of water. (Jones, 2004
cited in Lundqvist et al., 2008).

United Kingdom households waste an estimated 6.7 million tonnes of food every
year, around one third of the 21.7 million tonnes purchased. This means that
approximately 32% of all food purchased per year is not eaten. Most of this (5.9
million tonnes or 88%) is currently collected by local authorities. Most of the food
waste (4.1 million tonnes or 61%) is avoidable and could have been eaten had it been
better managed (WRAP, 2008; Knight and Davis, 2007).

In the USA, organic waste is the second highest component of landfills, which are the
largest source of methane emissions.

Sources:
Global Food Losses and Food Waste - FAO, 2011
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 All About the Magical Compost
Compost (/kmpst/ or /kmpost/) is organic matter that has
been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment.

Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming.composting is a way of breaking down

food wastes in order to make compost, which is beneficial for keeping your soil healthy
so that plants will grow from it.

Instead of thowing away food scraps, you can include them in an organic compost pile
so that they can still be used as natural fertilizers for the soil.

Moreover composting is generally beneficial for the environment because it keeps

food wastes away from landfills where they release greenhouse gases that emit
harmful radiation into the atmosphere.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 10 good reasons why you should
compost
Yard and food waste make up 30% of the waste stream. Composting your kitchen and
yard trimmings helps divert that waste from the landfill, waterways and water
treatment facilities.
You will significantly reduce pest problemsand your use of pesticides.
Healthy plants from healthy soil look better, produce better and have a much greater
ability to fight off pests and diseases.
Adding organic materials to the soil improves moisture retention.
Adding decomposed organic material to the soil feeds beneficial organisms.
Compost amends both sandy and clay soils.
Compost provides a balanced, slowrelease source of nutrients that helps the soil
hold nutrients long enough for plants to use them.
Composting saves moneyyou avoid the cost of buying soil conditioners, bagged
manure etc.
Feeding your plants well will improve your own diet. Plants grown in depleted soils
have a reduced nutrient content.
Home composting is a valuable tool in educating children about nature and the cycle
of life.
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Types of Composting
Backyard composting If you have a yard and a balance of browns (fallen leaves or
straw) and greens (grass clippings and food scraps), you have all you need to make
compost.

Worm composting (vermicomposting) If you have a tiny yard or live in an apartment

or have an abundance of food scraps, this type of composting is for you.

Grasscycling If you have grass clippings and don't want to use them in a compost pile
you can leave them on the lawn to decompose. Read about grass cycling for tips,
techniques and benefits.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 How to Make Organic Compost at Home
Rule-1

Not all food waste can go into

compost pile.
For Organic compost you may
use below food waste/scraps.

Fruit and vegetables Scrap,

Leaves, Egg shells, Garden
plants and grass, Garden
weeds, Hay or straw, Pine
Needles, Flowers, Coffee
grounds, Chicken Manure

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Food, Fruit and vegetables scrap
DO COMPOST
All your vegetable and fruit
wastes, (including rinds and
cores) even if they are moldy
and ugly
Old bread, donuts, cookies,
crackers, pizza crust, noodles:
anything made out of flour!
Grains (cooked or uncooked):
rice, barley, you name it
Coffee grounds, tea bags,
filtersDry leaves
Fruit or vegetable pulp from
juicing
Old spices
Outdated boxed foods from
the pantry
Egg shells (crush well)
Corn cobs and husks (cobs
breakdown very slowly)
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
DON'T COMPOST
Meat or meat waste, such as
bones, fat, gristle, skin, etc.
Fish or fish waste
Dairy products, such as
cheese, butter, cottage
cheese, yogurt, cream
cheese, sour cream, etc.
Grease and oils of any kind
Why can't you compost
these food wastes?
They inbalance the otherwise
nutrient-rich structure of other
food and vegetation waste
and breakdown slowly
They attract rodents and
other scavenging animals
Meat attracts maggots
Your compost bin will smell
to holy hell and back!
 Food, Fruit and vegetables scrap
A typical household throws away an estimated 474 pounds of food waste each year. Put
another way, that is about 1.5 lbs per person a day in the U.S. Food scraps generated by
all households in the United States could be piled on a football field more than five
miles (26,400 feet) high!
How to Store Compostable Food Scraps

Scraps can be stored in plastic bags in your refrigerator until used in your compost
bin
Scraps can take up less space if you chop or shred them first during meal
preparation
Scraps can be stored in a Kitchen Compost Pail until taken to your compost bin

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Dry Leaves vs Compost
Most trees have long roots extending deep
into the subsoil. They draw in the nutrients
and trace minerals which have leached out of
the upper soil layers.
Fifty to 80% of these nutrients end up in the
leaves so you'll find tree leaves rich in trace
minerals. They are nature's nutrient recyclers.

