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Test 1 of Math 200 Mathematical Analysis III in 2011 7:00- 9:00 pm. 22/10/2011
1. (10 marks) Determine,
with proof, that (i) the domain and (ii) the range of the
function f (x, y) = 9 x2 y 2 .
3 lines in order to double check your work correctly.
1. (10 marks) Determine, with proof, that (i) the domain and (ii) the range of the
function f (x, y) = 9 x2 y 2 .
Solution. For any (x, y) in the domain of f, one just needs to evaluate
9 x y , and hence 9 x2 y 2 0, i.e. x2 + y 2 32 . It follows that
2 2

the domain of f = { (x, y) | x2 + y 2 32 }.

2. (10 marks) Determine f (0, 0), with proof, in a way that extends the function
The range of f is [0, 3]. As one knows that x2 , y 2 0, and hence
x + y 0, so
2 2
xy 2
f (x, y) = 2 to be continuous at (0, 0). 9 x y 9 0 = 9, it follows that 0 9 x y 9 = 3. Hence the
2 2 2 2
x + y2
range of f is a subset of [0, 3]. For the other inclusion, we need to realize that for
2y any t [0, 3], one can choose some (a, b) in the domain, such that f (a, b) = t. For
3. (8 marks) Find fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) if f (x, y) = .
y + cos x any t [0, 3], one has f ( 9 t , 0) = 9 ( 9 t2 )2 02 = t2 = t.
2

4. (15 marks) Evaluate ux , uxx and uxx + uyy + uzz if u(x, y, z) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 .
2. (10 marks) Determine f (0, 0), with proof, in a way that extends the function
5. (4 marks) The plane x = 1 intersects the graph of paraboloid z = x + y in a 2 2 xy 2
f (x, y) = 2 to be continuous at (0, 0).
parabola. Find the slope of the tangent to the parabola at (1, 2, 5). x + y2
Solution. It is obvious that the domain of f is R2 \ {0, 0}. One switches to polar
6. (6 marks) Find the linear approximation (or rst order approximation) of the coordinates, let (x, y) = (r cos , r sin ), then f (r cos , r sin ) = 2r cos r
2
sin2
=
2 r2
function f (x, y) = x2 xy + y2 + 3 at (x, y) = (3, 2). r sin2 cos , and 0 < f (r cos , r sin ) 0|
= |r sin2 cos | r, for any r > 0. In
7. (10 marks) Express w w other words, we have 0 |f (x, y) 0| x2 + y 2 for all (x, y) in the domain
r and s in terms of s and r if
w = x + y + z , x = r/s, y = r2 + ln s, z = 2r.
2 of f. It follows that the sandwich theorem that we have 0 lim |f (x, y)
(x,y)(0,0)

8. (8 marks) Find the derivative of f (x, y) = xey + cos(xy) at the point (2, 0) in the 0| = lim x2 + y 2 = 0. Then we have lim f (x, y) = 0. If one denes
(x,y)(0,0) (x,y)(0,0)
direction v = 3i 4j. f (0, 0) = 0, then it follows from denition that f is continuous at (0, 0).
9. (8 marks) Find the equations of the tangent plane and the normal line of the 2y
level surface S dened by the equation f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z = 9 at the point 3. (8 marks) Find fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) if f (x, y) = .
y + cos x
P (1, 2, 4). Solution. We( have the ) following partial derivatives:
2y (y + cos x) x

(2y) 2y x
(y + cos x)
10. (14 marks) The derivative of f (x, y, z) at a point P is greatest in the
direction of fx (x, y) = = 2
x y + cos x (y + cos x)
v = i + j k. In this case, the value of the derivative of f at P is 2 3. (i) What
(y + cos x) 0 2y( sin x) 2y sin x
is the fx at P ? (ii) What is the derivative of f at P in the direction of i + j? = = .
(y + cos x)2 (y + cos x)2
( )
11. (14 marks) Find the local extreme values of the function 2y (y + cos x) y

(2y) 2y y
(y + cos x)
f (x, y) = xy x2 y 2 2x 2y + 4. fy (x, y) = = 2
y y + cos x (y + cos x)
(y + cos x) 2 2y(1) 2 cos x
12. (5 marks) Find z
x if z = z(x, y) is dened implicitly by an equation yz ln z = = = .
x + y. (y + cos x)2 (y + cos x)2

13. (18 marks) The plane x + y + z = 1 cuts the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 in an ellipse C.

Find the points on the ellipse C that is farthest from the origin O(0, 0, 0).
14. (Bonus 20 marks) Explain the following: (i) lim f (x, y) = ; (ii) f (x, y) is
(x,y)(0,0)
f
continuous at (a, b); (iii) x (a, b) = ; (iv) f (x, y) is dierentiable at (a, b).
 2 2 2 1/2
4. (15 marks) Evaluate ux , uxx and uxx + uyy + uzz if u(x, y, z) ( =2(x +2 y +2 z1/2 ) ) . 10. (14 marks) The derivative of f (x, y, z) at a point P is greatest in the
direction of

