Satellite communication

Line of apsides. The line joining the perigee and apogee

through the center of the earth.
Ascending node. The point where the orbit crosses the
equatorial plane going from south to north.
Descending node. The point where the orbit crosses the
equatorial plane going from north to south.
Line of nodes. The line joining the ascending and
descending nodes through the center of the earth.
Inclination. The angle between the orbital plane and the
earth's equatorial plane.
Prograde orbit. An orbit in which the satellite moves in
the same direction as the earths rotation.
Retrograde orbit. An orbit in which the satellite moves in
a direction counter to the earth's rotation.
Mean anomaly. Mean anomaly M gives an average value
of the angular position of the satellite with reference to the
perigee
A satellite communication system can be broadly divided
into two segments, a ground segment and a space-
segment. The space system includes Satellite.
Satellite systems consist of the following systems:
1.Power supply: The primary electrical power for operating
electronic equipment is obtained from solar cells. 2.Attitude
control: refers to its Orientation in space. 3.Thermal
control: Satellites are subject to large thermal grades
4.TT&C subsystem: The telemetry, tracking, and command
(TT&C) subsystem performs several routine functions abroad
a spacecraft. 5.Transponders: is the series of
interconnected units. 6.Antenna sub system: The
Antennas carried abroad a satellite provide the dual
functions of receiving the up link and transmitting the down
link signals
The telemetry or "telemetering" function could be
interpreted as "measurement at a distance". specifically, it
 refers to the overall operation of generating an electrical
signal proportional to the quantity being measured,
Command system receives instructions from ground
system of satellite and decodes the instruction and sends
commends to other systems as per the instruction.
Tracking of the satellite is accomplished by having the
satellite transmit beacon signals which are received at the
TT&C earth stations
Transponder consists of: 1.wideband receivers 2.de
multiplexer 3.power amplifier components.
Navigation around the earths oceans became more precise
when the surface of the globe was divided up into a gridlike
structure of orthogonal lines: Latitude and Longitude.
Latitude is the angular distance, measured in degrees,
north or south of the equator.
Longitude is the angular distance, measured in degrees,
form a given reference longitudinal line.
Latitude: from 90 to +90 (or from 90N to 90S)
Longitude: from 0 to 360E (or 180W to 180E)
To optimize the performance of satellite communication.
system, the direction of maximum gain of antenna
Look Angles: The coordinates to which an Earth Station (ES)
antenna must be pointed to communicate with a satellite.
These are most commonly expressed as:- Azimuth Angle and
Elevation Angle
Azimuth: is the angle along the horizon, with zero degrees
corresponding to North, and increasing in a clockwise
fashion. Thus, 90 degrees is East, 180 degrees is South, and
270 degrees is West.
Elevation: Is the angle measured upward from the local
horizontal plane at the earth station to the satellite path.
The subsatellite point: is the location on the surface of the
earth that lies directly between the satellite and the center
of the earth.
Nadir direction: it the direction pointing from the satellite to
subsatellite point.
The zenith and nadir paths are therefore in opposite
directions along the same path.
 Second satellite: Explorer 1 launched 31st January 1958 by
USA.