A CONCISE HISTORY OF Ireland MAIRE anp CONOR CRUISE O'BRIEN THAMES AND HUDSON - LONDONSLINJLNOD a é Le s SwouanDNOD HL ONOKY NOISIAIE | Sav THe IKE pouruzapur xonbueg sesoioug § | sunanTaias sau | SNOLTIZES8 OrTONLLW> AKL aN ronbuoy mmsiorg + ToasovSa / aONVASISIN aaUINA | sHHAINOTOD HSMIDE paposqy wmbueg y § ONY SxNom ) KOWOHD 314 40 gHog 3H | ORME ants sueuioyy 2¢p Jo Summiocy axp o> Karuensyy < susanbxoo sprosoy wsorpresy oxp pure php ‘hroxsiqaig * 6 Host 66 9 Nast6 Catholic Resurgence and Protestant Reaction 97 ( panten GoomNent | THE GREAT FAMINE | IRELAND AND AMERICA / THE FENIANS / THE LAND LEAGUE | DARNELL | GLADSTONE AND HOME RULE 7 The Sccuggle for Independence 123 RELIGION AND POLITICS | REDMOND AND HOME RULE | ULSTER RESISTANCE / THE EASTER RISING /-THE FIRST AIL ‘ue TROUBLES / THE TREATY 8 Self-Government 193 ‘DIE TUSH FREE STATE / FIRE! LEAVING THE Conon: \WEALTIE NORTHERN ¥RELAND / THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY 175 LisT OF ILLUSTRATIONS 179 SNDEX 187 CHAPTER I Prehistory, Myth and the Earliest Records Prehistory in Ireland is an impersonal afi until you come to the {teat scone tombs. These ~ although we can date chez beginnings as long ago a8 3000 Bc ~ present a challenge to our contemporary tunderstanding in ces that we Feb constantly on the verge of re- solving. What is more, we know that fiom the time of out earliest records, a the beginning of the Christian era, Irishmen have been similarly preoccupied by them. Before them we can reconstruct only a rudimentary pattern of human life on the island, going back tothe point when ~ in the Middle Stone Age ~ the fishermen and food gatherers of postglacial Europe, following the coastlines and the forest edges, crossed feom Scotland into Anitim to find and exp the Aint depos ‘They may have come dry-shod, before disappearance of the land-bridges, but more probably they n: ‘gated the nattow strait in skin coracles. No prior traces of man’s habitation can be shown to survive; the Early Stone Age hunter does not seem to have come so fit. Probably because of this the remains ofthe giant deer we call che Insh Elk abound The Mesolithic people are believed :0 have been out earliest inuing and considerable basic element in our 1b the originators of some of the chatacerisic ‘eaontey life ~ the corzcle was the Bana and the Boyne. Being, fisher folk hese ancestors loved the waterside, lake and island, and this preference conditioned the siting of homesteads for some ousends of years afterwards, Later comers reinforced these dwel- ngrsites against changing lake levels, and later again, in the metal” using ages, we find men building and occupying, atifcial islands, called crannég in Ivish, some of which were stil lived in in the seventeenth cen less our common humanity apart, we can tell very le Stone Age man; we cannot guess ng memor) ? feecat ight fe aweaetna peenos 50 20Uapiaa sto st 310 3yp suor9 2u0 por AfsnoaSruuespe pe gh [fo aN. sau op Siapeeriso0 pur spunow ponqusey> Hoyt 9) ejduay sdeyind pu peop 194) 19) #9. pues ing S94 “ pueps] ur ues: “paurjndod sem puoi jo puefst 2uyus ap“ yup *pueypoor pu fog 4 aa paidnano Soy “Sy ayppryy agp Ur pu ‘sea pas Aaya tuonb-aippes an ~ peaig 305 U0: unos pur pooy 1a payoo> fay, “Sursesm pe Satsuids* Jo sonbiayoor agp pauiseus pe qx i9quin jo “o> pawsnsuon fatp sfexaseed pur Siam ‘it6q “2202} *Ssnoy “sq 10g peye se} popen pu s9HoIDe ut poonpoxd see 39a OxE tung “seHem pou ‘L038 aatseur UE LINQ, oY 2fdoad ‘apy © possssod fay. ‘ajpo Aoip ssiowie) 8m pussy jo sueenqeyur Bly aueag many 2 ITV “pep sx Jo PrsORp 24, Moy MOU, U OP > ne umouy eos Bpseries of invasions going back befor ‘These accounis ate ‘we cannot apprehend it ings on che upright stones seen by inconstant ies? Was the content ofthe symbols for- goten and only the conviction of d Cannot answer these questions. What fist able to disengage the mythology of ichange. Nevertheless, much ofthe though unhistorieal in any strict sense, ref shall see later on ~ situations we know (© remembered that an incurso folkmemory oF popelations having rel involve any the great city of «0 abode ofthe god “This decors sone Basin in he ps ‘of Knowth (rt) where most vothour metal eleBy sg 29 24 28y G04 eT op “yes 09 ed pon“The Ture Stone in Co, Gaheay iecovrt th eeland lasted fifeen hundred years, and left ‘usa biiliant and diversified craftsmanship to admite: weapons of bronze - the beautifilly balanced leafshaped sword — and ex» and many Stone Age ontinue unsubmerged. The people left no they were aware of the solemn nature ofthe {great tombs; on occasion they buried sore, They may have continued the cult of mighty stone circles ate attibuted to the aments are more massive, the motifs lements of the Ton Age herald an almost the Iron Age of ross Europe from ‘whose cultural evor jom the Kel alts of the classical world, the sackers of Rome and of Del ‘The evidence points to a complex of se’contained «iba among whom warfare, internecine and external, was endemic, Enough feagments of their speech survive to show that we are con” cerned with that branch of Janguages ‘ough we do not know that the spener evr efeed to deme thought of themselves as Ces. ‘What we know ofth our sense of a common igion, customs and p inforces they moved and settled, . bbe identified fom place, tribal and personal names, whose own names and acibutes ate recorded in European history and engraved on European monuments, whose doings are encapsulated in Irish tre. The social organization is that revealed by the ly land, long after tjudges'. The seating The Celts(9004 Jo roqyan ¥ 2 2194p 1p ps uf eynsumuad ueragy 34 pue [mer 312 ‘af nD Apueurwopoid sea oBejaai Jo wsonbuoo aup Jo poriad 24 sanet “pig reno rere eT on 4 soo ay, “sid 5801 2 Sup pur “ypoq Sunigey ealsou09 “usta rs sry pt Jo Senn, 949 J0 UoMntOD aman Fx yp np FUG HOH ump ® yon ‘ypsnt 01 sdoxd spus n> Aq san [euls 2ats209ns Jo usoied esoun8 ayp dey AGNOP OU SI 2:94, “Aaiunos Surjeods-onpp v aueaeq puejary 105 201 pio nog aMigrations nd conquests » but the practice continued down to the fh Considered the subjugation of Hiber aie ry from Roman “Unde this fave 2 man’s identicy was defined family; outside the tribe he had no legal pe of act and le common pro individual. Monarchy was group. Wealth was reckon racism were the only express sanctions, but they were often, reinforced predictably by ire, Catleraiding and warfare cen kingdom and kingdom, with their shifting patterns of ium, but i homes ofthe Iron Age early Chi " ‘of Irish landscape hemes would have been mainly of wood. The breathtaking d Is which dominate the clit of the western seaboard te- country, making alo provided refuges for cultural uniry soughous the cent 13Jden-asioy pur woueyrsest 240305 jowusope jeuosiad ypnut 205 adoud 28y revojoregace espe aney a, 228 SureUI (ene ‘ap yan se sea 95080. gorges ~ se 24 aeoi8 ap yo 280g anton ep jo 20 61 payor 34 pines siowey Suepy “souNpIA3 reser Er pasoddnsaid 23] Jo hem aep jo doy dea 3an “ap o1do ayn Jo inopusyds 3qp parsesiuos onty (1 pobppe 201s & pare sSeueud 90 peniro sua. 150 21k Umouy 804) Jo Ino aun dag spd suc pase jo dyquom 24 aes oF Aaustxoud sop ut AI Ur pareurSino surg 2xp jo >t 1 9.1, “IsEOD stOUTENENOUT pre hyped sep Oye SUany in effigy dhe defeated Gauls of classical CHAPTER 2 s the Empire recedes, a specific dominance, emerge province: Tt Rourish ‘Saxon invaders. The sage of Christianity, and Ireland, whieh remainc coms to terms with Rome, 1 wncongiered peri Ireland bojond the _ Christianicy to the coming of the Normans 's seventh-century biographers, an Trish monk , writing in Latin, describes an encounter berween one Lowpit iapnt ber gt Tori quae erat capat Scot igo stn rege hus pene Unvolee and this meeting has eeomes iseate fap afte Patch t however, an encounter that in any likelihood ever . St Patick i, of course, a historical figure; he is indeed. puted historical figure we can produce for ral of Roman arms in the fifth cen vives in records of his own chapter and Patick isa com of life continued unimp: captored a a boy in and brought as a shave to Ireland. We know, in fact, a great deal about his personal 1d of world he lived in, bor ovr only unchallenged In that year Pope Celestine ip Rome appointed a op naned Palais co de ate of ee mission or how it dover tails with Patrick's, but of course the conversion of a people does rot happen overnight and is not accomplished by one man, Two plenty of evidence of the tenacious and also of missionary foundations than Dateick xeworthy, however, that we have no ds of manyidom. As for the inpeatir, Loegair, the "High ac Tara, we hae eepresens the concept of the civil power that Deore dk forthe Lend ump pcb ey 4 can only say that Essp syBa0ug of Spo, onseuou Jo swwepuaosap if. “ese, Jo uotssassod‘Thiscaly Chenin ombstone, are secondary. Around the edge, ‘Ogham alias indeipherable name ofthe Bad man readily asimilable. The monastery became the equivalent of the ‘uth or pety kingdom and functioned accordingly. The monastic grouping replaced the striedly tecitorial episcopal sec. Bi such, retained merely thei doctrinal purity which the siderable isolation is remarkable, Its main differences politan Rome were on this basic organizational level 2 ‘The Itish were extraordinarily and affectionately tenacious i when the method of calculating, Easter fo Church was changed in Rome, they found ie very dif 19 abandon the earlier method which they had received from ny revered oversy smpathize with the bi owever, be made cles "time ~ the Roman Easter ws 1¢ Synod of Whitby (664) ~ an ted recognition, reland’s “Golden Age’. ‘The major reconciliation brought about by the genius of the at becween the pagan and the Christian mind, Generar hmen have known it petsonified in the much-loved figure of Colmcille the ‘Dove of the Church’, Se Columba, Like St Patrick, hei atthe same time an authentic gure ~his biographer Addamnin, writing atthe end of the seventh century, is one of our tare trustworthy biogcaphical sources ~ and a focus for a potent body of legend. He was born eligible for the Kingship of Tara; he bbeeamea mighty missionary abbot and established the Irish Church ‘overseas in the Gaelic Kingdom of Dél Riada in Scotland from ‘whence was initlated the evangelization of English Northumbria. His foundation of Tons rivalled che prestige of Armagh. ‘Tradition presents him as passionately devoted to learning and 2 ‘master sribe ~ one of the most important functions of a monastery ‘was, of course, the production of the manuscript books of the period ~ and the oldest surviving manuscript in western Europe is a psale Legend makes perhaps n ile book should have been preserved by isman, and come to be known as the Cathech or 9g One’. [sis a working psalter~ very al and moving, very ” The Doce ofthe Churchpur we 9 Ue fea Benen p> 3p woy 98d y sara vung pry adoung uroisom ur azmvezay mjnoeuzsa SuIntns 19p]o qa s0 uaad8 sey pry souetfe 2gL “aqnop 2 uoses © Sunep pur diysioypne aso 38194 Ysa] Jo 322 sag, pasoduras puri yo pod-pmy, ayy ys it “ap por ueusayods sip ‘skem aatsea ax Jo pe sisod 241 Jo 218900 [Be da os pu Bor pa oto pd “ee {Jo Simiew Uw99q 9KeH{ IMS IsnuL oHESUadsip ured 9—n popr0221 piss stopp dape sem a net Bunuse9y mouthe movement of the ‘Exiles for Chris’, and many st pieces on this theme are fathered ont him. The essence of this exile was a rmactyedom, » kind of civil death. A man left ny one, but in the evangelization of the pagan sought out inacenible indhtene se Glastonbury feces ‘Vienna among and beyond th Life Nosh door ofthe haved, Toa Cathedel. This ‘spa of athinerscenury Bel: The sth-centary rmonasie fosndaion of Devenish, on an sland Lough Erne. Rovod‘Bury ysty 24,1. “prea papazoons ausuispuns !pa8urqp osfy S{Sene 34D Jo Bswreg> aYLL APOYS feMEEE ayp AYE payer Aryod PY JO Yoo, ap St 35H Jo snow -poregs ‘rnundieo'pue inured ospe sd2yind pur ‘soyrora-[roU pue {qUDs Ip uBls9p Jo strouL 24 se oJ uoUEMDOP oF aatasns [dE 230 yBnouns ang "poysnsd ‘oip fndroswer poreur seus ys, you 34.1 pur ares uo 6u sea 14 pur wn 20 aly wpien, Jo puepsy aur, 38u sf au0~> pile moasoy se se3 28) SE ‘PHO uMowy 2zn00 op pose|d Suiplngdrys yo sonbmuypay pesueape mai] sbpen pur