The First and The Last :

Queen Liliuokalanis Battle for Hawaiian Independence

Angelina Truong and Christina Ventura

Group Website
Senior Division
Bibliography
PRIMARY SOURCES:

Aha Hook (Executive Council) of Ka Hui Hawaii Aloha ina (Hawaiian Patriotic League) in 1897.
Digital image. HUI ALOHA INA O LAS VEGAS. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.haalasvegas.org/uploads/6/7/9/6/67967963/7693511_orig.jpg>.

This primary source is an image of the Hawaiian Patriotic League shown on the Annexation and
Retaliation page of the website. It features a photo of the executive council in 1897.

Ahahui Aloha ina Hawaii O N Wahine O K Hawaii Paeina (Women's Hawaiian Patriotic League of
the Hawaiian Islands). Digital image. HUI ALOHA INA O LAS VEGAS. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb.
2017. <http://www.haalasvegas.org/blog>.

This primary source is an image of the Women's Hawaiian Patriotic League of the Hawaiian Islands
shown on the Annexation and Retaliation page of the website. This source was interesting, as it
showed the gender contrast between the Hawaiian Patriotic League and the Womens Hawaiian
Patriotic League.

"Adventure of the American Mind." Adventure of the American Mind. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 January
2017.<http://aam.govst.edu/projects/cmietlicki/ps_page3.html>

This primary source provided a timeline of the overthrow of Queen Liliuiokalani. It had images that
were also used as primary sources.

Blout, James. Report of U.S. Special Commissioner James H. Blount to U.S. Secretary of State Walter Q.
Gresham Concerning the Hawaiian Kingdom Investigation. N.p. Web. 18 January 2017.
<https://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/blounts-report.shtml>

This primary source provided the report of Senator James Blout on the investigation of the Hawaiian
Kingdom, as ordered by President Grover Cleveland. He documents all his findings, and many
useful quotes were taken from this source.

Cleveland, Grover. "Grover Cleveland on the Overthrow of Hawaii's Royal Government." Digital History.
N.p., n.d. Web. 25 January 2017.
<http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1283>

This primary source was written in 1893 by Grover Cleveland, the year in which the Hawaiian
monarchy was overthrown by the United States. Given in this source were Clevelands opinions
regarding the actions of the Provisional Government, information we used for our Blounts
Investigation and Clevelands Response and Conflict Over Hawaii pages.

Cleveland, Grover. PRESIDENT GROVER CLEVELAND'S MESSAGE of December 18, 1893. Hawaiian
Independence Home Page. N.p. Web. 17 January 2017.
<http://www.hawaii-nation.org/cleveland.html>.

This primary source provided the complete statement of President Cleveland on the overthrow of
Hawaii.
"Hawaii President Sanford B. Dole, Letter of December 23, 1893 Refusing United States Demand to
Restore Ex-Queen Liliuokalani to the Throne." N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.angelfire.com/hi2/hawaiiansovereignty/dolerefusal12231893.html>.

This primary source contains a letter written by Liliuokalani to Sanford B. Dole in which she states
her moral limitations on American control of Hawaiian territory. This statement was used as a quote
on our Connections to Theme page, as it showed the purpose for Liliuokalani series of acts of
resistance over time.

Kamakaeha, Lydia. Draft Constitution of January 14, 1893. Hawaiian Independence Home Page. N.p.
Web. 12 January 2017. <http://www.hawaii-nation.org/constitution-1893.html>.

This primary source was Queen Liliuokalanis Kingdom of Hawaii Draft Constitution that she
planned to replace the Bayonet Constitution with. This document is monumental, as it not only
shows the dedication she held to please the people but also enacted the American-led revolt to
overthrow her off the throne.

"Letters from John L. Stevens." Letters from John L. Stevens. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.edb.utexas.edu/faculty/salinas/students/student_sites/Fall2005/hawaii/participant3.html
>.

This primary source contained a multitude written by Hawaiis State Minister John L. Stevens. We
pulled out the letter he wrote to Gilbert Conwall Wiltse, the captain of the USS Boston, in which he
stated the he declared the Provisional Government as the true power of Hawaii. Such statement
showed the Hawaiian monarchys helplessness in regaining control of their Kingdom.

Medeiro, Renee Kanoi Bonnie. "Now We Know: Eight Reasons Why so Many Knaka Maoli
Oppose US Federal Recognition." Hawaiian Kingdom Blog. N.p., 07 Oct. 2016. Web. 06 Feb. 2017.
<http://hawaiiankingdom.org/blog/now-we-know-eight-reasons-why-so- many-kanaka
-maoli-oppose-us-federal-recognition/>.

This secondary source website provided a primary source of a word-for-word opinion of a Hawaiian.
Medeiro openly expresses her firm root in the e K Petitions.

"QUEEN LILIUOKALANI OBITUARY." QUEEN LILIUOKALANI OBITUARY. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 January
2017. <http://genealogytrails.com/hawaii/queenliliuokalaniobit.html>

This primary source, written by an Idaho statesman, documented the funeral of the Queen.