Most leaves provide a high carbon source or "browns" for your compost. In other words
their C/N ratio is usually over 30, often around 50. Essentially this means they are low in
Nitrogen. In a compost they'll need their nitrogen rich green counterparts.
Leaves have two problems in a compost:
Leaves have a tendency to mat, especially when not shredded. When matted they will
create an impenetrable barrier to air and water.
Leaves take a long time to break down. They contain varying amounts of lignin which is
extremely resistant to decomposing. Usually a year or two is needed to fully decompose
leaves.
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Dry Leaves vs. Compost
According to Ken Thompson, author of Compost (whose book I love for its straight forward
info and humor), these are useful categories to use when composting leaves.
Good vs Bad Leaves:
Good Leaves - those lower in lignin and higher is calcium and nitrogen - includes ash,
cherry, elm, linden, maple, poplar and willow. Break down in about a year.

Bad Leaves - those higher in lignin and lower in nitrogen and calcium - includes beech,
birch, hornbeam, oak, and sweet chestnut. I would also add magnolia and holly to this list.
Need two or more years usually to breakdown.
Green vs Red vs Brown
o Green Leaves - some trees shed green leaves. These can be added in moderate
amounts.
o Red or Yellow Leaves - These can be used in small amounts.
o Brown Leaves - Should be avoided but are good for leaf mold.

A last Caution- avoid the leaves of black walnut and eucalyptus tree leaves. These plants
have natural herbicides that prevent seed from germinating.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 4 simple steps to help you make great
leaf compost:
Here are 4 simple steps to help you make great leaf compost:
1. The Gathering Process How To Get The Right Kind Of Leaves And A Lot Of
Them! There are leaves like pine leaves are acidic in nature and should be avoided.
2. Shred Shred Shred!Like anything you put into a compost pile leaves benefit
greatly from being shredded first. Whole leaves wont compost quickly if left alone
on the ground and especially in piles where they can bind together and become a
soggy matted mess.
3. Add a Nitrogen Source to Your Leaf Compost Pile: to speed up the decomposition
process you need to add a source of Nitrogen to get your pile cooking. Fresh cut
green grass is a great source of nitrogen and mixes easily with shredded leaves.
Chicken, rabbit or horse manure also are great sources to get that pile of leaves
heated up and cooking. If you have no access to grass or manure you can always
purchase a ready-made off the shelf compost activator but good old natural green
grass or manure works perfect for us.
4. Keep It Together, Keep it Turned, And Keep It Moist. Just like your regular compost
pile turning your leaf compost pile once or twice a week will help your pile heat up
and break down quickly.
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Garden weeds
Don't Compost Weeds That Have Gone
to Seed
If you are going to throw weeds into
your compost pile, be sure that they
haven't set seed, first.

Those weed seeds will just sit there

happily in your compost until you
spread them over a garden bed where
they have access to light and air, and,
wham! You've got a weed issue. If your
weeds have already gone to seed,
throw them in the trash. The sooner
you can remove a weed from your
garden, the better.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 How to Make Organic Compost at Home
Rule-2
On the other hand ,avoid including following since they can attract pests and spread
easily in the compost ,rendering it useless.

Meat,Bonesv,fish scraps,
Perennial weeds,diseased plants,
Pet manures,fruit peels

Rule-3

Start making your compost pile in the earth itself. There is no need to put it in some
sort of container , although a compost bin by the garden can be very helpful while you
are still gathering materials.

Once all the material ready you need dig a shallow hole and set the compost pile in the
earth to let worms and other beneficial microorganisms go to work on it.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 How to Make Organic Compost at Home

If you have twigs and straw in your compost pile ,you should put them in the compost
It first making sure that they are buried a few inches deep into earth.

These twigs will help ventilating and draining the compost pile.

Rule#4

When adding compost materials, make sure that you do it in layers and that you alternate
the dry and moist materials.

The dry ones as leaves, sawdust, pallets and straw.

The moist materials are seaweed, tea bags and food scraps.