soreuid 29m (oH “uON mAEMPEIDS mH WOH sD UNA 2 “tg, Aq Aue wnet uous aed Jo any Suromor ay, s 105 mu9uTL rou ati eyp fq 239% seuONHDeAd su jo AueyA “S[Ooy>s 3>eIEg 94) 2 stoseu ps ‘Bru ry “uonnsloost aigeptsuo> paaniyoe pry Su ‘pure 94 kg, 998 3yp Jo Sf qavoxdde 2 29) au ® r poo "349 UE UNO Pa faq so unappg fo wwsurseyaUs 1p pue Furnes 198u9] ou Sem a1 pur Aatues yo prion ¥ ovr 2ySeus puz wowsn> jo Auvent axp wos adeaso we povussosdes ar veep Kuownsa Bar “a1aas Apuaypadar se siuopms wzspour s spp 01 Beypng suoturdasos siq 10) $40s 1e0q © Surpnpsul 10} ua24iude {Jo [PING suotoddo ajqeprusiey wou rey) rsurede uonsab spwseg agp Go soueassigo ypu] axp pauoiduey> 244 pur sBury paused pur poynqrs aq wIWeISDT PIC a—p ur ydord = 94] “spospuny our suns pat 2y s9sn04 yp Wosp 1998p. spyp Suisen suonepungy yo naquinu 2q) pue ‘odo: ‘uny oor sBean09 algerBeput ng ‘sBe1uo4 uradoing uowuo> + vy Wedionted snorssuo> Kypnoxd ® Aquo row yssnycy ystat sep soxeW reU Sumphiond 195 spuEIs DH “Sa[lioayjor Jo Aaeroduiuoa wSunof ‘snurquinjoD st 2xn8y sueurtuop ay,1."9222¢) umouy ary w9N2 few waxp yo a1w0S “Pound yp oy forsee AzepaSuss sem ney HLT, nps pe ogyat Clonmacnoise. The Norse towns and dheir hinter- i, and later, Limerick — achieved an wneasy status as the person of Maelseehpai ship, however, being not here of the High King w: to power bur because of its extraordinary efecrveness. He saw hic 3a Jo Sur “epeypinyy seyy peyouog jo uo: mig ‘pure *faniin y Jo spuayey 24] Kepen puryary it porenadiad uaaq sey re Paap 242 St jnypeaip "wareoy.1 Je RIES, ansursy JO Yoo, 24 TERN PSR SE pare sou wcpudusos adensoueus watt 2qp ot Aue Suoyo5 2 2Meq ae save] ste Aigy pur paspuny au0 Keay “Seqspiop980 SPE pases pey Kap wiR|D pINOD soMABxBAO$ feo] ysl xp uoure auoye oy “tneupy Jo wopBuryy snomaqs1 Ayenucared a4 “som ap 2296 aeG seep UE DSIONY ap EEE DE] ap “qarep si 9Us 9] SBE posueape UE Te ‘s010j Hag: Jo APP 514 EEE np jo aseyd [Puy ay “Ay ‘pur wnopp1 pe Adn0031 ea, ponotoad pu suone>y © Connor and the incident 38 39ww Sug gure me fg pease get ming pond i Bay hy Pres e} dog wou oy eM PEA rump jo amuerrenbnue spud oyp 205 dpuanboys syxads esum] Jo yoog, axp Jo aquos yp on mB] Y “Sanoaewe ApefoNpE Jo Uowxa9" ag) Ing AsyeIDods 2 aouincrd aqp Afuo 104 atwo22q peg uoREpen pu weg “sxMIN outst 943 ur wssI0nK SnoTasu09 pur paeansitydos © 4q 30 Stowe ~ sppy KuEW UE sep pre S| » kg fquo 104 ponuedwosae ses 9pI0 34 9) nurs qs ap Jo my ope “pura ow sy usyn amuse ey sy Sue vang Sta pre pinuog jo sue 34s uF OEP Ky>eTEH ws AiSerqins st 203 yun WOU cp AU 0 se AGP 8 9p Agoou “usurp, Lue ied p ap Bu ibuo> ap Spfemmpun on jy up pozn0% paqiosqy wonbuep VW t uaLdVHO ee‘We learn that Ua Crimthainn belonged fo a monastic com- munity of dhe od dispensation; Finm we know wo have been a ee forming bishop. Whatever lingering opposition this epresented, it js clea id not prevent an afecionae literary collaboration, “The Land of Ireland is sword-land,” wrote a sixteenth-eentury Ikish cour poet fora ad by then evel Burkes, Fitzgerald nomial vasa ofthe En sword the Lands their fathers conquered, and culed forall the ike those Itish princes whose power had weathered the in- vasion, The insttuionalized ‘was promised the King’s iage and the suceession to the kingdom of Leine nt which might well have founded a dy ingdoms of thet own, and th ‘were such that Henry TI took fight and came hi accompanied by a c table force, to forest Reasoning from 3 remises, many Tvsh chi in return for his guarantee of these proceedings imended ‘more than nominal adherence to them. “The Normans continued to theustdesp into the cours, sting and fortifying, frst with earthwork and palisade, later with stone ining the loyalty of the towns. The tained ineiectul and within a handred yeas ofthe Sanding all seemed 1 permanent establishment of a prosperous English colony. It was at this poins that che tide quite staringly turned. The defeats and retreats of the Irish lords had been less disruptive fay of life than one might expect, affecting only the nok th its retainers and meneavarms and, most im] English colonizerspolos suomesprsues 264 “Hoxwunua uBlaiey 5SSury, ayn OF 1u9jta09 Jo anun0s Apeose pate Berg 249 08 potunssrd pure] roe ¥ p tunists sem 3] “9898 Aioa sSury9 18a ouesue:steady fow of hap, miitary and Geancial, of the colony over the next hundred years, cu expeditions of Richard Il, the second of which ( throne. ‘On the rsh sds 2 counter to she Notmas fighting machine had valved. The north of Scotland and the Isles produced families of Sf parliament inthe two 2). Arter and even grimmer ally fvght om th 148-49 the Black Death struck Ireland and de By the early yeas of ike a Eelot bes soney could be. Indeed, the 's subjects inthe colony complained of the exactions ofthe great cals than ofthe depredations oftheir Irish counterpart. ‘They saw with kortor theit natural defenders, ofen the King’s deputies, become daly more hibernicized, not only in language, dress and custom, but alo in blood, From the very outset the Now th the Trish and were quick to grasp the polit erage, under ‘which the childsen of noble houses were brought up fiom infancy ther noble famil is hiberiores (‘more Isish Ul Un nied resistencesh op os op o1 poe ay 3 2p Wore uF Sepeaed “ws ree spadxo ue Sununu 20) 5 or asian up ABoy oa Jo ® Susss:ppe puowisoq] jo peg anod xp puy sm way snotns ou seas aejess een Dadsns 9A “UOREGUEE Jo pe] ane OIE uonuaacoa Arent ¥ ypng "aw sonnsindns 0 meUMUD: £q outer ng ane fe sy. aonoead ap edgar ‘ton PozoRUDgR| 3p ALGeGOKY “sOAIAINS Gate sanarEure9fg—H A Aawod [euosied ayo ayn woy step zompap Kew ayy, HoREDDOxE “ar agen yep jo wag yn 219 ey af HO auediaonre 349 01 yetSewr pen yy pl sfoneaq pue fusotoo9 Aieuipioens> jo ae seipamy 2g ey ou pos gg jus a2e uouueyg, 34150 12) 3H WOH, suoseE pane AON Hyp Go |SHO-ABMOD ING SPIO] YSU] axp aye "Ys ou (pen peop or me Aq pontunnd Aswosda am hu poSedp a1 soneuBew [290] 19 uaUst1>R08 jo Aygeinones pared ‘roo Aiqeqoad pur eNO ‘SuonsANDD PUE swNUepE JO APpINUD 5 BLA 4549p Jo 1 on auuea aus ut oy (,.38un0k 9xp,) FO maLIET Uos sy Aq suON “uy sy un popa222ns Sem [1H >i, “UMOID YsIug ap or sapuieysed ysty agp Jo ssoutsng aep poreuipiogns djpano2yp (S641 sSuyudog prempy a5 unqy uoresons uernsroue"] au 3pn| sg eo ands uradeporg pfreagKing would hale him offto London and the Tower and so deprive hrim ofthe pleasure of their company. poet and scholat- king of Donegal, Minus O Domhaaill (1539), could think in terms of a Ficegerald, say Norman, kingship of Ireland. ich Tudor monazchs were both too rallyingecry forthe fist time in Irish polities. Church government, like the civil state, had been up to this time very much a matter of ‘compromise and extempotization, The mendicact Giars supplied in practice for many of the deficiencies of a disrupted ot unasimi lated organization, and the people as @ whole could not be brought so “The churches and pros wes ofthe Shannon (she, Rsserk Abbe wee ele, more legen than the Anglo Nodan Gethie of he “Abbey, Weemest)YuadLdvHO es pay ptne> Kays sioqos Aedry suojiea prop 2p 36 pap foxp Sones agp jo ano Surkap sH0yS ayy] ayods Anup typeap Jo STUCIEUE >) poyooy Keys su>yp a¥9q ox Plow 5%] a4 30} ‘Spury awe uoda quay Sardooi awe> Sx su2[2 pur spoons 24p Jo 29109 Aaa jo 190, : od s1y worst (€€-6c51) wom gps puOUDCy 34 SunysmAD 2xp faye mrsunyy jo HondHomp praia ous ap :Jem ¥ Yano 109 cazuny 2ypauy 953 “pias 24) wonewop » Ayuessaau se! ‘wes pu “ra pu snorSp1 yuoq ‘purse Joneuno;s Yno304H © potlin nsudg “spuony snip put s[aqar ust sure ssoussygpne yo Aoqiod yesus8 sq 30} pe wonde step 40509 wry papuaap Kyanrem rpsudg ang -wsiontn abo 2 prp YeEsURWS 9 YORE Ey -asn09 5 ioqea 30 sprepuers ap dq asiuaanes we Jo Sunpouwos puE ‘urming yo 944 feo ue 99 “sem 2Ff *9|doud woneenze}y oj 2 Riou Poipuny xis 98 aay, uorNDoxD oF fren99 ut and , "0 S908 odor 54s PIO“ “uate 19g. sey 9g ua poe “smpeaur sadog 24, “+ opp sxjoqp aqp jo uosned pu? “omedioutad iyStz ye 390 werk snongui® jeiund pur snypaury 1g8t op Buyparys sed ‘sip € ppt ing dus 10 1amod Apouuid Aue weep pyoo> Uew zou por Woy s2qnbu req a0 4g uende eZdsop pue poyaem "nl ‘an ns ovo! pote» 9g pjnogs, sour pas rep ,paypAIEW, *U93ED 4p 01 pouodar 9q se aI, plory “ApIg E:]04LE 24p Jo 9949p ‘ap 2 15 20g. 349 4 1u35 ye 219m fags wey payprone, peB212q 2p Jo urwsoyods & “oped e xy ‘asuedg punwpy vod xp “hor ‘203s se ps py oun ~ purr] wr oarenotondae 5 P>qe2(y 22 — wort, Jo 4345) “handag] PIO] ap pun aoie} YSU ue hq poBatsg sta pur[ay jo dn saps anna yp “e[asUTEDd aySaigy a} Uo yormoug’ we pepur] pry Yorn “usw Pospuny, 2s Yds Jo 920} ueEy pu yslunds ¥ O§SL Jo UUiNINe 3p UL yonbuos 1WeIs01g Ayre 4 40 Surutoo ap 29)9q, auop ey HOIsouR sy se poy UE GIGEZIEy uaa plo Hoitp esp HEY yp foueurwop wersroN) padeoss Ajenata peg “anyqisespeur eorqdesodor sr Jo 2sne39q "i o9q, 34 Pay> UF Buy «BUN v 4oy HATE, 10 eupuoyp © 'sJau aanaap 9g sepipueo se Jor yar sty Jo aouERda090 o15eq sy paurgp fem ou ur Surat por saupapurura(Suts souesseuoy StS “appio ayer) ayo azndy suapusdapur ro18 se] 39 H01k Aqnuanbesqis *18N © YBNI sex as3Kp Jo 200 “tine re pag 24gou jo ua Sunok Suneanps yo dn wa:8 posisied mano Yom aq Sas ys a ep Jf aep SSIPGADN, + penpusuins, 42yp req ut meas anewnyf9] 04 peg pey syzeq aap so4s ys uy “pane 9} HO Suey sty WE eq, 2 9apoo1 pu spur] 1.0 1240 912001 Spry Uta} yp paoapur sue3a pur zapuanins, jo food sq “wnseasiad ep dou du) i axp uo press sorjd on wang tp Aq, pousiap 29 “Krwturudeu: fear ous wo 20 spuiy yor 29) xp aaamopy -puEps aaNUD ayy 01 A938 sug puss 01 8ur9>e] 18 Sem antape put sSuss| ups papducrxasn couaipny quam passarddns sem uowpqar ste “pars Jo diysproy co bt 2 0 sna Agepensingt oe nu ON ay "exseuddo se ying ap 9s v usury nse slag “ley rng ot Soras gney ‘emp aorudo "una Sapo‘yea and one another soon afier insomuch a6 the very car they spared not 10 Scrape 0 et HE J8 tlle pus: = fas val aes a io rosis. weuaie® de Skit) Asal eal hss lattes Facet bud Suan iis babi jafect ea seat fee i aa be was quartered, and sucked up saying chat the earth was not worthy 10 d ‘behead and q land, subdued and r€ can be no doube that Spenser tobe engaged ona Grey at Smerwick was to be the great Walter Raleigh who planned te first English Colonies in America, ssYe Antiavds sraang ag) of zante ab Sng, zammiprye i MOQUOT, IB QanAtdUlE, “aunBoy aim eerauly ausaaip “ Hera np pue vonensajqo ays, Of UOLIWUUP)I04 J, Fr Jo ayof vo 03 21] pur "unRo12 941 pHaYo aAey o: GPA 2A 204 Ip $1 nage 20 nsodop jo fanp agp pue woqezttg jo (eu Suowe pu py Ing ~ S21 SurFemnods Supanbuos soy wists Juorrp pousweaxyp Pur uo smupy “pouasizam roqnary = (Sey pur 20°] mou) Aaun0d, jury wr 29eid oo) us uaF] “purpBug paoeuat © Jo wSITE 1p ang as0%p yam pate "30104 19yIOUr Woy auIe9 010} 2x Suoure 2350 “UUEY pPULey ue Lapio Jo seapr anuessReUDy “99105 ironuod 4p yBnoicp “gauloop aou sem suc porepouruo2s" pry se sijnas Ysq8eq plo axp Jo yons ym dypHor ~ plo 2yeD a4 p pun pogzi‘This Munster plantation was to be and mose serious of Elizabeth’ Ea of Tyrone (1550-1616). Fi the Bante of the Yellow the head of large sero sicuation and fll. Ie seemed a this point a be weesed from English contol. Help areved for feather’ (or peacock crown) from Pope Clement VITf; then in September tsar 2 Spanish force of four thovsa Essex’s successor, 38 A snack for dhe Quen's frees: Thor hee army a lan i tken prisoner Red ‘Ormond, Liewenane Gene of Foret under O'More9 coflurp [ero sup fo penpoar say same 1 sino porjdde ‘uomenueyd aoa’ 205 Aem ap pavea[a SDaawoy rap UGeyy “issunyy palsy PUP porn pey yf wey MpINYD pornoasiad = poansud pur pousdieys * 1S YBn0-] Woy, pyres (001-5451) |peueg,o fioy “x per mqporq 5.q8nx Poy ‘ypuuoorky pue 24 Zoor Bquiandag #1 uC) “sea UF Pi >UEL SEY JO EID, poy “lle Sunos sty pur ppor,c 3nq "980 See oxoq! 3, ait eee we“Aschbithop Oliver Paskeut ‘of Acmagh: He de fo is Gaelic Some yar of cligious soleance fie -ompletely removed from theit lands; in practice they accepted Ish tea al them beer todo so. Uiet was to become, not a solidly Protestant province, but a province ‘with «wo populations: Catholics and Protestants, mutually any rdigious animosity overlying the bitterness of adis- the much less ‘humerous Prorstants in the test