"Queen Liliuokalani's Statement Relinquishing Power in Hawaii." Student Handouts. N.p., n.d. Web. 25
January 2017.
<http://www.studenthandouts.com/01-Web-Pages/2012-07/queen-liliuokalani-hawaii-abdication-stat
ement-january-17-1893.htm>

This primary source gave a clear, English translation of Queen Lilioukalanis statement giving up
power in Hawaii. She protests the overthrow of Hawaii, but chooses to peacefully submit to
American authority.
PRIMARY SOURCE PHOTOS:

A crowd gathers to see the raising of the American flag during the annexation of Hawaii. 12 August
1898. Photograph. Hawaii State Archives, Web. 03 Feb. 2017.<https://d284gedng9vuu0.
cloudfront.net/article_media/2016/04/historic-news-hawaiiannexation-f4f8a7b5.jpg.885x498_q90_bo
x-0%2C100%2C1366%2C869_crop_detail.jpg>.

This primary photo source shows the annexation of Hawaii. We used this as the background image
of the Annexation page. This image, in particular, was chosen due to the clearly visible American
flag in the middle of the photo. This symbolized the main point of the event and page.

"Bayonet Constitution." Photograph. National Geographic Society N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul6/bayonet-constitution/>.

This primary photo source showed King Kalakaua dressed in his formal attire. We specifically chose
to use such image to emphasize the royal image Kalakaua put on. It can be considered ironic
however, as the King did not necessarily serve to his full potential towards the end of his reign.

Blount, Hon. James H. of Georgia. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
Brady-Handy Photograph Collection. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/James_Henderson_Blount_-_
Brady-Handy.jpg/800px-James_Henderson_Blount_-_Brady-Handy.jpg>.

This primary photo source shows James Blount. A subpage was dedicated to him and James Blount
due to their separate reactions to Liliuokalanis situation. This photo along with the one of Blount
served as the cover of their subpage.

Capt. G. C. Wiltse.jpg."William DeWitt Alexander (1896) History of later years of the Hawaiian Monarchy
and the revolution of 1893, Hawaiian Gazette Company, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2017.
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capt._G._C._Wiltse.jpg>.

This primary source image was of King Kalakaua fully dressed in his royal attire. This was used in
our Background page. Being the first image of the King featured on the site, it was important to
show him in a royal spotlight, as he was Hawaiis monarch as the time.

"King Kalakaua's Travels Around the World - Hawai'i Digital Newspaper Project." Google Sites. N.p., n.d.
Web. 16 Jan. 2017. <https://sites.google.com/a/hawaii.edu/ndnp-hawaii/Home/
historical-feature-articles/king-kalakaua-s-travels-around-the-world>.

This primary photo source is a photograph of King Kalakaua and his monarchy partners during his
world tour. This was meant to give visual representation of the duties he had to fulfill as newly
elected monarch.

Dole, Capt. Wiltse, and Others Watching a Parade near Iolani Palace following Overthrow." Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Dole,_Capt._Wiltse,_and_others_watching_a_parade_near_Iolani_Palace_following_over
throw_(PP-36-3-006).jpg>.
 This primary photo source is a photograph of three main figures looking over the Iolani Palace after
the overthrow of the monarchy. It was included in the slideshow under the Overthrow of the
Monarchy subsection.

Grover Cleveland. Photograph. History. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.

<http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2013/12/cleveland-photo2-P.jpeg>.

This primary photo source shows Grover Cleveland. A subpage was dedicated to him and James
Blount due to their separate reactions to Liliuokalanis situation. This photo along with the one of
Blount served as the cover of their subpage.

Hawaiian League (PP-36-3-001). Photograph. Hawaii State Archives. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hawaiian_League_(PP-36-3-001).jpg>.

This primary photo source is of the Hawaiian League. The Hawaiian League was composed of white
sugar farmers, businessmen, and sons of ministers. Their main purpose was to overthrow the
Queen. It was important to show who they were because they were the Queens main opposers.

"Hawaiis Relationship With The US Is Not As Pretty As Youd Think." Photograph. All That Is Interesting.
N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <http://all-that-is-interesting.com/wordpress/wp-content/
uploads/2015/08/history-hawaii-sugar-plantation.jpg>.

This primary photo source gave a visual representation of the Hawaiian sugar plantations. These
plantations were brought up a lot in our project, as they were the primary reason for the American
interest in Hawaii.

"John L. Stevens, Envoy and Minister of the United States." Photograph. University of Hawaii at Manoa
Library. Hawaii State Archives, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/
annexation/images/pic3.php>.

This primary photo source is of John L. Stevens. He was essentially the man that made the unleash
of havoc possible. He can be found on our Conflict Over Hawaii page.