Rule#5
After adding the dry and moist materials in layers, you can then add the manure and
the grass and other plants.
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 How to Make Organic Compost at Home
These ingredients emit nitrogen into soil, speeding up the process of decomposition in the
Compost pile.

Rule#6

Always keep the compost moist.

This will be problem during the rainy season since rainwater will do the job.

However during dry season ,make sure that you water your organic compost, just like
Any other plant that you can take care of it.

Rule#7
You can help retain moisture in the compost pit by covering it with anything ,such as wood,
Carpet scraps, or even plastic sheets. This can also serve as protection from too much
Rainwater during wet season.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 How to Make Organic Compost at Home
Keep covering moist but not soaked.

Rule#8

To aerate the compost pile ,make sure that you turn

the pile every weeks using
Shovel or pitchfork.

Composting is largely aided by oxygen , and turning the

pile every now can then Can help add oxygen to speed
up composting process.

You will be able to save money and at the same time

,help your environment by making homemade organic
compost.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 AEROBIC COMPOSTING VS ANAEROBIC
COMPOSTING
AEROBIC COMPOSTING VS ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
HotRot units use continuous aerobic composting technology to turn putrescible organic
wastes into compost, a renewable resource. So what do we mean by aerobic composting
and why do we prefer this over anaerobic composting technology?
AEROBIC COMPOSTING
Aerobic composting is decomposition of organic matter using microorganisms that
require oxygen. The microbes responsible for composting are naturally occurring and
live in the moisture surrounding organic matter. Oxygen from the air diffuses in to the
moisture and is taken up by the microbes. As aerobic digestion takes place the by-
products are heat, water and carbon dioxide (CO2). While CO2 can be classified as a
greenhouse gas its evolution from the composting process is not counted in emissions.
Additionally, CO2 is only 1/20th as harmful to the environment as methane (the main by-
product of anaerobic degradation).
The heat produced in aerobic composting is sufficient to kill harmful bacteria
and pathogens as these organisms are not adapted to these environmental conditions.
It also helps support the growth of beneficial bacteria species
including psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic bacteria which thrive at
the higher temperature levels. Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 AEROBIC COMPOSTING VS ANAEROBIC
COMPOSTING
From start to finish, the HotRot in-vessel aerobic composting process takes only 8-10
days. No leachate is produced as any surplus moisture is extracted as water vapour
which can be condensed and used for watering nearby vegetation.

ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
Anaerobic composting is decomposition that occurs using microorganisms that do
not require oxygen to survive. In an anaerobic system the majority of the chemical
energy contained within the starting material is released as methane. The process is
characterised by very strong odours and only a small amount of heat is generated
meaning decomposition takes much longer and doesnt reach sufficient
temperatures to safely kill plant pathogens, weed and seeds. To overcome these
limitations external (artificial) heat is normally added.
As the material is broken down by anaerobic digestion, it creates a sludge-like
material that is even more difficult to break down. This material, digestate, typically
requires aerobic composting to complete the stabilisation process.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 AEROBIC COMPOSTING VS ANAEROBIC
COMPOSTING

Anaerobic Digestion
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19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Composting Method in Pictorial form

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19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Composting methods in Pictorial form

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Composting in Pictorial form

3 Bins method will help you to

putting wastes in the other bin when
one bin is full. Till you reach to 3rd bin
your 1st bin compost would be ready
to use.You bin side would depend on
the amount of suitable waste you
generate on daily basis .
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Key Hole Garden
First made popular in Africa, A keyhole garden
holds moisture and nutrients due to an active
compost pile placed in the center of a round
bed. Although most helpful in hot and dry
locations, a keyhole garden will improve
growing conditions in just about any climate.
This kind of garden adopted to improve the
existing poor quality of soil in Africa.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Key Hole Garden