of Ireland — had, in 2 much more immediate and lively way, the same felings of insecurity as English men generally had about Ireland in entical moments, and they growing weight to the demand for song measur Two Irelands, « Catholic one, sill Gaelc-speaking, and a Pro- testant one, Englishyspeaking and of mainly setter stock, were coming into being, Cgeen Elizabeth’ foundation of T ignally though« of as a bridgehead for the inttodue- ity’ and Reformed fa igion opposed an ignorane people, ak by the conqueror for the congucied, and the contempt in carn justified severity, which was felt to be brought ‘on the conquered by she ewn inadeg reported in 1613, ‘ate scurvy nation, ve quiet in Irland, if we leave out of co the great plantations and the social disturbance they imply. Catho- lies dating this period received a considerable measure of toler In principle the government of Jams I aimed at eadi but in practice the policy pursued was one of leting sleeping ops f. The Dublin government was instructed to forbear to make a curious and particular search for priests’. “The Old Fnglish’ ~ the Anglorrish genay of the Pale - remained openly Catholic and ‘were an important incerest, even in Ivsh parliaments rigged to en sure Protesrant majorities, a of royal power and looked promising, but ended in a double catas> 1nd these sw fictions briefly suspended che operation ted ing his Engl use in hig attainder. In England, de suspic and Seaford j that King Charles ended to make monarchy absolute through the use of an army of Irish papists was among the most powerful factors ‘working towards the diseredt and ruin of the Royalist cause. The telative religious tolerance which prevailed durin period was the result of state policy, not of any dimi mutual animosity of Catholic and Protestam. The plantations in themselves were enough to ensure a great intensification of these feelings; teligion was now identified on one side with the d recover a temitory and on the other with the desire to hold{ wv 8 2 2 4 E € 358 vo sand ppp sg aredog or wYeE ‘soir fiadsito> a soo eur poet MAL (OH-859} ONO 69 suauanordua 249 wor apa prjatag oy, ySreUUOs ws Apso *pyyou0 prey Kup ‘iuaunapnos uoneiormgy 21p Jo uonaiduo9 aip Lo ‘991 hq shox wn pueppay ex pur] 2yp Jo sypyy-29up psy SoqOKPETD 2p paveuins uoog sey yj sapureUt 2p Jo uorsosiod sep ur FEKO ‘9U ax poulzyuo> pur “sores plo Dip 0} suostad jo spaipuny swos porowe: suoumped y1{ Spey “pueppiy jo wuaulpns Uerypawor agp ur aduey> [ehuessqas ou 9peUI UoHONDy IL, fawesead (sojn38) ato] & Jo a9¢q a1N228 210W 34 ‘uo pars fourpusase yuewsiold “pAdsolf Is|¢) Waasa uy AaNMU99 \quuooreury atp jo marenb ae, sap ovo peas se aL HpaI] GDI ‘fourpuosy iumsroig ayp sem sy. “danuesead Suryeeds-oypery os pur oMoupe urWoY saueu Sunrumwop pue wseKITSION JP Woy stor Funsjord “asMo yso9g pur qusieg Jo Sure ‘sea Sumas popue] ® a3qj UL sem URIS 942 Jo Now 2940 PHYS qe bog pey reeqy “iMod prontod Jo uonNginstp 2p oF PLE ‘pur] jo drysioumo agp ur a8uey> 12513 anq "wonejadod jo wus -2a0u You sem uontyuT|AsUEN up Jo way> ueLOdWE SOU! 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pue swaInd pur sidos Jo speay ‘urrouin fg 384) apeus ag, piped a2eed Sunse] ou, wy UMOP PRT peq “(Gor “p) ssuOf peyotyy ‘sapurumioD yryssa00N8 soul DWp Jo 940 “poUlengo aq ayfIU uoRINjOs w YN MOY sm2IA 189]9 ey pur ‘uonssnb axp soy uonnyos Sunse] eae pause siaped] sOY.F “purpa] jo [fe pareSaiqns pry soo205 urrppmusoxr axp ESox kg, 89 _gp pemo|fe 29 204 EH weHR HOO 9404 puryse JO ue *Bupeap aed ose or Spat “ssewsaypasfnaxs 01 Auagiy ¥ UES NOK soUsaH0> Jo “Assogy dQ JE 199 2ouaTosUOD #,ueus Kae tpes 20u apppoue 1, :poidox TPmOIL) ‘sous!>sU0> Jo Kxdqy 10j HIUEINSSE 2GBAOS OG "SOX Mon 0 TBA 34p OT, pecy iu s1y Jo asioesey one 1 wos fe aA0ge pur “ousToyR sry WOH} se L908 s1j wo yr ds uk aH |ppnwIOZ> 4g posreANAPE soi j2 aup aeyp sadsns ews sug) “9hOE ut Maabry>ay jo |e “uang,© yBnounyy Aq jryseD Jo 12g URE axqFDRUE TO SHOI20:3} uous prey sea —pnfdoig Ov arsaKA~ AzOUSLH op oxgr HSU] {gory §JPIsWOID Jo tonse v4] “sprepunsshamaaga-cprdoanans 6 icuipiorin iow stm ‘mofpar] pUE Kom ‘puPpay ur sioss220° say PUP [pIWOIr Jo Aas0i9 ae HOI Jo UIOd AAMT Y WO “purpsuy soy ovs[agim jo s2in0s jented » Burnouts jo pue “purfay Sur jp asodind ayqnop ayp ass pom peas snip ur saypjosexs ys ssousiggins dons pure “soussoqysns sata 3qp yn sfaqpe ot 2 pamo1, “uoneyean agp jo posaqutswat sem Suupow syyin ‘uoneTeR pourensorun qu ‘Pozriignd Aopen w99q pey Sansone meso ‘ue ayy *ySnoxn Ayeunieu *pURBU uj ,"9pIS yroq uo PUN ‘roo 2iam sanpone e218 + fy ay plan Buuayos uayo suos ‘and wuapouuy Sears figs sem Uonepes 9yp pups aap Jo med asap sou ut [Bur}zin930 3nq “humo 10 aoutaoxd Aue 01 pauy 109 Jou *pa}sesseus am siesoien] puesnows [eReAs, [Pde Preepny “uenomy papunwaney ¥ Aq prxtewIuns SoM 212 s9M19 on sip anoge S93 Jen9e aH, *1POT Jo vom]aqry axp UE SIDES “orgs soproone jo puto BE 3 4s Aq poys0qsfyd>op u29q ei Ssomang ye pee sowsysMU-| po wou! a¥pf“9MWO) -purpiy ut (PRWOID jo [eam a4p pur “UR2AUNE {Jo aioredap ayy 204 uax8O Jo yA 2p Jo 280899 Ing “PED Jo "wornsax9 34 Jo asme39q 100 2K eg ay} 5858 hoN “Ys 2400 sjqssoduir weadde pom voneyAo]e9 [euones 0 got sia -2ao1epe [eyepey sty ser plnom ory weyp prroadxa axey or w9s op 204 uamG 58 sopra Yons pur ‘jdood Kreupso ayp AB19p 24 Manaus> quupaaaras 34) Ur Krelpioene tou anaito4 "Se PENH e wadeo aperture woadvo 01 sem nopudgds 1 us, WSEIOWRED use purty ue amass 01 9sdx9 0) - stoaBUt os Szamod [PIUSUBUOD Jp soudaxecen aq pu “puepst pur pur[seg jo yiduons aaneat Dep ponuell = fannusa yiesouanos piu ip Jo skormpuo> ayp Oy Peay aay 0} [oygity 342 Jo eon deus Kou ey aos 8490 5, UNS 34h -qns onp 2up puoypidioa Aj Ipmworysiey of eoopering ia our Shaye Dulin leg on ‘he Guiness Maren subsistence level growing their own mainly, by now, the potato ~ and weaving their own cloth. ~ outlaws drawn fiom the ranks ofthe dispossessed — ebreatened the new rulers and owners throughout much of che in the more seed pans, the Ascendancy showed the faxure. Dublin begat its great expansion, and ‘Ormond, revarning 35 Lord-Ciewtenans, began to plan it an che stately lines of a Barogue city. The acetssion of James Il, an avowed Roman Catholic, inevitr ably raised the spossesed and alarmed the Aseenr dancy. These ‘were greatly imensified when a Catholic, Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrcontell (1630-91), took offceas Lord Lieutenant ‘Tyrconnell raised a large and almost entcely Catholic army, part of which was called over to England by James. of the 70 ‘The simultaneous arrival of armed Irish papint and of Protestant refugees from Ireland was among the most imporeant factors in rorning James's English subjects actively against him. “i neland from France, where James, Ea of Ormond, insed othe dakedom onthe Resraton and apboiered %k) who were loyal to a Procsta (mosly native Irih) who rejected such loyaly was inelevant by the new fact of a Catholic king assailed by ‘heres. Nar was there any nuncio, this time, to wouble counsels.Sima: ee “oni xp pe ‘purjsy ur wom pey 24 uoddns ayp my. Umouy ancy L snus ay tHourarun pameaysjey © Or 9f88nas ap poxoNpso Pry 2H “swopSupy sy jo fee 1 unt 0 nat oui 39p I] Shep mje 1p Souref-safog ayp 859920) ef pares aq Afn[ TID) bg sdoon ip pur Aatinos 2 suonusw: poof iaaaiey, :2[>efu Ut Sac9pyu0> o4 Zumnd “purboino agp Nesi95 TALE 32007] pouse {peg pur pourenun fpsow aim szzayo aByp pur SYP ang “euRIeW! eurmp/T ui syst ee ee EE aE fe TOS “ONY a cells Hoe oD doy my, wed uel ost ng a4 - Ss rey Se amoys souny 24) Jo DUO UDys tuonsonb ayp 1930 *hypzeuous ypuaig, Ipuenb ayy “powzouos sem suommuop s,sewef ut 2 Se my se apts afoupeS a¢p uo “own sup ‘Vou sem adog sep :uonroH|d -ayod Jeunes Aq, ponsgyo useg pry uoneoyy|dwrs [eUDIUE YOM pue MoKAH1deup Syroye ‘urge dpa ways $ YaLdVHO ua sdoysig se 53 end 24s 9 0) a1get 2298 ssauid pornsidazun pur “poses sem ssoud possiot 4Jo quinu ureu2> Vy “pauinps Kp porauea pure weap *paduey 2g 01 ayqat| a2 pue“Kaxan0> aep Woy paystug 21% sonSers9p999 =Dysry soypo par sdoysq ayoqres) “inedoid st jo ps0dsp pur xmubBeur ay) Jo Jy) forse) sly aatedap pod "esd Suruionag Aq "os opp ayy “a[durexD 10j - uesoIorg F awe? 229 oy ius © pas Jo mqaRU Kae Yo Bayan frecploeNx> Sutunjuo> swe] hq sayy ys UF asa sea VORIC] “spUeY sunipjoug on passed Spouse fq pour js pur Surmewsr 2p 1sOWE qot4 jo soot sF '9p09 feaad ayp Jo YouEg a]gu0> joys ¥ Jo walgns ayp sem pur] jo drysioume 941 “peoige poms -mp> aq 01 woIpy> sy pure 40 “fooy>s ¥ da04 pIMO> 2HoKD ON “spanod aay weap 2038 \yuor 3504 © 20 “Sue SEO OL UEP, 2b fag t03p0q afqnd ye pur veuayp“soatue ays YoU99 ap ‘arg ayp woy, papaypxo asaxe fayp tsuonaope Azenaouieted ut 20% 40 usunaped ut ws 104 pjno> SHoKNe ys ‘SNe BHP ZAPU) “sme [Rong 24s SoaTHES OGHECY-aME Jo SUIS €983094) ‘om say op pue suuy sopun ponunuo> pure “uBio sy ur weoq dot Kem ane$ wom ay “uorusdo suemie14 Ys e9 Aq ponoddns sen uowundo wuesoiosg gu] “2i sup ae ION SI UG “mY aD 4Jo wonaaioxd ayp Jo pansidop 2g pynoys yay ‘s[doad snoraSuep [yas ang posonbuse vse ssded ays Bunsen Uo wag see poeUDU ‘uaosto$ sro wessietg aypJo axnruesadas uoareyped ys 2p ing “wouife sup snouod_ 0) poeta GLA “L SEEYD Surg jo uSipsayp ur Mofo pap foyp se 40 “Pury Jo swe] 342 QUI rstsuo9 a1e se, drysiom Jo says ons Aofu> 0} atom soHfoyne ewig :purpyy ul Ssyoypes) 20} uomefor Jo axnseou aptm e pamndns yprsw porapuatins suqozel aq) prs uo sus) 94, pautuazapticy asonbuos sueysa101 [PUR sows aYour pur sayjewis 9 Jo uone|ndod 2aneu 24p SEH ‘red yea axp pur *possoiddo 2q 01 prusoop sem hued wrye00 dy. Soon etn ur 20195 341) KOU pur eons ap SuoRe St ypiyys “aiue pur snp “yp0ys Jo xayor oxuD90uUH9 TEED pL ‘Aaonoosp stp 1 pansea12pis yor "utp pauiieg pty oIsIy {psa 204 parssoosip 92104 5 Aq ADeIUOD sas0pp on passaud “ysE] pre sug “9210) Jo Arydiona sup Aq padoppnap pure Sux opun yioq sedoy pur sxainur srwot0>9 pue "ysuy pre ysfaug wsyevoReU Je sssusnorasu0> uramypinb ayp ‘sopseuAp 52 S29} pue suonig ‘au ayy tsadoy eruu2]tu-ssenb su pue uonewropy-1mun0c 941 ‘ounaasar spur uonewropag Ys] 2p 359940} forFopoopr pur Jroonessaney Jo fgid agp ue paRsOAD puE UysMeD U3Dq pry RUEAT Jo aydoad ay. “fu Kure Jo Auewng 20 wopsea ayp fg *pouayos Ajqvou vase 20 ‘pousne u99q aAeq y0H p[ao> spar aq. seus 348 ‘9ppp ay suome USS ayp ysnonp ypeep o» SuA>MsUE Yprap, “SPIES me Suo] diss 01 se kio824 Ape] "pasty Suumsue pore, “pairordio1 puns mou ang Ay y>iys“pamey sno TIq apy sea. es i ‘roses str Aq poreq pu paystu> cp0q sem GOR -e|ndod oyjoyre 3 a4. “a2jduo> wou sem wonbuod wuesr0%d 4. PA snes, §:929K Jo pu0dds axp sem aufog acp yo preg 24.1 inva spans pare qptoarua%as ap yo srw PeuauITUO? 