Kapiolani and Liliuokalani at Golden Jubilee (PP-97-14-009). Photograph. Hawaii State Archives.
N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileKapiolani_and_ Liliuokalani
_at_Golden_Jubilee_(PP-97-14-009).jpg>.

This primary photo source shows Princess Liliuokalani and Queen Kapiolani, King Kalakauas wife.
We used this as the background image of our Background page to serve as an introduction image
to Liliuokalanis royal life.

Landing of United States Marines and Sailors from the U.S.S. Boston during Overthrow of Queen
Liliuokalani." HAWAII STATE ARCHIVES COLLECTION. HAWAII STATE ARCHIVES
COLLECTION, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2017. <http://gallery.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php
?g2_itemId=7325>.

This primary photo source gives a slight aerial view of the troops that were dispatched by Stevens
and the Provisional Government to overthrow Liliuokalani and the monarchy. It was included in the
 slideshow on our Conflict Over Hawaii page. The amount of people featured in the photo gives a
visual representation of the intensity of the American attack.

"Liliuokalani, the Last Monarch of Hawaii." Photograph. 1870 to 1918. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<https://1870to1918.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/liliuokalani.jpg?w=542&h=714>.

This primary photo source shows Queen Liliuokalani. This specific photo is meant to represent her
during her last stages of being a monarch in as much control as she could obtain during her reign.

"Lorrin A. Thurston, 1892." Photograph. Hawaiian Journal of History, N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lorrin_A._Thurston,_1892.jpg>.

This primary photo source shows a Lorrin Thurston. Lorrin Thurston was discussed in our Conflict
Over Hawaii and Bayonet Constitution pages. He was a key player in Liliuokalanis political
enemy group, the Committee of Safety (and later the Provisional Government of Hawaii).

"Military - Honolulu Rifles." Photograph. Military - Honolulu Rifles. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://gallery.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=5823
3&g2_serialNumber=2>.

This primary photo source shows some members of the Honolulu Rifles. These men were partially
responsible for the forced signing of the Bayonet Constitution and the overthrow of the Hawaiian
monarchy.

N.a. Hawaiian Annexation. 17 January 1893. Photograph. National Archives and Records
Administration. National Archives. Web. 25 January 2017. <http://aam.govst.edu/projects
/cmietlicki/images/images_2/flag_tn.gif>

A primary source photo of the raising of the U.S. flag over the 'Iolani Palace.

N.a. Iolani Palace. 17 January 1893. Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration.
National Archives. Web. 25 January 2017.
<http://aam.govst.edu/projects/cmietlicki/images/images_2/military_tn.gif>

A primary source photo of the stationing of troops outside the Iolani Palace.

N.a. Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. 17 January 1893. Photograph. National Archives and
Records Administration. National Archives. Web. 25 January 2017.
<http://aam.govst.edu/projects/cmietlicki/images/images_2/queenleaves_tn.gif>

A primary source photo of Queen Liliuokalani's escort out of the palace.

President Grover Cleveland. Digital image. Calbuzz, Fleischman and Cleveland. CalWatchdog, n.d.
Web. 2 Feb. 2017. <http://calwatchdog.com/2011/01/19/calbuzz-fleischman-and-pres-clevel and/>.

This primary source photo of President Grover Cleveland was used on our Blounts Investigation
and Clevelands Response page. Cleveland was a significant figure for the Kingdom of Hawaii,
since he used his leadership to go against annexation.
"Native Hawaiians Petition Against U.S. Annexation - Hawai'i Digital Newspaper Project." Google Sites.
N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <https://sites.google.com/a/hawaii.edu/ndnp-hawaii/
Home/historical-feature-articles/native-hawaiians-petition-against-u-s-annexation>.

This primary source photo showed a petition against annexation. Since petitions were used by
Liliuokalani, seeing this allowed us to understand how they looked and the effort that was put into
making them.

"Nuuanu Valley 1895.jpg." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2017.

<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nuuanu_Valley_1895.jpg>.

This primary source photo presents a visual representation of one of the areas embarked on by
Wilcox and his rebels during their trek. The snow surrounding them gives viewers a glimpse of the
difficulty of their doings.

Original Cabinet Card of King Kalakaua and his Staff. Digital Image. Bradley & Rulofson, San Francisco,
N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <http://manuantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/King-
Kam-albumen-Photo-2.jpg>.

This primary photo source features King Kalakaua and his staff. It is apparently a rare image. We
used this as the background image of the Bayonet Constitution as a majority of that page revolves
around King Kalakaua.

"PALACE SQUARE IN FRONT OF IOLANI PALACE." Photograph. Penn Libraries. N.p., n.d. Web. 03
Feb. 2017. <http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/252.gif>.

This primary photo source shows a group of people crowded in front of the royal palace. Its
inclusion in our project is meaningful because it brings a visual to support the ongoing of the
eventful happenings of the day the palace was attacked by the Marines.