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 All about Vermicompost
The term vermicomposting means the use of earthworms for composting organic
residues. Earthworms can consume practically all kinds of organic matter and they can eat
their own body weight per day, e.g. 1 kg of worms can consume 1 kg of residues every
day. The excreta (castings) of the worms are rich in nitrate, available forms of P, K, Ca and
Mg. The passage of soil through earthworms promotes the growth of bacteria and
actinomycetes. Actinomycetes thrive in the presence of worms and their content in worm
casts is more than six times that in the original soil.
Types of worms
A moist compost heap of 2.4 m by 1.2 m and 0.6 m high can support a population of more
than 50 000 worms. The introduction of worms into a compost heap has been found to
mix the materials, aerate the heap and hasten decomposition. Turning the heaps is not
necessary where earthworms are present to do the mixing and aeration. The ideal
environment for the worms is a shallow pit and the right sort of worm is necessary.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Worms for Vermicompost
Lumbricus rubellus (red worm) and Eisenia foetida are thermo-tolerant and so particularly
useful.
Field worms (Allolobophora caliginosa) and night crawlers (Lumbricus terrestris) attack
organic matter from below but the latter do not thrive during active composting, being
killed more easily than the others at high temperature.
European night crawlers (Dendrabaena veneta or Eisenia hortensis) are produced
commercially and have been used successfully in most climates. These night crawlers
grow to about 10-20 cm.
The African night crawler (Eudrilus eugeniae), is a large, tropical worm species. It
tolerates higher temperatures than Eisenia foetida does, provided there is ample
humidity. However, it has a narrow temperature tolerance range, and it cannot survive
at temperatures below 7 C.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Worms for Vermicompost

Vermicomposting is followed in many countries.

Experiences from selected countries are described
as case studies. Compost Bed

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Wet Waste vs. Compost

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Waste to Compost Machine
Government should provide subsidy in waste to compost machines.
In India we generate 6.2 crore tonnes (62000000 tonnes) of food waste and almost
68% of the food waste not being utilized and thrashed to contaminate the
environment. We can generate 1300 MW electricity out of it.
Thanks to TV9 to broadcast. Pune
apartment residents installed waste
to compost machine to convert food
waste to compost and reutilize the
garbage in the best way. Pune's local
farmer, Sachin Bohr, invented a
machine that can Convert waste into
compost.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Food Waste to Compost

Agriculture produce to the tune of Rs 58,000 crore---40% of the total produce---was wasted
every year in the country. In terms of overall food wasteagricultural produce,
poultry and milkIndia ranks seventh, with the Russian Federation at the top of the list.
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Waste to Compost Machines
All types of food waste can not be used for compost at your yard. There are many types of
food waste to compost machine available now a days. These can be used by individual
Household, Restaurants, Hotels,Hostels,Canteens,Apartment complexes. There are different
range with various capacities available in market Now a days.

Food Waste Master is a

unique composting
machine for an on-site
treatment of your food
waste.

Micron Commercial
Food Waste
Composter for
Kitchen\Hotel

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 How Waste to Compost machine works

There are different

types of waste to
compost machines
available in market
now a days using
similar type of
mechanism which can
be procured to convert
waste to useable
component called
compost.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 How Waste to Compost machine works

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Waste to Compost
All the apartments having more than 10 flats must purchase compost machines and
use the compost to grow plants to decorate the premises.(If they can purchase DG set
then why not Waste to Compost).It should be a mandate for the apartment complexes.

Residents should be careful while composting food waste. Its obvious that many proud
flat owners wont obey rules and start putting other wastes (non-biodegradable dry
waste) along with food waste. Those residents to be identified and penalized.

In case someone put non-biodegradable dry waste(i.e. plastic,rubber) in the compost

then it will have an environment impact. Leachates may be generated, in turn it will
damage the soil quality and may mix with ground water to pollute the environment.
Because of this kind of wrong practice, apartment residents may intake the same
contaminated water through bore well installed in their premises.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 Happy Composting
We can utilize food waste and compost them depending on the type of food waste to
reduce garbage for landfilling. We can reduce almost 30% of garbage during landfilling and
improve organic farming.

Government can deploy such waste to compost machines or setup compost beds to
Create the magical soil and sell it to farmers in less price for betterment of the society
and help farmers to reduce the farming cost.

Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,

19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 About Me
I am Neeraj Rath having 14 + years overall experience in Information technology field working
in one of the Indias large software consulting company.

More than 5 years experience working in USA and UK regions as a software consultant.
Had been a silent observer of the environment changes and pollution.
Recently started looking into garbage management issues and started working on
the planning part to reduce garbage management issues and improve Urban/rural healthy
lifestyle.
Planning to write proposals/provide support related to environment issues or garbage
management issues and free lancing. Implementing any change to save environment would
require lot of discussion with the project team, locals before enforcing any rules to
implement effectively.
Its not important how much you are educated but its very important how much you are
concerned for your family, people or environment to save this world.

You can contact me at neerajrath@gmail.com or <+91-7205808320>

https://twitter.com/neerajrath or WhatsApp@+91-7008512083
Written/Documented by Neeraj Rath,
19-Feb-2017
Bhubaneswar, Odisha