9p Jo ebaos jo ured wend ue da apews oy 9189 ystp "959 PLLA, 2P Jo fly snourty sou ax ~ wWouTUOS ayp 20} POqes sdoon sii pursnogy ua ueyp stow put apy “(Ze “dl 236) sum uo "1693 qo! F uo "yPHDU] “ploysiuons Ysny akp pasapudtIs phpysreg “s9010y ys Jo Paro] 19g 24) Jo a40 suretuo! pur ‘poured stip Surinp 19peo] Aujeneo © se ysuny paqstaSunstp (£691 “P) Py ‘sing ype g “7X & uri 2100 109 “8 9 UE PUP spurtpe ap ‘ar 3188ans sip panunud snoddas ysussy 20s (pis "Ys 24, own oi 8 a0uoe09 0 pm tpn #2 (ono) 00.01According to Edmund a8 wise and elaborate ci gradation ratte itself as ever proceeded from the perverted ingen Burke, however, might be regarded as 3 prejudiced and father, an attorney, rt to escape the operation of the laws in question, Its possible wo view the Code mote indulgently. Thus the erinent Victorian writer om the peviod, JA. Froude, says thatthe Jaws affecting the Catholic clergy were “justified ty’ provocations th which no psople in the world but the English would have dealt so forebearingly’. The penal code was in facta necessary consequence of the form which the conguest had taken. The native Irish were not to be ted, for their labour was needed. Ac the same ers requited thatthe natives should ved neither to repossess hein Yards, nor vo pot themselves in mn, political activity, arms or ke, the penal code was ‘a machine of rance for the impoverishment and de- 1 people, and the debasement in them of hueman of man’. ‘The code had, of course, 2n offensive as wel extended the conquest, 3s by fanaticism the Catholic 1 code did was o perfect and maintain with the superior and subordinate profession, and with different systems of law applicable co them. fa ‘county in. wih dheee-quaters ofthe inhabitants belonged to a conquered population, itis hard to see how the conquest could have bbeen maintained without some such system. ‘There are some resemblances between. the penal code and the systern loosely calle apartheid, through which a conquering minority codifs its rule over a conquered majority in South Africa, Ther ‘were, however, important differences. Religion is a much less and effective badge of caste chan colour is, It was easy, materially speaking, for a Catholic to “pass if he wished to do so, The Prove tant population became diluted by the addition of people who did not really share the felings and tradition of the conquerors. Inver smartiage had become common, and never ahogeter ceased, despite severe penalties a the height ofthe penal peiod. ‘The mos voc r0vs Protestant might well have Catholic cousins, and be less free 7° Jn practice than in theory. The very face thatthe erteson was one of ous profession — and therefore of voluntaty application - made ‘caste f@ attain that implacable sig which is the heritage of | they may have been in ps religious fanaticism which had become obsolete, Had t logy of conquest been differen, a penal code based not on spread of Ei and the growing in- credibility of Jacobite threat, the we system became ineveasingly dinastefl to educated Protestants, who ofien helped Catholics to tained and multip haus. Despite the imperfections in the operation of the penal code, she consequences of tral defeat weighed on the Catholic population despite the penal 9 Gecege Berkley, Church of Ireland isp of Clare, wih ‘fay ads Fa“ASTINWUSN IW 18 01 pormdoad 2g pinam soy “Ajjesus purpsy ax aoudoynap een -snpur 295 suoe>qduHr snounwe pey 3! 39g ~ esraW'y Cr voReIS quip uenaakgssig B5e91 UE © "94 A WET IH AYP GA APA ~ spar ut Suidewep Ayuo wou ses aimee uo|fooe my Jo uN 24. uetueyed ys ayp fq pouttapiioo ang ‘puryaty ut aedod sem puro 20 212 )s189] 09 148)2 feuoResAsdo9 ov pey purysug wep (86-9801) snawdjope mem. Jo woUuNBre aK] “WYP PazEgap aonoed ur Sepp Aveay yonyon oy pueyBug sdaoxs Ancmno> ue ‘1 spo08 dajjoom jo nodxo aup Suingryoid fq ‘/nsmpur ua|joom ASU] oy prurer 6o9r ur seaureped Ysrug op “sMoyIORA syuq jo swure|duwoo aep jo Tsar © sy “aimagAUEW Uaqjoom 2p se Seo agp Jo UoReSEADP 942 WO TonO2ox OD 84g Ep JO 940 pur “Katou ysiy ay jo sxpuesg Butstuosd wow 3Kp J0 34D, sfapeuonea 2e22d3s 30 asu95 sup qaique or padjoy ‘samoegnueus ysty sureSe papanp “von ys] ysfSug “(exSu0 PTD }8) aqoUPeD OY DUNSIp se (UFO {sHug jo) wasroig Bu! Jo 1B pomopeysio»© “yeu WOH usnut Insip se *ysay Suraq Jo a8u>s JPUOHEU Yst Jo 28U2s e Jo YMOIS aqp PasneD — sxSIoIUE TFT org Aureus am 9pen ut Gary — sisinUt Ys asurede Superdo fq onoed precummac yoySuy pus uoneis, ysiguy sorjoyped ap Kil wou ur 39urAaH tur pur j m0 euouenses Arewonnyonas 9p 1 WMO STY YD WOH 39205 Suep ruosaad ap parppua uoog anty ‘978 saumbop say} YSnoxp ayqeasxap “Hoye xp wy 25 Susy step porsayan Bux SITS “oq 04H": TEUIO, 01 se sueuondgsaig Stuns ‘sanissicy 01 ]hsoy se wOUE SULA sryp a atay ‘Spi07 Jo asnopy ayp ut [gpBMOd a81N0> Jo aM OB “pupa yo yoiny ayo sdoysig xp pur “oizexegp ut - ueayduy = purply jo qpiny AiBunwypyrzae0 seo rustueysed Ysty 9, “purty npr ou sng ary eyo yur aU aE UE oper 24) uoy parton F paUIUEW appre sips xp pry par ‘siojuas axp jo pucfpyy ayP pasnoary fiysawtsueD mow ‘aupno8 ys Sug 2yp pryy TANIA] Jo Sueuakgsaug ap *puEppA Ut ssoqnas yo Apog wweuodust sou 943 pure “iuoureysed ysay agp ow -Auano8 ystjSu axp ssdnox8 yediound aon jo Kuourey >]qeuose=y ue fun Suznunuo ayp paimbax axty. pjnom ssonbuoo aip Jo ‘uoyydaioo pu aouewarsreut ay, “siorsnbu0> aip Suowe woIstalp sem asnbuoo sep jo Burops 24 ui8oq on sea ep Z009B 9p :s9nIod dung st pound sp Setnp purpa j omypd aoe a ‘nojs aan v ang Suryphee 305 Tomyse> 003 wsoq pe mud ypuD>1 ‘zu2n9s 948 50 Sapp ayp SOG aye skp 10} porsd sup ur tuonsonb 2ip yo no 219m voneziUedio [romped wado put wonnjoaat eq “UEEPATe am funen> Ypusoiysip aypprus pu AED aip jo swenspuo> ayy ur sigan Kquo sat ng Sauna 2tp 303 fentonod Aaeuon ‘pono © pey si, "waists [to0s pur yuowbu008 uate we 19031 0. Aouapun ayp paying ~ aou2i2gip sno go saxpoBor — pe dood possoddns a4p yo asus ayp one ada ‘suomepen fe sameiony si ‘9Senue] ayy vsoFsr exp Jo suru 1ea8 xp tue pap ase 2]dood 24p jo wsous yo aeoewI9n 34p pa (qpen) ysuy ayy “Armua> cpuserouru 2xp omar Jam pue (pussys axp mnoyaong punosBapun poystiaog Ans0d ayer “Sher ut 340 Sunos 9 20 $241 Urapurtd PLO Hp or HEN Aes cn adwane aoe pip puepay ing ‘asne> Hem 9¢p 05 eiSpewser ER ‘Supy ap yo wi0} 24:4 “passaadsea nod ayer) oyea:ep Buo] 10} neay 559] pus “Axmuan «pusonySia 240 Jo glee may ay nOYFOOAyE sonnbuos 2p Suowe ws. jooa country where success would be likely to attact penal mn, through the influence of English compeuitrs ish Protestants became increasingly aware that che distinction between Protestant and Catholic, so basic in Ireland, was blurred lsh perspective. “We seemed strange and remote to [the ngl se an Irish Prosestant early in the eighteenth century, ike 2 people setting up for ourselves. They looked on us a8 at 4 “There was no one vo explain the difrence between hb rough influence anonymous Ireland were under the same nighboors whore und “All government without the consent of the governed is the ery essence of slavery” ts had an immense suceess with all classes in Ireland. “The tage was univer’, wrote the Lord-Lieutenans, Cancert. “The Provestants having universally taken So unaccountable z tm, the Papiss naturally followed svit to keep up the ferment. The government gave way; ‘Wood's patent was cancelled. Ireland was not, afer all, quite as powerless as had stemed to be the gleam of hope. Yet the hope was equivocal Could thes relly side cither withthe county that had conquered them, oF withthe se who hed th + Same Catholics ~ and pethaps mos clergy ~ seem to have thought tha there was more hope of justice n English governmers than ftom the Protestant Ascendancy the view of Edmond Bas ‘even to our own day ~ that defiance of England, even whenSs 2, Suttey uo sSunpay 134 JO Py org 20} uoussnot 930 asdeyfoo 2ep aye Sun est sous 34 10 poveadyn> “a> 204 op [“snypo se fBnoup ay es 354 -waRKANb IMoWpEN st y>ns HE sep 295 ‘S9BeAes ulyn do>y pure “waxp ay eur N06 pip Ay, “aninsUE Afuo ays, E41 paSJUOD IY PUY TOES asaqp se ssFeas Aays ‘ie13[01 9m pyroys sssuoddo say jo uonsoab yp ueuuig “pareaoape Say ey 30 su ay inoge (ddey mud sem Soe spy ants 1H Pepman ¥ ep ey! aBpapmouy aqp hq Ase Dui on apew ose aia OY. “wLEPUAPP PUIKEG Ae] Gory A8uAA1 sop pur pany aq? 4q pou atm hoop ‘spsoypy KU 0 spapuoy oysoiddo ay pur ep Ul pouspue> fap way yep siouew assy Sup3} put Sts dppy sou piso "wim snomed popiorp e Jo 2504p 983 Ssruessiong ys] Nop “,Ouepiose wieyoIoig uode BEM fu 2p, 3 usERpuapg, MOWED aes 9 "WHY O snorpo, sem xfFNOxp pur Suse yp x9 ay) 0} asuodso: arewinSa] & se SuaU2KoU! asp mes “Sun diexpec Suons yu aqdoad pur “sxoxped s07y “xpiou 2ip Jo suetakgsig ayy Aeivadse *5: 2xp Suow? noddas punoy Koyy, “(orsr-ot. ‘vent ‘uonogap §,poold ye “up pue (16-rE21) poo AUP “Isy ‘orom Sopra] 2G) ~Amowne eouanyur ue am tuoddas rejndod sipep yo aseog ‘sHned ayp ang u>tU9A03 ysfBa Kp 30 3TEHG too poBeueus fsSre| iowerped & ips sea Tuowexed poSious pry - sxfoynecy uewoy ax) 0 suowssov09 ost ue purjay 22} Atwouoine savea!d Sutpueusp anq ‘Brouryy Jo dsnop4 2p 01 fo] Sussyord ~ soup poured, v 60921 ap hq) saspnbuo> renmorg 21 Jo st8eq axp idnustp 02 “Armia ‘vu pe Apojs 2948 poyzoM sI0}"} DHT [rinnad jo smwtoonp nveNong 2ntadap 02 29p20 dep ovens ob apuseu pee QSOS 3p 2x) wopendo ap epson nniou ue py 9 ‘sip pur un039" o1uL 9ye1 03 pey nowLIDACE de} ay SuoUre sean asuodsay Sip Jo aoa trop ose sea “kyessua8 uo unmsur dsp ¥ ponsloth Volunteers in College Geen, Dublin ‘Below A. badge presented by ‘mene to appease public opini Presbyetan opinion was so . independence, in the so-called "Gs The actual adrainistrtion, howe rained in the hands of 2 Lord-Lieutenant, appointed by the Engr lish government, 872yoan pu ous apo osprey) aos He yoddn: 55] ou sem Anuesead 241 fo dOmpuoa 24, "P p pur ad0E wos ap gn — hyp ap 0 surry of meeting the revolutionary threat ‘was to make major concessions to the Catholics. Pitt began by don. He used the influence which control of jon gave him over the Irish parliament to camry a major measure of Catholic emancipation, ending, in 17: refusal ofthe franchise to Catholics though not ending their ex sion ftom parliament. Stiffening opposition from the Protestant ching sels, The tecall of rministation — with despair. ‘A French Act, with Wolfe Tone aboard, sited into Bantry Bay in December 1796, and although the French were prevented by bad ‘weather from landing, theit appearance encouraged the United 90 Jrishmen. The government duiesmined on a policy of eepression — ion of conciliation and repression was (0 be the rhythm movement, and in Co. Wexford where, under the leadership of Father John Murphy, it was Catholic and took om some of the character ofa religious war against Protestants. In both French belp arrived is. August 1798, in the west. The French were def sd Wolle Tone, cared abou a Fresh wanblp vat son, probably by hi eoecupie ney reducing the danger whie lative union, combined with pation. Such a (i jey was in fact the logical c Burke's advice. Asfaras woot union was concerned, the condition of Ireland in the aermath ofuy ‘vonedioueus &q poysoro} 29 plow af reyp sme} Jo a8n209q ug, 2qp oF ayps0y U22q pry “Kipdod pue wstinpuajap weq.uor 0 S6LE ut papunoy ‘71 UEC 24) a2qny Aue 01 uonsseddo auexsiorg 8101 Ssn0 qiog fq pooiSe 29m vorur axp jo sts) eA 82 4Q “yBeampsr-> Kq_yo 240g a19% YuoHUP) 2 eg got ‘seo prop 2xp yo sinquiau fo redigueun rep Surpuesiopun 240 wo ‘wore, 24) peat syoxpecy pur “ussiey 250 wr auoweYsed 9Yp 295 3pm} pose sueuaigisig unmpion, “ame sem siopq se2K Aum wouisnow a yo ypluans xp apew pey yaoi Glue 94, -peodde do yo wonoas 383%) KuP 10) 4 md woy *snondond se ing 09 eg sid psy ey sal, serpin ‘wou mary p38 1 Sutlsrap 96a osprey“6 pur sor] uo pup 49 anaes 24p seq 3p Jo Siomned wopyuossyps ay) 02 poues ped Sun yp Se 198 pue{firy uo sduaptadap aos oy ur¥oq siueisrosg “ton -pansap Hip Pua 0} paupas axon yoxyys Atzfecr posorddns 34) {qm sonpsupyp Sipe on Bos peg “Soxpnfod Ape pur suotapen ‘umo apy 01 dremo> pur * usd pur axdiound wensqe fest wnmug wate were a {Jo spune!8 uo ‘oy apdoad way 01 psnog seas ‘fogs ue KNIGHT ur (fogs-eédx) ‘Buu wagoy jo Sus PUG op Jo pur “PIE — | AAI WHEEL SAN “AyfeIpio> vox8 fa ~ somay ueUUAIGT aM {wor 295 we> am se — poye] pu "eye SOOIEDaxd e Apess900U Seas santieu posassodstp pie Sppios Jo aaueyfe uy “stone jeoVSoqoyphsd, put eanomry punojord fq. Poinoary uo9q r0W af pe pnw pry sary pjtoo 1 raqpoyan jnpqnop staf nq ‘eoe|d a4 PIP StL “SouaRyIp snorfi[1 Jo uoneHoydx> yemauusaos seDqIpP Sq pourrdxa uzoq sey mf femeuun pte smororshus w9s 01 sure suttindgoug ap Jo wonsapp sp - U9 erst Woy 2/FSnns -yonot ep poy os] amp Jo Auer pus “9261 Jo udu! Np FOpA\E 2p pue — Siow spuO, se ssapsttayp popurBar ou 2504p OL, PEjo 28042 Jp pu ‘wong ayo joneuut fseuonR|O%91 fue ney, 01 poseaa *Xpog e se ‘suaidgsoig) ayy “001 2098 sem ys] pont 247 j0 fran 2 8ey yy faoFes una pe cata obUs #8 Jo Aaotou 2 29% 3p] Sea 3 ‘ueyp sogyes famus> ypussu3A9s: ur pojquisies uompy agp noe pue aay ur sxx Jo wuouudaye aK. Uonovay IUEWaIOIg pur sdUEBINsay IpPOyIED) 9 MHLAVHOlies, the Protestants were no longer champions containing, in however shadowy 4 form, an dom. They had i The lines harden ent methods towards essentially, met all ad seadied there, and through them the concept of rsh le’ “Sinn Fein’, For the Catho- nationality took form.1PMeD,0 pie yo agge IA JouuoD,O 01 digssoquiow ssew © pomone yory . 