Portrait of Queen Liliuokalani and hand-written manuscript of "Aloha Oe". 1878. Photograph. Hawaii
State Archives, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <http://www.hawaiimagazine.com/sites/default/files/field
/image/liliu.png>

This primary photo source shows Queen Liliuokalani next to a written manuscript of Aloha Oe, the
most famous of her several compositions. Due to the last impact of her songs and their power in
terms of showing her resistance, we chose to use this as the cover of our Theme Connections
page.

Queen Liliuokalani. 1891. Photograph. Wikimedia Commons, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<https://d284gedng9vuu0.cloudfront.net/article_media/2016/06/primary-sources-hawaii-a
nnexation-92170d77.jpg.885x498_q90_box-0%2C100%2C1132%2C737_crop_detail.jpg>

This primary photo source shows Queen Liliuokalani in her later stages of life. We used this as the
backing image of our Required Materials page.

Queen Liliuokalani 111213. Digital image. Vector Clipart, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2017.
 <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VX-e45hKeC8/Un_dx0fU9eI/AAAAAAAAc-0/MfLw4QFSkbE/s1600/Youn
g+Queen+Liliuokalani.jpg>.

This image was used on our Background page. It is a primary source, as it is an actual photograph
of the Queen. Featured is a young Lydia Kamehameha.

"Reciprocity Treaty of 1875." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Jan. 2017. Web. 2 Feb. 2017.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875#/media/File:Kalakaua_and_Reciprocity_
Commission_(PP-96-13-03).jpg>.

This primary photo source showed King Kalakaua alongside the Reciprocity Commission. This
photo clearly shows the separation between Hawaiians and the Americans, as Kalakaua stands out
among the haole he is surrounded with. Showing this commission was necessary to the site
because the greed of the American men depicted in the photo eventually led to the annexation of
Hawaii.

"Sale 33." Digital image. Ira & Larry Goldberg Auctioneers. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://images.goldbergauctions.com/php/lot_auc.php?site>.

This primary photo source shows a scanned version of the Bayonet Constitution. We felt it was
crucial to give our website viewers a visual to go along with our description of the document since it
was a huge component in Liliuokalani's battle for independence.

Sandbags, rifles and soldiers at side entrance to Iolani Palace. Photograph. University of Hawaii at
Manoa Library. Hawaii State Archives, N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/images/troops2.gif>.

This primary photo source features troops in front of Iolani Palace in preparation for the attack they
performed on it. This was used as the cover of the Conflict Over Hawaii page as it depicts the way
America took over Hawaii : through violence. We felt as if it set the mood of the page.

Sanford Ballard Dole. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/47/79447-004-CB30DA33.jpg>

This primary photo source shows a portrait of Sanford B. Dole. We had shown him in a previous
photo in the sites timeline, however we felt it was necessary to have a solo photo of him due to his
involvement in the Queens life.

Siler, Julia Flynn. "Liliuokalani Archives." The Queen and the Clevelands (Grover and George).
N.p., 2 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2017. <http://juliaflynnsiler.com/tag/liliuokalani/>.

This primary photo source is a portrait of Queen Liliuokalani around the between time of
post-overthrow and pre-annexation. We chose to use this photograph to depict the appearance of
the Queen during this period.

""The Hawaiian Situation Explained"." 14 December 1893. Digital Image. + Hawaii Alive +. Bishop
Museum Archives. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <http://www.hawaiialive.org/resources/image/617.jpg>.
 This primary photo source is a cartoon published during the time of major interference of the
American government into the Hawaiian monarchy. We thought this was interesting because it
allowed us to incorporate other types of primary source media aside from regular real life images.

The Shrine of Father Damien of Belgium, Patron of Outcasts. Digital image. Spiritual Travels. N.p., n.d.
Web. 2 Feb. 2017. <http://www.spiritualtravels.info/articles-2/europe-2/the-shrine-of-
father-damien-of-belgium-patron-of-outcasts/>.

This primary source image was one capturing a specific landscape of the Hawaiian lands. This
landscape was Molokai, where the Queen visited the leper colony. It was a location important to
Liliuokalanis upbringing, hence its featuring on our Background page.

The 1897 Petition Against The Annexation of Hawaii, Page 6 of Men's Petition Against Annexation of
Hawaii. 11 September 1897. Digital Image. National Archives, Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <https://
www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/hawaii-petition/images/hawaii-petition-01-thumb.jpg>

This primary photo source is a page of a petition against the annexation of Hawaii put together by
Liliuokalani. This was used as the cover photo of the Retaliation page, as petitions were a part of
the Queens peaceful acts of resistance.

"The United States' Acquisition of Hawai'i." Photograph. Queen Lili'uokalani - Statehood. N.p., n.d. Web.
03 Feb. 2017. <https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ross20a/classweb/Provisionalgovernmentofhawaii
cabinet.jpg>.

This primary photo source showed the Committee of Safety in an office. The key part of this photo
was its featuring of Sanford B. Dole, a key figure to our project.

Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare. Digital image. SpanishAmerican War.
Wikipedia , n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2017.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War>

This primary source image was a political cartoon from 1896 that depicts Uncle Sam debating on
which territory he should choose to take first. Hawaii, also known as the "Sandwich Islands", are on
the menu.

U.S.S. cruiser Boston. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
Brady-Handy Photograph Collection. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boston_USS_cruiser_c1891_LOC_cp
h_3b39622.jpg/1200px-Boston_USS_cruiser_c1891_LOC_cph_3b39622.jpg>.

This primary source image is of a U.S.S. Boston cruiser. The U.S.S. Boston Marines were sent as
the attack force for the Provisional Governments overthrow military plan. This shows viewers the
type of ships that were used for battle.

USS Boston landing force, 1893 (PP-36-3-002. Photograph. Hawaii State Archives. N.p., n.d. Web. 03
Feb. 2017.
 <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USS_Boston_landing_force%2C_189
3_%28PP-36-3-002%29.jpg/450px-USS_Boston_landing_force%2C_1893_%28PP-36-3-002%29.jp
g>.

This primary source image is of a U.S.S. Boston troops lined up to attack the Iolani Palace. This
photograph gives a good presentation of the amount of troop sent out by the Provisional
Government and Stevens.

Various authors. Page 6 of the Mens 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii. 11 September 1897
Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives. Web. 18 January
2017. <https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition>

This primary source was a photo of the Hui Hawaii Aloha Aina Petition against Hawaiis annexation.
It showed factual evidence that there were peoples that did not want the annexation of Hawaii to go
through.

Various authors. Page 22 of the Womens 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii. 11
September 1897 Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives.
Web. 18 January 2017. <https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition>

This primary source was a photo of the Hui Hawaii Aloha Aina o Na Wahine Petition against
Hawaiis annexation. It showed factual evidence that there were peoples that did not want the
annexation of Hawaii to go through.

"Wilcox Rebellions." University Press of Colorado. 19 Feb. 2017. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilcox_rebellions>.

This primary source is a photograph of Robert William Wilcox, a man who had relations with the
Hawaiian monarchy and led 3 major rebellions in support of Queen Liliuokalani.

"William McKinley." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2017.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley#/media/File:Mckinley.jpg>.

This primary source is a portrait of former President of the United States William McKinley. McKinley
was a notable figure in Liliuokalanis fight for independence due to his push for American
annexation, the complete opposite of the previous President, Grover Cleveland.
SECONDARY SOURCES:

WEBSITE:
"1891 1898: Annexation Overthrows the Government of Queen Liliuokalani." Hawaii Annexation.
N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2017. <http://hawaii-guide.info/past.and.present/history/annexatio
n/>.

This secondary source was a timeline of not only Liliuokalani but also of all the events prior to the
annexation of Hawaii. This included the boom of the sugar industry, the formation of the Provisional
Government, the overthrow of the monarchy, and other key events that were monumental in the
overall end of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Some of the information within this source was used in our
timeline.

"Bayonet Constitution." National Geographic Society, 30 May 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul6/bayonet-constitution/>.

This secondary source provided a basic outline of the events leading up to the Bayonet Constitution.
This gave us an understanding of the importance of the document and its passing.

Chapin, Helen. Robert Wilcox: Rebellion and Home Rule. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2017.
<https://www.hawaiianhistory.org/time-capsules/personalities/robert-wilcox-rebellion-
and-home-rule/>.

This secondary source gave information of Wilcox and his three rebellions. The details given of his
two major revolts were taken from this site to use on our Annexation and Retaliation page.

Coffman, Tom. "Biography Hawaii : Five Lives." The Legacies of Sanford B. Dole (n.d.): n. pag.
University of Hawaii. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <https://www.hawaii.edu/biograph/pdf/doleguide.pdf>.

This secondary source was extremely useful from a chronological standpoint. It organized the
overthrow of the monarchy into 4 major days. It was one of the more interesting sources that we
read. It was easy to understand and it really helped in forming our Conflict Over Hawaii page, as
that page was very critical to our project.

Communications, Inc. Small Planet. "Contents." The Age of Imperialism. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/>.

This secondary source offered an American point of view on the debate over the annexation of
Hawaii. It also accounted for the exchange of actions between Dole and Congress.

Cooper, Jeanne. "Queen Liliuokalani's Legacy Continues to Inspire." Queen Liliuokalani's Legacy
Continues to Inspire. SFGate, 7 Sept. 2012. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. <http://www.sfgate.com/hawaii
/alohafriday/article/Queen-Lili-8216-uokalani-s-legacy-continues-to-inspire-3845410.php#item-4454
8>.

This secondary source went into the legacy of Queen Liliuokalani. The collected data was used to
construct our Legacy page.
Dodo, John. "The Hawaiian League." World Wide Worth, 09 Apr. 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://world-wide-worth.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-hawaiian-league.html>.

This secondary source informed us of the Hawaiian League and their opinions on King Kalakaua
and the monarchy itself. This information was used to describe the motives for the secret groups
actions.