Solution. It follows from chain rule that ux (x, y, z) = x (x + y + z ) = v = i + j k. In this case, the value of the derivative of f at P is 2 3. (i) What
21 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 2x = x (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 , and similarly, we have is the fx at P ? (ii) What is the derivative of f at P in the direction of i + j?
( ) i+jk (1, 1, 1)
uxx (x, y, z) = x
x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 = (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )3/2 x( 23 )(x2 + Solution. (i) Let u = = . Recall that Du f reaches
y 2 + z 2 )5/2 2x = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 + 3x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 . It follows from
2
1 +1 +11 2 3
the denition that uyy (x, y, z) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 + 3y 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 , maximum if and only if v is parallel to f, in this case Du f = f . It follows
v i+jk
and uzz (x, y, z) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 + 3z 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 . It follows that from the fact above that f is given by 2 3 =2 3 = 2i + 2j 2k.
uxx + uyy + uzz = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 + 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 = v 3
i+j
3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 + 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 = 0. (ii) The derivative of f at P in the direction of i + j is f (P ) =
1 + 12 + 02
2
21+2120
5. (4 marks) The plane x = 1 intersects the graph of paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 in a = 2.
parabola. Find the slope of the tangent to the parabola at (1, 2, 5). 2
z
Solution. The slope of the tangent is given by the y |(1,2) = y

(x2 + y 2 )|(1,2) = 11. (14 marks) Find the local extreme values of the function
2y|(1,2) = 2 2 = 4. f (x, y) = xy x2 y 2 2x 2y + 4.
Solution. As f is dierentiable, so local extreme occurs at the critical point(s)
6. (6 marks) Find the linear approximation (or rst order approximation) of the of f, i.e. it will satises f (x, y) = (0, 0). Then f (x, y) = (fx (x, y), fy (x, y)) =
2
function f (x, y) = x2 xy + y2 + 3 at (x, y) = (3, 2). (y 2x 2, x 2y 2), so f (x, y) = (0, 0) if and only if (x, y) = (2, 2). And
Solution. fx (x, y) = 2xy, and fy (x, y) = x+y. The rst order approximation fxx = 2, fyy = 2, fxy = fyx = 1 at any point (x, y) R2 . The discriminant
of f (x, y) at (3, 2) is given by f (3, 2) + fx (3, 2) (x 3) + fy (3, 2) (y 2) = of f at (2, 2) is equal to = fxx fyy fxy 2
= (2)(2) (1)2 = 4 1 = 3. As
8 + 4(x 3) + (1) (y 2) = 4x y 2. fxx < 0 and > 3 at point (2, 2), so f has a local maximum at (2, 2).
Remark. In fact, f (2, 2) is absolute maximum.
7. (10 marks) Express w w
r and s in terms of s and r if
w = x + y + z , x = r/s, y = r2 + ln s, z = 2r.
2 12. (5 marks) Find xz
if z = z(x, y) is dened implicitly by an equation yz ln z =
Solution. By the chain rule applied to the function w, we have x + y.
w w x w y w z 1 1 1 Solution. Let F (x, y, z) = yz ln z x y, then Fx = 1, and Fz = y z1 . So
= + + = 1 +12r+2z2 = +2r+4r2 = +10r,
r x r y r z r s s 2 z
it follows from implicit function theorem that x = FFxz = y1 1 = yz1
z
.
w w x w y w z r 2 r z

and = + + = 1 ( 2 ) + 2 1s + 2z 0 = 2 . 2 2
s x s y s z s s s s 13. (18 marks) The plane x + y + z = 1 cuts the cylinder x + y = 1 in an ellipse C.
Find the points on the ellipse C that is farthest from the origin O(0, 0, 0).
8. (8 marks) Find the derivative of f (x, y) = xey + cos(xy) at the point (2, 0) in the Solution. For any point P (x, y, z) in ellipse E, we have x2 + y 2 = 1, and
direction v = 3i 4j. z = 1 x y, so we can parameterize the point P (x, y, 1 x y) in which
v 3i 4j 3 4 x2 + y 2 = 1. Then the squared distance function f (x, y) = OP 2 = x2 + y 2 + (1
Solution. u = = = i j. The partial derivatives of f at
v 5 5 5 x y)2 = 1 + (1 x y)2 . It follows that f attains maximum value if and only if
(x, y) are fx (x, y) = ey y sin(xy), and fy (x, y) = xey x sin(xy). It follows that h(x, y) = 1 x y attains minimum value or maximum value. We try to solve the
fx (2, 0) = e0 0 = 1, and fy (2, 0) = 2e0 2 0 = 2. The directional derivative Lagrange multiplier h = g i.e. (1, 1) = (2x, 2y) so we have = 0 and
of f at (2, 0) in v is given by Du (f ) = (f )(2, 0) u = (fx (2, 0), fy (2, 0) u = x = 21
= y. Hence 1 = x2 + y 2 = x2 + x2 = 2x2 , so (x, y) = ( 12 , 12 ).
(1, 2) ( 53 , 45 ) = 1324
5 = 1.
14. (Bonus 20 marks) Explain the following: (i) lim f (x, y) = ; (ii) f (x, y) is
9. (8 marks) Find the equations of the tangent plane and the normal line of the (x,y)(0,0)
level surface S dened by the equation f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z = 9 at the point continuous at (a, b); (iii) f
x (a, b) = ; (iv) f (x, y) is dierentiable at (a, b).
P (1, 2, 4). Solution. Please read the denition in your textbook or lecture notes.
Solution. f (1, 2, 4) = (2xi + 2yj + k)|(1,2,4) = 2i + 4j + k. The equation of
the tangent plane to S at P is given by 0 = f (1, 2, 4) (x 1, y 2, z 4) =
(2, 4, 1)(x 1, y 2, z 4) = 2x + 4y + z 2 8 8, i.e. 2x + 4y + z = 14.
x1 y2 z4
The equation of the normal line to S at P is = = .
2 4 1