101, 1 oxp Sem uonene (Bu Fed19 24.1 “Suraq ore W4FAOIg sem apdood ysHy 241 jo *(@rer-S2es) yprow9D,0 PREG, ‘wonls pury ysuy 2tp uo year 24p 10) Suosd jer sem Aured dae -asqns atp put tue aaoid oy Buruapim wuonb 09 2net 100 134 yey fared sem ajdood rjoqney aun jo s9pea| Atewusweyred aansay> wow at = kp spzeo1 womspend Imad segs any oy popioop a OKin Jo HOM sioagynn eyed ‘O8HO HHT Jo saps Buowre ye 2Aoge PuE ~ puepsy UT aan pra dann © res “suture 2p 28079 seo ‘ares fsdwau09 Y Shaiyo sues ommal aay 3 epor knunos sjoqs 34 30 uone|sdod yp pur “yea 8 ¥ vo panunuo> uower8iw3 “pop won & pue ~ ses “poy fq panoyy wove SusyIreland end America (0 the Manchester school had famine broken out in, say, Many is possible that hey would: governments and econor yas pat of the natural order of things. Bu tad never interested themselves sland, except when these presented, co te security of England. The famine eat: rather it must have seemed to inthe presence and growth Some individual Engl shmen — notably the Society of Friends ~ did all and, The only method of birth contrat land was being applied. Thete was a >. Before the famine Ireland was 10 a great , English was soon spoke aim everywhere, except in some pats ofthe westem seaboard, One may also feel that there was a certain change in the character ofthe people, ‘The picture of a happy-goducky Irishman may well have been partly mythical ~ like ies Negro equivalent ~ but seems to contain Some «ruth for, say, the contemporaries of O’Connell. After the famine one senses @ new quality, something grimmer and tougher, among the survivors and the ren, the Irish of the Ister nines teenth century, The political consequences of this were not to be fle in ull for another gene the children who experienced the famine and immediate postfimine yeats had reached mat chi Home Secretary was section of the perenni 106 the ive importance of America in polis, the , with theie welbargonized vi _tcength, could begin apply pressure on Britain through thet ow government. By the 1920s, the government of Lloyd George could no more afford vo ignore the Irish of New York, in elation coin plemencation of its policy in Ireland, than Ernest Bevin at a date could ignore the reaction ofthe Jews of New York to his policy in Palestine. “The farsine may not have been a threat othe security of England, but i earied within itself the seeds of the destruction ofthe United Kingdom of Greet Britain and Tren. In the confused and often seemingly pointless polities of the petiod immediatly following the famine and the death of O’Con- nel, the us sebel escaped, unpunished, to France. His ps those of Wolfe Tone and he devoted his life to conspiracy forthe auainment of Tone’s objectives. His organization, fiom 1858 on, tor The Fefor {Aqqeadsa pur ‘usie stq 10 (apts 1) pioipury aun 10) 21qisod se -sord "aq ple 'sSum2ous seus jo suzaUs Aq ‘sayes2 as9y2 UO LOR ome agg meniipues fuorDIn2 pue BunuD1-¥> 105 SnoHoIOU {pido reso 199s or sem, food sy suestaud pure wonewiquion re spug sag “sBunaou we psin aoe] pury ang *fEP SPUUCD,O. (1 pu tf G0 apdoad ayp yo momoonp daop st pia patsauios aaip Surzyoe8io pure wonrartaimap weiuag ‘sn8eo] purr] 3p uy °6-8481 uF sopeprur suse ve popune MBIT Pur 2 sem aanatedacyssoQ aep o MuousTstur "{qepRsio puE "LEW 3K, ‘sporpau! Jeeenmnsues, x0 tado, 01 vonooigo aurtumoop Aue £4 ‘pouyuos ‘S10 sopenuoa satf so atr0s se now axa Aaxp yng saan go uettbd 2p aAatgpe 01 ota. paurewet uaUE HpOg “aAa]> (poate ogre res aunyeour] & cr ware 1ySiz sy wo] peg — suru Dep a7 tay oft S1q) Woy pondIn> Uaaq eX BYNES mec. usin Wend pe gy 2 prs got ned EHDIAL pur eomaury uf (Besr—zb—t) Koaagy ayof aso ~ pays Aigeyasel sem woneuiquios sep se — gimiedocy Mon, mids Susow ay, ‘vone Amusmessed wpm uoperse re HupUIpAOU WERUDG 24150 IO) 51 Jo oouss & “seaquiou #unk ap soy pormpsuea Ko. “p10 YB Jo spur PorHod aus pue “son “-euruoep ajqeYUidt Jo wu nquinu ® Sulafonus Arends yunued & $e sourvodusy jo “axamoy ‘Paureuar somiaas Om 24 “Pip ayes ‘suaqdng pojeizse pur suonspue> ys] mou 200 pp fyp 1nq — 2e pH! {pia psautios rouatiady cep snonSuyp a1ou: pau hn uring, 2qF,9puney 14402 is ats 6981 pu S9Bz 30 iL peonposd ip ‘emipg “Somsod ysuT at Soup uoppey fed ruEUod 9q 02 “smuapuadaput yo muswanarype aqp onda “panuno> auepoine 5 sisydong Woy padeos woes s1poq Are soendiues crv jo Aue promt Bom 20H SORT) raga “uo founapyfor ‘grabbers’ ~ those who rented land fiom which the previous tenants had been evicted, and which the Land League had placed under ban. The spectacular application of these methods in 1880 against a Mayo esate, for which 2 agent, gave he word "boycott tothe English language, and to many other Languages. The years 1878-81, in which the Land League took hold, were yeass of great agricultural dis sgreat famine, Inthe something of the courage of despair, and something of shame at the ‘untesisting, manner in which so many of the generation ofthe fories hhad gone to their death. In some ways the feelings ofthe dour gener- ation of Irishmen that broke the landlard power ace comparable ta those of postholocaust Jews. in both cases, after great disasters, previous national stereotypes were ejected, and a change of tone and temperament took place. The boycor was no more ‘feckless’ or “happy-goducky’ than the State of Israel was lacking in combative ness. And pat ofthe effectiveness of the New Departure, as ofthe lay in the way in which the efforts of those at home were by the money ofthe diaspora. The success of the Land League, which was undeniable, was ascribed by its enemies to ac ion of American money ~ “the pennies of the Irish serv ~ and intimidation. The tole of denied: che Land League as ingenious and hard-working have been sustained, in che B tion ~ whether deplored ip - significant element inthe social reaigy of the Land League mover ment, The Land League wasa vastly more efficent and intelligently conducted engine of agrarian change than the old secret societies, ‘Whiteboys, Defenders, Ribbonmen and the rest but it had exactly the same social origins ~ Michael Davite's father had headed an, practice che use, or at least the threat, of the old iilon suggested that “nwo acsve young mea’ in every parish any farmer who held out against she Land League, he 1 persuasion which 7 usually overlooked, or ignored, was that the Land League would have had no power to intimidate dissidents had ic not possessed overwhelming popular support, The landlords, backed by the full 10F Aquo sem ar uonsonb 01 uado pur jeuompuos 2ure99q hiuoxpme SPUOIpUE| aqp 200 poyoers pur “pu 10 suohypuo> 2up powioystes: PY SU “wonDInD see danas pu re, Jo 191 -ssosse [Hip] Aiqeioy ‘Surpuewap usaq Buoy pee; ue akp yy sajdisund Jo nquiau v Furpooues soy purr] * ySnowys partes 881 ul UR sso20ns yeoHF B Yom UatHOROW 94 1 joan yeanjod we rduowe Aue 20 'wo1ssa098 peproar 1nq ‘Se pur] reas aup awoy ssox8 0% panutsua9 94 ‘AIq'y “peorge sor] 38 9fdood ysay 243 Jo z9pray se wang 01 39992 02 OIF) Jo UoMeIDpARUED a] wo} mp ee 3y ued Kexoweed ys aq ‘90 — mine weap 2in8y snonaidsuod ag0u v “64g Ut 'sem qoute, shania quaconysi eReYD ey 4aty 310), Je auos Popaour uot gure 94 ea S998 aE PUP *UORNOAD ‘uesuaWy 2p s10pq snl pound amp UL Asya Woy ronUY oF poesia pey suresaig ayy “exgt soe 2Mp UI pura wurese yo} Pry TueMarg SLY siopowwOD “Hye asoym “nxporU "yy sty Jo souangey ay se “Aigegord 01 3 es onoys uou 948 Jo yanue poz Jo diysiopea] ayp Jo prozpury wesx "asne> sndeor] purr] 29) Jo uordarey> poSseun 24 sy 220m spn par tun ue &q 304 od ayy Aq uoyxea aq 09 194 sea dom sis pursue p99 SOMO, TE PO 2ag pac dren plow pram td yo mprnp noe ye sem 14. mn samy Sma ut uo fe1905 € yu¥m uonnjonae yeantjod © tog (oy wjSn0s sinued>cy moyy 22 Jo Storer aqp os “purysug kus wonasuu0s sup Supjearq jo 2029190 [ros {uo 204 asarype 0} “epua VeneIBe ay FuowE so]diouR ‘Aaeuonnjoass sq Surpeoids yBnowp ‘aynos pey suo. st nf -purppay ure purtiiogjump for the Land League ~ as it stands out in retrospect = was not, and could not be, enough for those to whom the gs agitation was only a means o political shared theie purpose - but only if by = ce of independence practic ion of leading an armed rebel ich he judged impractic- able, bu neither aide intend to allow himself be elsed with parliamentary predccesor, fsaae Butt, as one who had come to ms with England and deserted the national cause. In fut, Be adop of those whore policy he had rel majority ~ as it eerainly ers — had it not been forthe ed by the Phoenix Park mordess: the asassina- f the Chiet Secretary for sand the Us Land League impetus onganiation. tis main lowing of eighty-five pledge-bound Parnell held the balance of power in the House of ‘Commons.ou (wus aqp ajdoad ss0u 205 :uorutdo ystay usa sifug spo fue Aq poypeoxdde Ajrowss uaaa nou ‘purpay ut *pourene suoispe|s) “paypeordde apeaap se aanoayp ogous pure unrem s219 So]0y WO} YE ~ woneiado- sBredureD Jo wef, ayn 70 seand} Hupuny war «1 ‘oy88ans Gewese Aqqeuoseas Aue srespouryy 2949 "ap JO pre ‘Siomo4f0} sty fume 94.1 “sonrod onsead yo 29ver 2p unypn dus auwopt € Burg or paws ‘sreso.opp ys] 3kp jo axepuet nou 2e, “PuRpAT pur pues Soypouose ‘Jruauepany r noge | 09 ap ® POYSHAKD Sut rq 2aamoy ‘suosspeys “oud fere we aay ploy 02 pig e se sees desmed ‘rusu9 sy “purpyy on ajmy wo SunUesS ' aonpont 1 poprap 2uosPEID 1eyp suoRMIpuOD 2894p UT seamto longer “the English” but a section of thems the Toties and ~ ~ Chamberlain, Jn general no comesponding wanming vas proved that charges made agsinse ing tothe Orange ing armed resistance. In 1890, however, a personal and political ragedy upset all cal- culations. Captain W.H, O'Shea, formerly member of panliament for an rsh constituency and an associate of Joseph Chamber took divorce proceedings against his wie, Kathatine, citing Pern as covtespondent. When the divorce first assumed that Parnell would resign, This assumption, while reasonable according to prevailing conventions, was wrong. The Irish pary, accustomed :0 give Parnell unquestioning obedience, reaced in confusion. They reekected him as chaieman and then ~ after Gladstone, responding to English Nonconformist opinion on the matter, came out against him ~ the majority ofthe pany declared theit chairman deposed, They were supported by the Catholic hiesatchy, which is hardly surprising, and later by the bulk of the electorate, He fought and lost thece biter by-elections and died at Brighton on 6 October 1891. ‘The Fenizus suppo helped to tubhoiy with the young, leprae, , James Stephens. The Fenian 's grave It was he, and not any Te who was elected to succeed "08 | fllowers, who was cleted to succeed 2" “and indeed all that sir nish war, began when lasioned and embitcred an event was conceived, yabled by that evers’s Long,eropf wors 248 wey Jagr ays uno Buro>| SoneL ay as QA JO 34,The Struggle for Independence ‘Shame a the passivity or teachery of an earlier generation has beer 2 powerful motive force in modem Irish history. The Land League generation ‘way about the sheeptotheslaaghrer generar tion of the great famine, And the Land League generation ~ che generation of Pamell’s contemporaries ~ were themselves to appeat ‘men who had throwa Parnell to the wolves atthe bidding of an Englishman. W.B. Yeats, who was twentytve a the time ofthe fll of Perel, wrote immediately patioic elegy, Moure and thee Onwerds, and returned tothe theme years afterwards in Porel's Funeral: “An age ithe ever of an age When anges muted Ere lk nr did we play 2 “Upon a painted tage when we devoured his bean, ‘James Joyce, who was nine a the ‘work Et tu Healy! —a play a5 sary — and also returned to the theme in Ts (ley Day tn the Gomme Room!) and (A Portrait of the Arcs as 6 Young Mon: ects all his when he gow Up aid Dare holy ~ se language he ‘Goa and cigion and pin in is own ome, ~ Le hi eee Mrs Cag wher om airs the able the Jenguage with which che piss pawn brake Panel's hea and boone hit ino irae, Lehi ‘emembe tat oo when be grows up. ‘The fall of Parnell opened a double crisis of authority inside lish Society. Parental authority was shaken, and so ~in some ways mote 3, wrote as his fist imaginative ‘a famous scene in os CHAPTER 7synod pu woiipry Se ‘wo ragz woy snd ay) popoou fpureg wosuionou ypureg 2 4p aed se pur ‘ouur agp YF pres sem s® “women de jo Aare xp Jo ‘sono on pausey ssid sep ng *punos8 aus equa, pouluapuoa ay as9q (oq opens ABs souoy 3 “soRpgat Gans ur SOA Sexkoqostp “ous > S991 pur 6¥gz yo as0qp 24H) pedoy ur ued Surge rou moqe = ssaud oip Sogo, 0) popu a[doad ayn jo sseu: 241 “Auowpae yer — [esoumu “pura oF ajo Lystidug so uoddns at suonsiosip