Engeluuu, Kerilynn. "Queen Liliuokalani, First and Last Queen Regnant of Hawaii." Amazing Women In
History. N.p., 03 Dec. 2015. Web. 03 Feb. 2017 <http://www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/queen
-liliuokalani-first-and-last-queen-regnant-of-hawaii/>

This secondary source shone a bright light on Queen Liliuokalani herself and explained her
significance within Hawaiian and social culture today. These details were used to portray the

"Hawaiian Revolution". Hawaiian Revolution, Miscellaneous, Free Essays @ ChuckIII College

Resources. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2017. <http://www.chuckiii.com/Reports/Miscellaneous/
Hawaiian_Revolution.shtml>.

This secondary source was extremely useful in the formation of our timeline. This source laid out the
exact dates of several of the major events within the life of Liliuokalani as well as the Kingdom of
Hawaii.

Hawaiian Song. Online Text. Retrieved from the Library of Congress,

<https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197484/>.

This secondary source outlined a detailed description of Queen Liliuokalanis life. It helped us put
our events in order and separate each page into specified sections.

"Home Page." Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2016.

<http://www.edb.utexas.edu/faculty/salinas/students/student_sites/Fall2005/hawaii/>.

This secondary source provided very brief insight into the life of the Queen. It was taken from an
outside perspective and organized into sections.

Liliuokalani Timeline - American Experience. PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 2 Jan.
2017. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hawaii/timeline.html>.

This secondary source laid out the life of the events Queen. This chronological layout was used for
our timeline. The events of this timeline were all of the Queens personal events rather than overall
Kingdom events.

"List of Compositions and Works by Liliuokalani." Omics International, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/List_of_compositions_and_works_by_Liliuokalani>.

This secondary source gave a list of all 165 of Queen Liliuokalanis compositions with attached
descriptions and dates on each one. This helped organize the audio pieces featured on the site.
Kelley, Darlene E. "Historical Collections of The Hawaiian Islands - Bayonet Constitution " of 1887- Part
1." USGenWeb Archives, 17 Dec. 2006. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi
/keepers/con03.txt>.

This secondary source digs in deeper in terms of King Kalakaua being forced to sign the Bayonet
Constitution. It was primarily used in the Bayonet Constitution page featured on the site.

Kelley, Darlene E. "Historical Collections of The Hawaiian Islands - Bayonet Constitution " of 1887- Part
2." USGenWeb Archives, 18 Dec. 2006. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/keepers/con04.txt>.

This secondary source looked at the Hawaiian League and the Honolulu Rifles. Featured were
important details about the two groups, including their formations and their intentions on how to
handle the Kingdom of Hawaii. It provided key points for our sections covering American control
over the Hawaiians.

"K Petitions." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2017.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%93_Petitions>.

This secondary source provided brief information on the petitions signed by Hawaiian natives that
postponed the passing of the annexation papers for Hawaii.

Omandam, Pat. "Hawaiis Last Monarch Inspiring." Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News, 09 Sept. 1999.
Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/09/09/news/story4.html>.

This secondary source gave us a sense of sequence of events, specifically regarding Liliuokalanis
ascension to the throne after the passing of her brother, King Kalakaua.

"Newlands Resolution." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2017.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlands_Resolution>.

This secondary source provided additional information on the Joint Resolution passed by Congress
and the Senate to annex Hawaii.

"Queen Lydia Liliuokalani: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom." Catechumens. N.p., 25 January
2017. Web.
<http://www.catechumenusa.com/2012/08/queen-lydia-liliuokalani -overthrow-of.html>

This secondary source article speaks about the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in detail.
Information gathered was grouped with other secondary sources to construct the Conflict Over
Hawaii page.

"Queen Lili'uokalani." Queen Liliuokalani Trust, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.

<http://www.onipaa.org/pages/queen-liliuokalani>.

This secondary source provided a quote used on the Annexation and Retaliation page of the
website. This quote represents the Queens genuine passion for the Hawaiian people, a crucial
emotion to express her willpower for retaliation.
"Queen Liliuokalani, First and Last Queen Regnant of Hawaii - Amazing Women In History." N.p., n.d.
Web. 25 January 2017. <http://www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/queen-liliuokalani-first
-and-last-queen-regnant-of-hawaii/>

This secondary source spoke about the reign of Queen Liliuokalani and also introduced a bit of her
legacy. We used this information to compose the Background page mostly.

Revolvy, LLC. ""List of Compositions and Works by Liliuokalani" on Revolvy.com." All Revolvy
Quizzes. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2017. <https://www.revolvy.com/topic/List%20of%20
compositions%20and%20works%20by%20Liliuokalani&item_type=topics>.

This secondary source provided descriptions of most of Liliuokalanis 165 song compositions. Since
her lyrics were written in Hawaiian, this site also provided translated versionsl. We used paired the
meanings of the song to the images of the manuscripts of them on our Annexation and Retaliation
page to give users context of Liliuokalanis works.