yar fygewrou ‘pasn sto ‘ado, Gomeaypussmurs ut 99195 AzevonnpoasrmuneD e "oPINE A, jo souan gue aq, 52801 OM 50 Squre> siepnoy Lut papunoy uaaq pey “qpooukeyy ‘989T]00) pehoy 5 }2ure Ig “Are pediound ayy, ue wst204e ‘usomioq pur si] 3) UI WosuayF uoaq pey 2194} *PUEppy Ur Seapr Arruonnyoaay ysuatg aeumuassip 02 uOY>§ 2¥0.], 20UI8 1943 “m3 ‘y21n0> jo sem sonrpod jo ano worfyjar Sutdaay yo eapr ayy ‘opted U pox sreuoissed WOU 919m OY HOU Suowe {psizord ueurwop swe22q 2104s sep aprsino 2} pur “st9 ir >¢p Aq pofonsep 208 sem SIL “Wayp uo poryu09 Anuno9 24p jo #76 121008 5B paronps 230 Jo oe] axp pu ‘uonn2asied Suoy wapun sind so1pe jo ssunse|peas 2g) ‘adoad oyp jo ques a4p yor Aaoqpae jou op Gm pwoomur ayy Gren wisus up ponueD ey asud oy Br ooureS a¢p yo auoypne axp sem ~ Kipaessbecause he was breaking with the Fenians in order to follow a censtitutional course. Jn 1890 the divorce case ~ an accident from a political point of view ~ ne the suppor ofthe pais and bi ‘0 the Fenians Tangeage, made them appear i to many of the young. Theit owa self-confidence may also have been shaken; more than thinty yeats were co elapse, and much blood was to be 126 ical and derived small section of the ge number of young ‘who were profoundly shocked by be hhim with contempt. Several kinds of fused, Sean O'Faolain, who was not bor of Par fall, but who grew up among its sullen and protracted echoes the central chatacter of his second novel Bird Alone (1936) find Lyogee wayyncy UayEI9q OLmUMODDE ow WO ING “TapYsHLap sem PLE|ax] =KxEUT 10520 ‘4p is ypuatg Aosag Jo sa810 atp pur $044 PUP aT|IAIIWOG Jo S018 2g 228mys 01 ue YBNe] oF prsodsp a10u 219m satresoduiat4OC) oye peg ip ea ura) so pe so fed PCE yuo 301 man Jo muted Aoutpuassiy uP wo1g 39u0 1 [fF DPF 300 PAP EP DA tee foun woep, ‘pes pey 24,1 roamed e moge Sung pjndm suorss2u09 sna ay pres 34 unyre tog uoueMS ap poossi9pun pey pause pe ed sir aaorype vou pip a ang rexodurt 9 oF oye ane vara WS ous 06 591 indunxe swosag Aga prnom weyruonea ep Abypes atp UO “aateAsH8 ofkou029 Jo Sspae 0, ay, Jo parodia aq pyno> Te op ba Gaurd sys apy seaqry ow ‘sp107 a4p, aeuorin|onos Jo 35691 A ‘unosp om adsonss uy “Kou SAn2® pur aapeoia “ns [pur ue pazoye pase aun 13% foes ep | ety am nnn apn tons pep mo aot ou 944 andea"] Pland confusing centenary com of 3798, and the atempred boycott of Queen Vier in 1900 ~ seemed more amusing than al “The Tories, who were of course commited to resist Home Rule, went down inthe Liberal landslide of 1906, Becau ide, this did not have any geeat effect where Ireland was con Campbell-Bannerman had 2 majority independent of the sh representatives, and in chese circumstances there was no need take the risky ~ and to many Liberals repugnant ~ course of in le Bil. “Afr the genctaleletions of 1910, however, the Liberals, with became again dependent on the sup xy were not merely in 2 position 1 do this: they do it as the price of the Irish support on which sajority depended, For the Irish party, now led by John Redmond, the opportuni seemed heaver-sent one: the Parliament Act would open the door to Home Rule, The Irish could oblige she Liberals to inroduce the Home Rule Bill, having previously deprived the Lords of the power to block it. Then the patient constitutional policy would be crowned with success, and the Sinn Fein and other extremists at Thome would be silenced by she solemn reopening of che Lech fora while according to plan. The third Home Rose Bill ini itstwa predecessors, intended to give limited self-government to introduced in Apsil r9r2 and had gone through a i ‘Commons by January 1915. A fornight late it was ejected bythe Lords ~ as anticipated ~ and it was then catied once mi the Commons, and again teected by the Lords in Jul dh al Hote Rae apy he Commons fr mained was to pass it again d coming itooperations i pressed though hrave become law by fe paliam: for whom. Rediwond and Home Rulepo agp jo ye ‘spayeduids Ares par Jeanrod 4 ‘pentypg 2oyod 24) ‘on istry sutig 241 possard “fase 34350 puss ja Surmoys spsu 283099 Sur boise, ueyp pes iS ‘1 posedsid atom ySeuin’y amp ae SpedtgAyear:> 21p Jo S290 aaasedyy rey wmoUy, auteD9q AF FLOK Y>sE"Y UF 1 suse Dey “hyehos wos pre st im apap pur siunjo, [9.24 1 ste jo auowuiisuod te} =m 819 “IE, 2pAIPHD ‘pound 20) plotuons 2919 cau speomut ‘ur pp 4g poummiqua “0, ysnag 2p 10 510, d22y 1 ws wu) DepsBonp apayy WOH AP a sex algo aouyn(S:61-45gt) unseeD prempy “G7] fio urjgncr poutaiaep pur pays» fq po nm AY, "se2 yOu ;paL 942 uF uonejadod ayn jo Aiuofeun x atom four pur yun “Appanstp¥ x 4 : he This was a period of biter class struggle, both in England and in Uieland, and the recklessness of the Tory resistance to Home Rule ‘On the Irish side ako, class militancy the national struggle. From the great Dublin strike and it of r9r3 — about which Sean O*Casey later wrote his ‘The British government could nor prevent hampered not only by ‘Ulster, but also by its dependence on Redmond’s par mond came winder increasingly heavy pres Liberals were forced vunaeceprable to maj essute: partition was, cease, i opinion in Ireland, M4 bers were now the determined ex-convict Tom Clarke (1838-1916) and the poet Padraic Pearse (1879-1916), determined to take ad tbe a revolutionary con) November 1 land seemed to be drifting was avened, oF postponed, by the outbreak of the Fist World Wear. Home Rule with exclusion ~ was now on the seztue Book, but ‘not to come into operation until the end ofthe wat. Redmond and colleagues supported the war efort and Irishmen volunteered in large numbers h Republican Brothethood, at England's diffeulyy vas Teas-purpay jo apts spremooye pue iasnayy aurteg ste, (eset °q) EEA 2p UoUeg sem Z013s styp ur puususo> GF wepubIuOD seaUNIOA SY 3pIS sng 2p vo Susy ayy jo PEM 9p 20) IO ap Fey HOLE = bere ponodss arom ausuao e809 stp Ur SonpEaseD Ys aang nunoyy Suryoopax0 ssnoy woy St 43 dn py aio purfiug wor 3u foray dprey panyns pu igen Ajenua, u29q 5u0] pey sep ‘oqgndoge 34p pousrsond fay, “sesuaud gad jo nquna e pur § pry ~ 280) ‘atonea 24 02 ur>9q Yor ow parpuny ‘anjo A, puestogp omy 1ndge Ayo *uorsnyua9 oe ipuupeyy seq Pry Lap 0: dppq pinom sunwseg ao xs iA Sussexequa 2qp jo asneooq Murew sonHoyMe aq WOH, pou jo sunseow © pfolua simruo[oA Ysuy 24. 61 judy “Kepung miseg 10) Suasry ayp yo aep a4 ws KYL, asda op gta asiom 2 {quo pinows Soy ‘9161 Jo Suuds 349 su yoo] 1gSta Ssoueyp 24p peq sA>-eoy ep ABA0up spr Sx iLL wo Supo8 yjos sem Sunrausos pur “aoyrUn ysnag Ur woyp aa owe Sumo} aseuoneu pure srfoyrec Kpsow pure ay puesnowp Ay pur paxpung]e anoge :moy {sno Sususng 29 on 9161 A> UE polos wey seep weAD De) aH 4q par ‘sed ayp ut sae nyeuoneu yo aurey ap 1604 peg “eyss2905 sin 94904 ‘S00 ras ren adaauioo 2tp kg pasuangut tom fav, “99905 aneIpausUt Jo S9>UeYD 94} Jo aAnDRdsoIA “O|G 1 powu sayp de apeus pey “oAowoy ‘sipeo] aut 9, “Bp eaoj ed ayy > oy pur Hew 1103, Surwosyp aq Pom djsy sNOUDS Une A, 34) WIoxU! 03 Sem 2sodind =A} “OUT 0} UOISUE [opssooonsue Ue Woy, Pu u2usse5 s9H0xf “Pury {1 ayp Jo Spsuno> 2yp omar ~ Kyqi>10) Sure Kquado ung pey oy ‘(91E "POBLACHT NAH _EMEANN. ‘~ TMB PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT IRISH. REPUBLIC 00. THE 5 © Sti oo Bll Ta creme , “THOMAS 3. CZARER f EAN wie DARUADL THOMAS’ nlebonics P.M, PEARSE: EAMONN CAN, AWES CONNOLLY. S0SEPH Opposite: The proclamation ofthe Repeblic, Ea ott Allyhe lade who signed it wete auewarés cousemstisled 20d shoe Rights A tated Republican fag ahenoy Bate troop rom the to of 90 afer Ease weck Pose Ofie, headquarters | war a uted shell byosver anf “upeg uuig porque ‘2894p Jo wuaprsord poops sem spremuoye Aoys pur *foleus 982] F hq, wom ay suntope|d sty 916% Jo woneweposd ayp Buyfrus ‘S8e[D Ut uon>s[9rkq © 1 uoND9pp 155 poors A[pwepowur e>Ie A dq “2161 aunf ut paseafar atom “es[e, 9p Surpaur ‘aio ‘9x61 suo pur ‘nussinsus rpadxe Ayeomtjod suse2aq fou2ru] szouauy sae Apoys pu 210/94 ‘uns0u09 2nDe Jo raneus ¥ sure>9q Suonoear weotaury “suoMn29x3 9161 3p Jo sau 242 03 uorurdO = wWrouawy yBIT-uoE suI0s pur ~ uESIDUrYpsL{ Jo WOIde! pe Apuos dor pry Assequig, uorduryse yy 31% ‘yog otuisA0ry ysn cp porewnsiopun fyqeqoud wou az, "PuuonnpoAs: Uedygndayy axp Jo woU2n0ur 24p 2uto20q 03 sem at MON, “ou WeERBUNpy-onsny to fiposoddns “éyprevow fenp © u2q fjjenidi0 pey wwle asoyrs “uoneztuEaIO Syn Aypoiseg sem SiLL “UB UUNg spremor u4p Oy Kem ussoidpy sup pourtmpin Kuo T0304 soup nq Suonnaexs a jo sIpeIey> psrsenosd pu A9quin >i 1 Prgitog uoq pry 001 doy “puowpayy Aq po] fued Kanuaureied si 24 J0 98 Jeornjod aun padonsp [pnb pur Suasry 24, -poreds uzeq smopryjaxp jo EY sone “worygps a jo Burysnsayp jo ewe ayer “79 unos sary Aygeqoid pynom 210) ss" fuaKp 1) uoHEMIPE JP PUE HsSinsur agp pum Acpedusts wuae yo aassx doop v u2%q 3824 sour asa Eup so8ns iaxomony OBuEi> oy jo sNDeIeGD puE Be uowjnass fq pareopose {eB 1 pag ngnopun st upp jo afueyp 2p jo 199) 24, “ayo qpeomuowwos Jo adh uryensny 40 umppeue ¥ O79 paopons Aijnpoead ancy pjtom pur supuoM! pag Apyes ponunuo: SEE : 1; rioddns pur oodso pur ‘uur paBueq 4 ‘joa ap ‘qyesus8 oydood (D PuE “jjouuo> Popunon aya ‘arog Sutpnypur‘siopes| ay Jo 94g “poxspuains Spq21 ap ‘oa a4: Jo Bumoys 9 ue “Fungdy §x90m dnp sa uesggndo hos Assan py gf oer ofa op PEEclected Sinn Fein members, who were Te fst Dail jail ~ met on 2¢ Janu: fied the Republic proclaimed asserted the sole power of the Dail 10 make laws binding on the Irish people, and demanded ‘the evacuation of our country by itevocably commited to the wat effort. Immediately afte the Cons Joyd George announced, on 9 April fon under which conscrip- nd. Sinn Fein and the Irish patty co- operated in organizing tb the nanore of this campaign favoured the the pary which had so long favouted co-opet ament which, in wartime conditions, co VOTE FOR December 1918 ~ brought the almost tal Irish panty, which had monopolized che electotal representation of Ireland ~ outside the Protestant northveast and Trinity College, | Dublin - for more than thirty years. The poliey of Sinn Fein was to The Manin Jail for (roland. sefiain from taking the 73 seats (ous of 195 forthe whole of Ireland) = ere An oe deion poser 142sh aouamy, OD Jo sokeyy pier] op Jo aoyues aq 1, “uaWUI2R08 sung 2g) oF wpinq (Bnous Bu91 ino pp + wuotp sudo 0) A2e300U Se eyo. Je appevods xp Ag poponss 20 seiuond ayp op sxaupeducs gp 2idoad Jo saquinc jeuondoox> ue Surureuos pus iokod jeuadisy 2ip onnteuodiar aouaypae ae ao}9q pur “aon 2wO4 se pape sem ary uo pur SBexs 9 pysing fan 2 uo parsnpuc> sei seo nage [ruondooxs sean wey snus Hons axpo Kueue UeEp gon 94 EBL or Sureuep Apcons seo pur “purl Jp Auew pur erpensny pur epetecy tH uy se pm se ~ uremig_ ut ajdood Aueur pagimoy ar tp sem sign ene pur sur pueryarjg Aq AIsnonoeds suey = ssauyn0r 3 ‘syn ques pow" uoayy anoge ut ums saaot Aiqeqord A>uy1, spo feuareur Karat A194 woxp “Supaoun sy 5uUR2Ig [eC] Je fap ayp uo “aerndds 1 “05 “Baqpeayojos ae use wet SuIpy> ‘sparanjo Jo dnois e Aq uonse pause fq poredrone w33q pry JPIE KIS snAdsKy woxwjo A, amp kq APIIpawUBE owe por “dope seas uomansuod fern ay, fest 20 A|[eooydeiow 1 sgh 2g p> su, purty por por omg ea J ‘01~ 230an35 Suo] eyo wed se ~ Aense wow posra>1 ve uurairg freq Aq pans suonesepaap a¢p jo 24, “pueunuuos BaUNIOA 2YP spremor opmyne TAILS e sUNBWOS PEY Py smayo nonajoA, puy “sanded ur sfere wou nq *kLonyp i pavdaoor aqnanexg aIUNfOA 24, “oHNy pouaptin aunteu S jo PLE punoqyiea o1095 fquou wewI01g 9xp UE 1499%9 Sop Surhzea ur pj sem ‘uoddns ryndod uo 109 eoygndoy uao sir do 33s sngnoay a,Desth-mnk of Tenet MaeSwaney, Lord Maye of cok five days, became symbolic of Ireland's detetsination in resistance, Tkish sisings in the past had been made to collapse with the aid of informers. In (1890-1522), Director of Intelligence of the A and a guerrilla leader of genius, not only eliminated informers on the Irish sie, but success planted his own informers in Dul repression. This factor, together with financial and moral suppor from America ~ visited by President de Valera in r919-20 ~ and insurgent propaganda most ably conducted by Erskine Chi (1870-1922), helped to make the military erushing ofthe 4 protracted, costly and visible business and therefore poli rewarding. ‘General elections were held in Ireland in May 1920. By chs date the ‘home rule and partition’ principles had become embodied in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, establishing separate ps sents for Northetn ireland and ‘Souther Ireland’. The Uni had a solid majority in Northern Jieland, n “Southern Trea’, the Sinn Fein candidates were reurned unopposed for every sat except for Trinity College. They refused, however 0 take thet seats in che parliament of "Southern Irland’ and continuing the previous prov cedure consticueed the Second Dail. 146 ‘The Government of Irland Act was inoperative over most of Ireland, bur it established a partition which has now endured for over halfa century. Lloyd George's problem, which he see about with mastely political skill, was one of geting Dail Eireann, or at least of its members, to accept the substance, the nomenclature, of the parliament of “Southern Ireland’, Conditions were favourable fer this. Most Irish people were sick of reprisals and coontereprsals. They had voted for a Republic, and wanted an undivided one, Those of them who knew anything of Ubtet, however, knew that no conceivable prolongation of guerilla war in Republican Ireland could reunite Ineland. At the centre ofthe six counties of Northern Ireland was different ‘wate supporting 2 different breed of fish’. And of course many ordinary Irishmen, who knew and cared litle about Ulster, swere ready f0 support any group which would zecepia compromise capable of leading to peace. ‘On as June xo2t, Pesident de Valera received a lever from the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposing a conference with a view to peace, A truce followed, on 9 July, and the diseuse sions opened which wete to lead to the Anglo-lrish Treay. These negotiations, conducted in London, were complex and ambiguous a subject of controversy; they cannot be adequately ly ~ though not in form ~ the main subject cussion consisted of Northern Leeland and ‘Southern Ieelind Could the Sinn Fein representatives ~ led by Griffith and Collins — ‘recover’ the six counties, or any form of authority over them, oF ‘even any part ofthe terttory? Ann, in respect of ‘Southern Ireland” of which the British governmenc recognized Sinn Fein as repte- sentative ~ what would be che extent of Sinn Fein's authority, and what is symbols: Crown or Republ From the British point of view, it was only the second set of ques fons that was under Serious discussion, as is evident frum the fat that Lloyd George's overture to de Walera was made immediately afier the solemn opening of the parliament of Notthern Ireland by the King. But Lloyd George, with immense subtlety and ingenuity, succeeded in convincing Grif that Northern Ireland might, after, rovided the Sinn Fein representar sional and defence issues. In chis ‘way the Irishmen were brought to accept ~ forthe ‘Southern Ite- land’ esitory ~ an oath of ale perl forces of certain the same forees in the 4?apr 4G DAY pl PDE Pty pels Wy‘These arrangements resembled the substance of the British Gor veenment of frelan wach mare clay than they did the absolute independence proclaimed by Sinn Fein, This was 50 even “Southern Ircland’ was concerned. Northern Ireland was and the apparent ‘concessions’ on it were tolly illusory, since they depended on the agreement ofthe parliament of Norther re- land, which was the organized embodiment of refusal to make any such concessions, Lloyd George's masterstioke was a Boundary Commission which could review che border between Nort event showed = that any revi smal, and that the total tesitory of Northen reduced. The Sinn Fein representatives, on the othe: hand, Treaty were far more un “gt many followed 38 on the fght to the bite end, De Valera sought revision ofthe terms ofthe Treaty in selaton especially to che important symbol of the oath of allegiance i order to aver civil war. He was, however, defeated in the Cabir net, and ~ very narrowly ~ ix the Dail (January 1922). The 2a 1a Republican Army and a Free State Army, took shape and oceupied different buildings in Dublin and elses where. ‘Goneral elections (June 1922) produced 2 parliament with a safe pro-Treay majority which elected a government headed by Acchur Griffith, ‘There were Protestant pogroms. against Cathol 150 — supported for a time 1¢ pto-Treay and amirTreaty factions of Sinm Fein ~ against che Northern Iteland government, which called in as is adviser Sir Henry Wilson, former Chief of the Imperial General ‘Staff, and an advocate of the reconquest of all Ilan. Wilson was assassinated by 1a men (22 June 1922). Lloyd George put pres: sure on the Grifith governme: eaty forces. The Irish Civil War had begun. ‘The pro/Treayy forces were probably, i the beginning, numeris cally inferio, but they had the decisive advantages of sup material and supplies and alo of the support ofthe great majority ofthe people. De Valera atached himself co the Republican side, bbut did nor lead it: he seems to have favoured what would have been, in effect, a token resistance, proving thatthe Treaty ‘was accepted, by many Irishmen, only under du forces, by the end of the summer of 1922, held and most ofthe countryside, The Catholic hierarchy ~ which had given considerable moral support to Sinn Fein from: 1918 on ~ condemned the ty forees and placed them under excomy munication. The stg note bi istesr yo wauidopaap -artoytud\s © pokeyd 3] “ysinow 10u mg ‘ypau: prone 08 ya UIRSIHPE TOY spreaor Kemarel # inq ‘suomendse jevoneu ayp jo fekezag # 100 sem ‘eag, 2yp ep Simson yo ip :240 jeuonmasa0d e see ype — WEL od pur ~ puosss au. “Aisuno9 wiovsea loquids aiqsta © se pu ssn ut yog ouuoyos sunsaaronpy UOuUREG 34.y “299m Jo anstout (x pur ‘Suondwrsse anearssuoy wo “ABioua epi ser sigh 31 EADS [oly MUAY SisnonneD & Bt pur datos paewep Aipeq & Jo Smpyingar ay) 20} suompuod apis oud 01 pry af Aijopsowogy "yse JPop e MOGE SOY PEG “aaRITKOD “i wemgy spon ‘mS 9924 GST aep jo wwEUIEIDAOg i51y 94 y amis. MMT LL, sows #5 m9 “er puessweni sem ai0y a0 40 1aypo 10 2410 odds os ~ kep o> pur ~ paotinuos Sup :puowpsy pareypndas pey £54 5° onjgnday aut mou st ieum er sootpe PUOWPeY pO — ud at 1e-g161 Jo “9161 Jo Suny ay, orignaay O1 arvis agua HStuE JUSUIUAIAOTY FPS 8 YWALAVHO PrpoUs eamog, 180 yo >t ue sap‘The Shannon hydroaleic scheme, ibe tym of pace conazution ional gains of eyes ofthe eleco al failure. Im 1925, th ‘existing border between | Boundary Commission, wagant hopes had been held ott, by what was regarded as a m: government was obliged to the Free State and Northern in respect of which such « yielded nothing ac all. ed 10 many 2 powerful vind of the anti‘Treaty Cassandras, and therefore of Eamon de Valera. [De Valera had been imprisoned in 1923-24, a had many of m who were elected mes » because ofthe oath ving gone through @ procedure which was accepted as dethe requizements of the oat and thee was some armed activity conducted in the € 18a. In the general elections of 1932, biterly foughe ly conducted, Fias ity and Cosgrave and the seals of offce to de Valera and his. = pethaps unique in a newly indepen dent state ~ of the viewrs in a civil war peacefully selinguishing, office to representative figures among sn chat war, De Valera had to contend in che beginning with some parar both from the Republican the Bhoeahit movement ot i and language ofthe conte ‘of these movements were, however, reduced 10 comparative insignificance by frm and skilfl handling. The eatly yeas ofthe de Valera goverament were a prod of economic dif ty both because of the ger “economic war" with ts52s Amugod jyews ® 10) Korod wast. 24 SE Jfapeeinou veep pur aBenus © 0% Ayr sure suon -N Jo aneor] aq 1 ounddo wage yrs AE 3p UOREES po agndan og 94 7 pan3 Treaty seemed t0 exclude this ceeded in negoriating, with the settlement which both ended Aue rvs fhe Fea torical reasons for the support given by the great majority of Ish men, outside Northern Ireland, to Irish neutrality, declared in ¢ wadition of Tone and of Jand’s opportunity, and that and given to, the Thitd Reich, aftermath of the war fel logically and intelleewally. Ic had had for years a censorship of Tite imed again obscenity but 50 interpret exclude all modern imaginative prose writings of censorship law, together with laws against d tion, had been passed, under clerical press Civil War; these laws have never been rep ‘One ofthe hota, seth sony ese the Cheny Orehacd Hes,pep eaiteg 208 sos ps ple pug ayp epi 22yo Or DovunaL ELE 9p IAL pat sem sprung surioug 2c ySnop) pa Sued mnype|gog 2u ude|s 24g, “un09 24201 use eaLIA408 31 purr woneuisai spumorg acy pousege PUE 30) paqie> apHEOEHL AW ‘ouaups a4 prddorp auowisnod ayy, cme] jeiow 341 01 Aen ‘o> fem sos SURDUE F InoGpLO awUOKDS WALEY EGp-pITEAON © dex poyeanas oven *ujqngy yo doysiquary oure 943 ey 34 ep aouinoutse 0» pur "y0su09 07 Aressa99u ‘802 a) 9ufopow pozietoos jo Suruuyoq xp Hunussoud ‘sajoud [eorpou 241 wos} uonssoddo Suons pasnore si, “suas {ppray pyyp-purcnypow Buuypearaey x poxedosd pe sunorg, PON ICL IRIS pue Yosnycy uD~N suORepE pIRfone! qm Dnssp ue WO 29430 wor} py HDWUNDAO Kurd Bp BSE Oy oot DY Purp 24, PUN] Jo voneayruna: ay) 405 asea ay yuDsaid (4 anon pom © uo 2408 pey “soyo uioy fey s1Y Uo “eIEA 2 “puepay uisquopy jo auburerzed ayy yo auzsito9 941 nota 9pELE 99 inom aSuey> qans ou meus (6bét) DY puepay ayy ut aiesH ‘28 0 ajqestape 3 1p) luau SANG 2y.1 “uonnred jo SuIpus 2 SpIEMOD UDxEI UB>q em s1u0s ut pey das v req JUNSBINs aumonaqr Aq “aps Ys] 24 uo “apeamoy “paywrdimosne sem auULyD ou Huey a1oquuks e Ayjenusssa sem egy or uonaafqo snonss fou pey sususiieno8 soy ay, -agIp 204 mou sea 5 ungpnos, #224 sy has ap yo ssoursng poysruyun 9¢p ysiuy 01 aduione posnauar& hq Pees nei hid i payday nog n9199m9 Jo sanjqoad asin pope +3 1g] ‘niotu>A08 {ued 8 adong uiasom jo Je pre 242 um) wonanasues jendsoy pur Furseoy mou “souRIe3|> rte pey sieaK zeavard agp ur uD “oppo Laue UE apy wean gndsy-e ap ued ane18509 plo aup ~ suisuoddo Surmaiyses s.enpe ap wor poduei suauodwoo soy ‘uosuruuaa0$ fued-rut ur &q paoeyd>e sem pure gS ut [pj 9yo ut A{snonunue> srk oaIS ye Ua cupio8 e3[t, 9p 34 “tty *Uurly woy woddns 2wos Kea = var agp jo yeas jo jt saws pur suo prey Jo pur: 9161 a4 fo au Jo uos ‘siny Surgpep pur anniemme ue — apugorTy 9 a pa pu pony aed pang HAE aR ese aanoeonai pue axpoedsona: awos ‘sored sesrury x Aq * tedag mou atm ap wonegordde yee ep) peusnur pe oye tow 3unok 21, "uoddos 250] 03 ueB9q sou *porsad Fem 24 ‘ure asoure fq panda02e u9q pry di ‘tun Souo seyndod (pn 10u pur ‘sien gat *dryosua> stad yo Surpen agp GEA" 5 © iem ayn Sutsnp “poppe u>39 P? OL ‘poxept Apeotd upg seg 908everfl exception ofthe second inte-pay government (1955-37) de Vaers's party has remained in offe to the time of wring, Thefat of Dr Browne's here i usually invoked to show polis in the Republic ae dominated bythe Church, The quite si a afr all the govenete which Showed such exemplar cagernes tobe pied bythe moral law (2s | ‘expounded by she Archbishop) which was rejected bythe decor What was tally shown was thatthe Churd | the heroic polities of 1916 was now ‘above politics above which he is were sensible and mundane. Hi Sean Lemass, operly impossible and frustrating ask of tying to end par ymacy and propaganda, and attempted a good-neigh- Northern Ireland. Decreasing emphasis was laid Tanguage, the restoration of which was Domest politics turned From 1951 101969, Ih pol policy for some 4 fairly humdrum course, The for Exteinal-wopSury pomun 2p jo ued a|ufs “6F6r UE ypframUOuRUDT ayy pure] ayn usyong sem stone Oa ap nopeis a8 “Parga oo oy fe Salon? 