Richard Borreca. "New Ventures Squeeze Monarchy : Incoming Whalers, Sandalwood Traders, Then
Sugar Growers Steadily Gain Control." The Overthrow. Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News, 16
June 1999. Web. 02 Feb. 2017. <http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/06/16/millennium/story
6.html>.

This secondary source provided a lot of information regarding the Hawaiian monarchy and the
Kingdom. The main things extracted were what it had to offer about King Kalakaua and the sugar
industry. This provided insight for the first two pages of the cite.

"Ridicule and Rifles: The Bayonet Constitution." 1870 to 1918. N.p., 08 Dec. 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<https://1870to1918.wordpress.com/2014/12/08/ridicule-and-rifles-the-bayonet-constitution/>.

This secondary source went in depth on King Kalakaua especially, going over his unawareness of
the full situation revolving around the Bayonet Constitution. It played a big role in the construction of
our Bayonet Constitution page.

Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." Social
Education 63, 7 (November/December 1999): 402-408. 18 Jan 2017.
<https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition>

This secondary source provided information on the Hawaiians petition against the annexation of
Hawaii. It also provided a document that serve as a primary source.

"Songs of Liliuokalani - Galliard String Quartet | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards | AllMusic." AllMusic.
N.p., n.d. Web. 25 January 2017. <http://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-of-liliuokalani-
mw0000063402>

This secondary source provided brief input into the musical hobby of the Queen. Her music is
composed with deep meaning, and has inspired the Galliard String Quartet to perform.

"SpanishAmerican War." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2017.

 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War>.

This secondary source provided information as to why Hawaii was a need in the midst of the
Spanish-American war.

Starr, David. Robert Wilcox and the Revolution of 1895: Hawaiian Revolutionary Honored. N.p., n.d.
Web. 20 Jan. 2017. <https://www.solidarity-us.org/node/2642>.

This secondary source gave information of Wilcox and his three rebellions. The details given of his
two major revolts were taken from this site to use on our Annexation and Retaliation page.

Pitzer, Pat. "The Overthrow of the Monarchy." The Overthrow of the Monarchy. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan.
2017. <https://www.hawaii-nation.org/soa.html>.

This secondary source was jam packed with information highly necessary for our Conflict Over
Hawaii page. It provided details spanning from the Queens ascension to the throne to her
abdication. Several quotes from this article were inputted into our site.

"The Pardon of Queen Lili'uokalani." Hawaii Alive | Realms: Wao Lani, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao%2BLani&treasure=371&offset=0>.

This secondary source assisted in the explanation of the set of events that occurred during the
overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. The formatting of the site was easy to understand and allowed
us to process the sequence in a way that would then be easy to project onto our site.

"The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." National Archives and Records
Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2017.
<https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition>.

This secondary source gave background during the later stages of the annexation process up to the
United States official annexation of the Kingdom. The background info given gave us a good grasp
of both the American and Hawaiian end of things leading up to the annexation.

"Who Were These Insurgents Calling Themselves the Committee of Safety?" Hawaiian Kingdom Blog,
16 June 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2017. <http://hawaiiankingdom.org/blog/who-were-these-insurgents-
calling-themselves-the-committee-of-safety/>.

This secondary sources main focus was on the Committee of Safety and Lorrin Thurstons
involvement in the group. This information was used for the Conflict Over Hawaii page.

"Why Was Hawaii Important in U.S. Expansionism?" Enotes.com. Enotes.com, n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-was-hawaii-important-u-s-expansionism-366879>.

This secondary source provided information as to why the US saw Hawaii as such an important part
in their expansion. It clarified confusion about the motive behind the struggle between nations.

"William H. Cornwell." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Cornwell>.
 This secondary source provided insight into the life of William Cornwell, one of the signers of Queen
Liliuokalani's Constitution.

PHOTOS:
Iolani Palace. Digital image. Lehiwa Tours, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2017.
<https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5400562de4b058069a2b0d6e/54042aeee4b05f700aaa6749
/54042c48e4b017ae41b1f3a2/1409559625299/iolani+gate.jpg?format=1000w>.

This secondary source image is used as the main cover of the website. We chose to use the Iolani
Palace as the first image website users see due to the symbol the Palace serves. The Palace was
the place where the Hawaiian monarchy could serve their people, but it soon became something
much different over the span of Liliuokalanis life. All was lost to the American people.

"Mele Lhui Performed by the Royal Hawaiian Band." Hawaii Council for the Humanities. N.p., n.d. Web.
1 Feb. 2017. <http://hihumanities.org/mele-lahui-performed-by-the-royal-
-hawaiian-band-2/>.

This secondary photo source shows a manuscript of the song Kuu Pua I Paoakalani, otherwise
known as Paoakalani. This was a significant song to include as it was one of the songs written while
Liliuokalani was imprisoned.

Liliuokalani. Photograph. History. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.