01 potaads preps] Watyuoyy yo waUIKE8 2yp Jo (05100 2p 19pun posed uous UORAAe ayp Yorysn sonURED X15 HL ANWTEME NHIHLYON “snes pomp) tp 01 yerusSuoo 1082 pur {ui y,, Apeuonuannos aiexs Eg foyad $ amDA0d sip Sawamcy “no 210m speap sn sy “Uy ayy Aq 9peld see suodeom seajnu jo voneuuussip “sou aqp fo 2404 38) 3 “suoqsuon sewpjes JO uoM>upox sp Ie pawere “suonEN, PIN 2p ae oun wopendopur ue panand “oxy yuez SW “MIEBYdemands for the ‘reunifcati mnreal and lacking in cor this demand represented in so fat as they turned at all almost homageneo Iteland sounded ine to a setlement which they were known to op- Trivmphing: 2 Potstunt they were an POEM in Ball mena ong the borders = as they were sporadically in every decade — it population that constitured | border did not effet | could count on sympa ‘both sides of the border. | cautions had tobe taken. In so fa a8 gue the ‘wate? for the seo grimly fe Bos, Bond Celebi69: “wo supSe paar units + ut siauosnd “yanog 2ep fq pouopuege fjaanoays pur uaxoN 24 ut Ponquinuino *poroniquue aue29q sempsuria SHOYIES UIRpION, Jo wonenusd y -uaip or uomeps ur sunset jeaads Surknset Se jo 1ySnoup og "sed agp ut U2yO 0S Se *Pirom WopBury partir, agp jo ued x 0 Wainy © se tds 99 poo so1oqres> aque gy 3p uad 2 Jo qonus 309 a0oKe su U>tH ‘ai3ee ue gps seo ost 243 Jo AiNEgES aK AgNO Ong 7 pe SL 94921948 "OPO * twaiss 21 Asal 0 pa "oy spuewsp s.umgng "8961 sameyng tog A 15 sr neriyaa 01 paSesno2u 3m uesgof 2x28 en org sonposd 01 propueula29 a3 joy soup sure Be uatpioy, Jo YOR buy "Purp 18 ‘uone|ndod weisro1g 2[oyss ay asouspe ye od uamod yeamod Jo {jodouow uayorqun we quis funy 2ary S19} SSL “hey SWORE) xp Jo pen -utez08 a4 9239 33 3 Us ‘souanbordo> jroos pue jeanyod tursodwt pey worpig “se susweanp osfe pur “sm pap]nous sey yoru ased ¥ inog® “Bunseog 10 Aou22e\duo> ‘woneurwtio Jo wre © ium ‘ayeatumuwe ues Aepor ax yprym wy sen] [ester ‘sp douwo9 © pay or nq sks Sead.wo9 aeprea 020 UIA att otf “100091 warp Jo MEU *puepr] yo sUELZONTY 9042 Jo LO J inst aep jo aui0s umoUy flaps s10w vey modOS 2xeW O21 waygord 9 j0s 01 suorsuabad ou sey 009 ae OT, se ang ‘yo uayeqs 0 -aunos 3 104 “yds ret se sou (tomy sy 29s 01st ~ ysta se Joon 58 YsfBug “seas SE [pm se SoyTE 10y — ne SP UF WopsER jo TunUtBog aqp ep ag Keurig 4 “keporyo agra ystnag ayn pu *uossty reyp adeys ov yonve prp ase 2yp ut yuautst9n08 ysHLag "9G ‘a Kays faoisny 2504p pu “aeys Aaqp ypig® pues 34 Ur soups ‘01 Arnporad Sunsexa yo sem 190 0m 01 31g Surg WON Na se ie ‘Bune jo awn 2411 “paso fin ur pouado yrs Arowty gig] uy sndeyp aep am o1 xdusane 09 9 001 1 “DA se rsovoug Suowe wee J 2800 © pu ame vat poute Jo ry cue annoy 3 Jo conut Aarup uP 29105 on dwone nb 2104p) 34 musposaidun pun JO OnEa B Po3OA9 PUE @ om PLE YsMIG 9q) poxoedt appewads {30 uorssaidau ayp umop Map a10p:34p pur * ‘Jo sey ap ponor a spe A(Barpuodsa107 ‘91 9q 0) ponsiag 4ayp EY UI passa. “yp] auIINXD pue Va 3e toy ajdood pooeme a ‘ASurpucdtono; ‘uoddns sseu sty paanap ‘uegin powonpo ue apisino $u1o8 10 gparnjaxe sours woy sem amy Jo paandap ug, pey yrs soup SonDerd ur sy “purppy Patenunsuo> pur Suapoiw-uou sea ‘aseyd S"So96r ae] 2yp UY pSuans JeerS0 sx poALDp su>u>e0ur NYA [ald aye ise g “Masioanuy 5 ua0i Jo srenper pur suuspnis {Aurew ‘suessooig awos wo pue ‘uoHEDUAS S14 WOH sem Ip are 1DBIBLIOGRAPHY Bagel, Richard flan wake the Todor. Landon, 1885-99 eld wd the Stirs. London, 1909-16 Binchy,.D-A.(e.), Stub in Early Josh Law. Dal Beowa TN, nah and Anan Noto York, 1986 Cate, J, The iB | Cis, Hampi. and pole. Philadelphia and New i Pat Dublin, 1987 thr ap Simon, The ic and Earle Brana Aes the land, 1615-42, London, 1956 Gorell, Kenneth, Tle Population of tela, 1950-1895. Oxford, 1950 Connolly, James, Lew end Easter Werk. Dublin, 1949 ‘The Workes’ Res, Dublin, 1952 ‘Coogan, Timothy P. Ilan sine the Rising. London and New York, 1966 | Tie L.A, London, 1970 ‘Covery, Daniel, The Hiden Icon: 6 study of Gakic Mins | Dubhinsr925 (Cori, Edmund, A Histmy of Medio! Ila: 1086-1513. Londen eps . | igh 1 Mie an de Vere Whit, Teen, 15lax ss pu aap py pn 24 fo pe _ssegg-y °5 20. por suoky -y “gg AE Moonset yoy ob Gu SKE yt 961 ‘uopuort Fane sagaarypoe ms ira arn ar “Cpa PE BUEN Sy. Np pg ML WL "y ueniS ey "as fe yd) PUL “Poowsag “uel een 29 99 2b (9) ott 98 POR mON RYH YH po one ALL PCL UU) 6s wapHOrL "9 MLL ADA ome cots opr] mr mo) fo ans 29 Auge fone 4, Sa "EYL 6 “pe m5 55 oper IC My ny URLS "WEGENER 9951 0K man pee wpUOT VoL sme) “pao Yen Somme PHD opin ig peg pe sone aon entra ID pur Ma's ulspon ©. ‘36% U0pLo] inne a Ml AS “IONE O. St “ung apy pur Aa un Ang 31 246 uopuery ome ap acu “onjoy jo Ye AH Pe" HH, 2961 “pope aici avg o R00 pe poy 225 6) 09 np ter "uopuoy pay O tm aut 861 “a0pury (HUE .O [HORE Joa 8) HA a eBay "aes gE O ct ona, 40a oat 12000 Buy yn fo uma) ang (ps) rg Set euepprst 6 oan etext wg O cs ponds 0961 opueT Hoop fe Tndeys 9 (2) pono 1561 Spnpeo W609 E “uopuet ‘outage 0 Tear uopu0y 1 ig eo par Lovie “EET IT ‘oot uopury “anny yr Marg “gaan PROS pu . eae 20g mane HEADIN pe fo kag leg me ing 4 [hear sei "uopuoy ity-tpdr ‘pm say fo pong og) ee UL Suet aSpengns ang yng a M4) 4, aye NH og iSkelton of « giase Cay Museum, Br Long Stone of Punches Co, Kildare. Phots Commi sir of Plc Workin dd. Poulabrone Co. Stone basin ftom the 1908 usage of the motos at Kou, Co. Mest, Covi of Pale Work ld The 1968 pasage fom the (Co. Meth, Pty Uh Ta Bowl Bronze goad fom Dunavecry Co. Asirin. Brsh uso, Londen LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Bronte sil fom Lough Gur, Co. Li Museum of leland, Dul Bronse Age gd bnatd fom Detrinboy, 22, Ofaly. National Masoum of Wand, Debi, Le leon ‘Age. Nedaeal Moscom of Ireland, Dubin Goldlunol Mega. Ph Bloc Zoi ‘The Turoe Sione, La Téne lc Werk in end, Dbl A decorated gold tre fom the Map of the les fom Prolemy’s Garepy, 2618-19 dion Phot Mail Callin, 179ued yo Sens ajo fas my ger 219, ager S05, ta. Jo pltog a Jo fos fg Th cu core Sy 29! 1y oF 094.0 fq “pera, oF Kase saganeey oan eeepc puoi, Jo pot sewog 9 inaleS, sper, Py Sv “NC py ope “pe 208 ‘pls an flap save ory | eigen yo 2 24 oy ao pe uot "9 “RMS HD oe tygrel“229j05 nv 40 sunny gona seen PIO “EET UD, “pom n6S ope “Jor Hae oop diay et 1981 poe aay 9nd ef ong pg Kus) Lovins portals eo) “sD sod p smOIE poe ase hp aane> Ag sounds pump 0.0, ‘apg wD so sangeet S39[05 Sv.n yo prog uj Ino A og og Brg pang eo nd 6 « aya fo samoeroey gsusieg “9D “aay Spoon eeoeg yp ‘aloge 2 bagy” yoy +f ‘ep spe nays Fe tower’) Hg fet 9 ene -05 “hhy we ase Weyluneng 9g) os peat nay uy fo soto I-00 "urea i oS Jo ed potest 5 Linn sti9 S40") 44 yr Agro “usionaygou pu 6 grr “apa we wd ane pinyin Sty piempy Bury J Hem oF pings 8a sano J an Senaaet uray Broungy pg epoery “sey uopue'y“enoiy gona Aina pe fo re30 hy tg pen, oma auf 34 0 nH Pe 851 “papa aoa p00 ol aioy 2g sonturg youn ay peg eg did V OREL Smog BH) pings 9 ai ifevrag 8 er HOO] RII 9 poms 9p aeog poney 3, tear 3p wy Suey Sar Spoon sem a ay Ko gd “ge ayer aang me 55 poe > HO Hg pain uat am) “wggnl "POR “perp go wnsiny De finuss pat 7 “tenes oD oy By uoHt KEY Srjeqy 220g ppEEED Pree “en “Pee ‘apy 87 won Aer spsioy ug pay woes samy og e800 2) “uy jooramy usps 15 wen ge “85, oo) Mesusd fcr, une gj hued oyOliver Plunket, Aschithop of Armagh. Painting by G Muephy. Nacional Galley of Ineland, Dublin 64 Fissinso Gate. Phot (6 Am Inchiguin crown, Chas “necesty money’, coined in Ireland, 1642. Beth Mica, Ineond. From 3 broadheet, re, filo 18. Brith Masur, London. Phot Fleming ° Paiaing by 1679. Tae Gal? 3 x Duke of Qrnond Nasional "Gallery of Dublin ‘The Roja Hospi, Kilmais- ham, Dublin. Designed by Si Willam Rebisean, 1679, Plots Come Pre n Phot ol Cale ‘ming the Catho Moseum, London Tol. ‘ally, London Broudhee showing Undo Lmlindory. Beitss Museo, London Pte owe) Coli “The Bale ofthe Boyne Pine ing by Jan Wyck, Nasional Landon, Pot Peer Clon A penal cos’, Galay 1712 Nate! Mojcom of Heard, Din Edmund Bure Si, Da, Ponsait group showing George Berkley, Proesaat Bahop of Cloyse, sith end, Paiting by John Sir f- Natonal Galery land, Babli Jonathan Swit Pee 833. Plato Elen “The Archbishop Cobbe ani Pretender marmot oving up, by Francis Wheatley. 1782, [Natonal Por London, Howe of Commons aiming by Fanci When. iy AC Galles 86-7. ‘The Vauntens in College ‘Gecen, Painting by Francis ‘Wheuley- Naveral Cally of Ireland, Dub ss of the Four Couns Dublin. Prine by James Malin, Custom House, Deblin. Pi by James show, 792, Nato! ibrar of Heland 89. Theobald Wolfe Tone, Drove ing from the Joly Co Navonst Libary of Ie Doin eth gata. Gila catoon ‘on he roped gran of money to Gams, 1 Museums, London. Phas Blew Tory af bad Bawand 9 The a Bagel, May 1738. Caos Monel! Callen The badge ofthe Un National Calley of Ilana 92 Rebels deroyng a howe and re. Caton by George hats Monell 94-5. The Union Club. Casoon by Gikay Pats Mell Calle OCenell andthe Catholic Rem. Caron fom ach, 1842. Plt Monell Bunen. National Gallery of ‘ndind, Dublin, 183see PF Wns pm sy mgt ® em patir>‘uenns.o pursuing, we bmog ey an, yo on ‘hone eg wes nae ope ne ramey AL ey sursayg i myuy jo Bid mole oe voz year iy Le enn wong 2161 S028 Supe mouse ss, noe pany sioyg 9160 guy 4° Wo pH age page poe “pues pau ip sow “bp 9p epg Dp wues aq am Mog [ERD wigagy Hye snsinge [re B81 SON “OHNE HA) pit ag hg * teiey lygeaoss ye uoye, apg snap) ef og ey PL ope bono Poe wer ay toy sayged wes Sumo singe I one pe mH sry Boy aS o opuo7 “nom ay reduy em prom, ang 529 ed BurraNy Hana “pam 0 ar UNE hay em {Bap 2p yo. soquouL pe uiory aulef Burmoys myo JeBUID put rede} a a yo tae u8C1 “Ines Sng] $81 va Ssoippe uae pepe tS ‘aga sadn pois eyg t6t {98¢ "neuro bieg ae Snow © Susiappe puowpoy xt ‘ge weinge e2usins sr spoeunayng 3K aa comet mony Woy 8095 Boy ye -uepey ‘auoanyy ag 086 a, no 35 Says fdas Spey 4 “pm O04 US PAL 3g {Hyp s0osprip uo oon) est wopun7 ‘wna ng tt “aos 89 dmg BF Day lls wo 380g se fr anys “poate, “Be low 5 hr sands 6 Me Ke omg 4g Bugutey “S66 solof nt eee sg oy “east Uw uijed yo a at 8 Ne ge “9604 9 ‘aoe og 80 ‘weosnig gg “Boy oT uooues ting Dose evens 9 Laenss HD “gIeg sg om “a wooly) anges 39 ru Fst pasiiySe $18 fr (et 8 at 4 fumeg, eva tte) 90 one Syeeur 2 31 132 Y id o7et sen ‘pages Sn suena 384) ogNG “uomyg flionayy 49 sums Coun qe i 40K aN JP iD aso easing "She posses Harned uioueg one uopesseu te se apie opts Sui ‘Ssery pon on neg 94 ba‘Angus 922. Oa. Plow See wcky The Shannen bydroecie me. Pts Adi! Mor tat the Nacons mesing. in Geneva, 28 November i932. Pte Tp Baran (Bors), High King of ld 34 Broghte: 1 m prime. Phi! Casson, Edward 2,33, (Cae Jos, Lov 186ast aay Ar wetoxae poBNeN DL dhe Ae pr Sen AaB 2D utp eb Sere ey 1 Ben ype 19 > ype on eo 0 HE 6-06 oe vot 98 (6-556) poo Set 25-64 women oun on woonpoy eaeapuf ‘2 eq] 07] ct S00 PHL “2 fe. HER ppunh opto on yo seg ‘pongo 11 voommpajiog aie seHT Fe pny orton owas png essen sit 16-06 pimp pry peng 9S ssunepgreg sue POE eA a atom eden a “05 gout pues jo Sarg 295 purse yo Bu vp e208 enandoy jute jo day Su prog oop aun a pod pint th pao 6 bots eeu) Thy mis ed ser } Beers 2853 op org estan yp nce ee ouey Away usec a ae Seu Seapnp “RE Lge srt ue youu) 32 rps 265 wena “bess ean andi, $2 oe005 ex snurquines) ' i tor aaa yo apupvou ueng 9 "ped Fe UM : Ea weno ag dung 284 1007) pnp Er kay een) unig spo son (BIN "p04 ‘resi cos as sani 38 "os “gy “eh po upey puowa ping Pee "E"TL popu ig) bbe, PUR SRSA) ap tte Joa Sager 152 ee at 30 i {54 oh sure org Sane 159° ponte po Sary Soon, 4 p wopSiry pe "epeRE IF i Feo Ra ort gq puoos i robe basen ste auiang Ug fer gran, or orjpuan3, Car aouxpasuegpaoy 5 649 99 BNO Ipuwor api ap fo poate toot 1G funy as yo Por qouteIng pubamensay psyco sof 47.48, 50, Fiagealds kenny to7; Sutues of 473 Confederation of 6 mainhar 7,113, 1143"Kilmainbam fea 5 Lele) 36 8-85 8 ae monarchy Kinalet, 61 Land Act (831) 123-14; se abo ‘Wyndham Act (1293 Land Annviy Lame 153 LaTene League of is Leister 25; Book of 3, Lede (ls King’s Coun) 56 sand HomeRolesrs, | 2 343857655 75:77 poms Lloyd Geoege, Dav op, 143514 Lospit 23,25 Londondey (lr Dey) Louis XIV, King of France 72 Louvor, Erangot Michel Le Teli, a ensebip of 594 alo. Lule, Eden Lynch, jack 62-3 Sein 160-8 ‘MacCzthy, Cormac, King of Monet ” Machivelli, Nicolo 61 ‘Mic Musough Kavanagh, Am 45 [NaeNell, Eoin 136 Macready, General 244 MacSwiney, Tene 145-6 Met, Mis 85, 98 Mache Meath tr ‘megalitic monumens 8-10 Mesolihie people 7-8 Middle Sone Age 7 3 36 37 $56, urphy, Faber oh 98 Netionl League 153 te Land Legue i meals 9; faly back S19 1 46-7, 130 160-1, Land League 0 Bue, lish Fee Site, Nowe and Pade of (Strongbow) 42 Penal Laws 77-805 telaxavon of 86-7, Pic, William (ibe Younge) 90, 91-2 ely Ch . 32 politealTuncion a a8) 4, #0, Quen’ Universi, Bese 192 (O'Shea, Cape WAL 208 Faleigh Sir Wale 55, 56,62 34,35 Pies an 69 Pade) 0}. 1 $5.65-6, 75 Piasineate Adtan iW. Ata 76 ulamens, 85,92, 97s ais Graton it