<http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2013/11/Liliuokalani-hero-H.jpeg>.

This secondary photo source shows the statue of the Queen that stands in Honolulu, specifically
between the Capital Building and the Iolani Palace. This was the best image to use as the
background for our Legacy page because it shows that, in modern times, she is still remembered.
By creating a statue or monument of her, we believe that she is someone of great importance to
Hawaiians.

Liliuokalani Gardens. Digital image. To Hawaii.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.to-hawaii.com/big-island/gardens/liliuokalanigardens.php>.

This secondary source image shows a photo of a now existing location called the LIliuokalani
Gardens. We used this image in our Legacy page to show how Liliuokalani has changed Hawaii
and some ways of how we we remember her.

"Literature of Hawaii." Literature of Hawaii. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.

<http://jmattos3.wixsite.com/literatureofhawaii/single-post/2015/03/20/N%C4%81-Kaona-o-Ke-Aloha
-o-Ka-Haku-The-Hidden-Meanings-of-The-Queens-Prayer>.

This secondary source provided a photo of one of Liliuokalanis songs. This was labelled as the
Queens Prayer. Writings were something the Queen invested her time in during her
imprisonment. This gave us the opportunity to actually see an example of her writings.

"Translation of "Aloha Oe" Handwritten by Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 1838-1917." HAWAII STATE
ARCHIVES NATIONAL COLLECTION. N.p., 16 Nov. 2007. Web. 20 Jan. 2017.
 <http://gallery.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=3312&g2_seri
alNumber=2>.

This secondary source provided a photo of Liliuokalanis most famous song, Aloha Oe.
Accompanied to this photo of the lyrics of the song (in English and Hawaiian) was an audio clip of it.
We felt this song needed to be added to the site because she is highly recognized for it.

BOOKS:
Budnick, Rich. Stolen Kingdom: An American Conspiracy. Aloha Press; Honolulu, Hawaii. 1992. Pgs.
138-142.

This secondary source included a description of Senator James Blounts investigation into the
overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. There were excerpts referring to his actual report. Deeper
analysis was provided as well.

Ernest Andrade, Jr., "Unconquerable Rebel: Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880-1903
(University Press of Colorado, 1996). 299 pages including extensive footnotes. ISBN:
0-87081-417-6.

This secondary source provided information on Robert William Wilcoxs rebellions, major events that
exemplified action of Hawaiian opposition toward the Americans. This source was interesting
specifically due to the somewhat bias nature of the text. This was omitted in the information that we
pulled out of it.

Griffin, Stan. FATHER DAMIEN AND THE LEPERS. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

This secondary source ebook was used to understand the visit of the Queen to the island of
Molokai, where lepers resided. Molokai was an area of importance for Liliuokalani, as it was a place
that inspired her.

Kamakaeha, Lydia. Hawaiis Story by Hawaiis Queen. Hawaiian Independence Home Page. Rutland,
VT: Tuttle, 1964. Print

This primary source is Queen Liliuokalanis autobibliography in which she documented all important
events that happened throughout her life. This source can be labelled as our most useful source,
simply due to the raw opinions of the Queen given by the Queen herself. Several quotes on the site
were taken from this book.

Kerr, Gordon. Leaders Who Changed the World. London: Futura, 2009. Print.

This secondary source provided information on the upbringing of the Queen rather than her clashes
with the government.

Westwick, Peter J. "The Cradle of Surfing." The World in the Curl: An Unconventional History of Surfing.
New York: Crown, 2013. N. pag. Print.

This secondary source went into the political conflicts between the two governments. Dole was a
hard enemy to face, and he played a major role in Queen Liliuokalani's and previous King Kalakaua.
VIDEOS:

Queen Lili'uokalani - Aloha'Oe. Queen Lili'uokalani - Aloha'Oe. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2017.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1bIxMYPlas>.

This video provided audio on one of our pages of Queen Liliuokalani' song, Aloha Oe.

Conquest of Hawaii. History Channel. 2003. Web. 25 Jan. 2017.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJAJLrqzHmY&t=4333s>.

This video was one of the three documentaries we used in our website. This source of media
was the most useful of the three, as it formatted the explanation of the steady loss in power of the
Hawaiian monarchy the best. Most footage featured on the site was extracted from this
documentary.

HawaiiView. "Lili'uokalani -- Hawaii's Last Queen (documentary Excerpt)." PBS. 1997. Web. 1 Feb.
2017. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpsmUCtsd2o>.

This video was one of the three documentaries we used in our website. This source of media
was used to backup information regarding the struggle Liliuokalani had to undergo as Queen.

HawaiianVoice. "Attempted Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom,1893." 1999. Web. 1 Feb. 2017.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmavRFmJG_U&t=5s>.

This video was one of the three documentaries we used in our website. This source of media
was used to provide a more in depth explanation of the intentions of the Provisional Government
during the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. The narrator of the video gave a well-composed
description of the event, and we felt this would give our site viewers a better understanding of the
topic.