Ground anchors EC7 Section 8

and UK practice

Brian Simpson
Arup

1
EC7 Section 8 Anchorages (existing)

2
EC7 Evolution Groups
EG0 Management and oversight EG1 Ground anchors
EG1 Anchors
EG2 Maintenance and simplification
EG3 Model solutions Eric Farrell Ireland
EG4 Numerical models Bernd Schuppener Germany
EG5 Reinforced soil Klaus Dietz Germany
EG6 Seismic design Brian Simpson UK
EG7 Pile design Arne Schram Simonsen Norway
EG8 Harmonization Pierre Schmitt France
EG9 Water pressures Ole Moller Denmark
EG10 Calculation models Yves Legrende France
EG11 Characterization Caesar Merrifield UK
EG12 Tunnelling
EG13 Rock mechanics
EG14 Ground improvement
3
Three European documents
EN 1537
Execution of special geotechnical work Ground anchors

EN ISO 22477-5
Geotechnical investigation and testing Testing of geotechnical structures Part 5:
Testing of anchorages

Eurocode 7 EN 1997-1 Section 8 Anchors + NA

4
 EN 1997-1:2004/A1:2013
Eurocode 7 (2004) with amendment (2013)
Section 8 - Anchors
8.1 General
8.2 Limit states
8.3 Design situations and actions
8.4 Design and construction considerations Motherhood and apple pie?
Textbook material?
8.5 Limit state design of anchors
8.6 Tests on anchors
8.7 Lock-off load for pre-stressed anchors
8.8 Supervision, monitoring and maintenance

6
Definitions
Anchor
- installation capable of transmitting an applied tensile load
through a free length to a load bearing stratum
Definitions
Anchor
- installation capable of transmitting an applied tensile load
through a free length to a load bearing stratum

Grouted/ground anchor
- anchor that uses a bonded length formed of cement grout, resin
or similar material to transmit the tensile force to the ground
Definitions of tests

Special test anchors, often with extra strand.

Not used on many smaller contracts.

Standard working anchors small number tested.

Every anchor is required to have an acceptance test

Tests give a measured resistance Rm, at which the anchor complies with a criterion
set for ULS or SLS (usually related to creep rate or load loss rate).
 8.2 Limit states lots of items to check Section 8

Section 9

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 8.3 Design situations and actions

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 8.4 Design and construction considerations
EC7 takes no account of calculations of
anchor capacity. Design verification is
based entirely on testing.

etc

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 EN 1997-1:2004/A1:2013
Eurocode 7 (2004) with amendment (2013)
Section 8 - Anchors
8.1 General
8.2 Limit states
8.3 Design situations and actions
8.4 Design and construction considerations
8.5 Limit state design of anchors
8.6 Tests on anchors
8.7 Lock-off load for pre-stressed anchors
8.8 Supervision, monitoring and maintenance

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 Anchor
force

The life story of

a ground anchor
Time

15
 Anchor ULS: EULS;d = max (FULS;d , Fserv;d)
force Proof
load, Pp Sufficient to prevent supported structure FULS;d
exceeding ULS
Check
behaviour FServ ;d
1 gServ

6 FServ;k Sufficient to prevent

Lock-off supported structure
Pre-load and testing load, P0 SLS exceeding SLS
FServ ;k
EN 22477-5
BS 8081
FULS;d
Working life

Time
serv the maximum
FCharacteristic (k): a anchor
cautious force, including
estimate of effect
what is of lock
likely to off load, and sufficient to prevent
happen
aF the force
design
dserviceability
ULS required
values,
limit state to
in prevent
incorporating any ultimate
safety
the supported limit state in the supported structure
structure
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17
 Small factor ga;ULS

Take the worst

Investigation or suitability tests must be used to check RULS;d

Investigation tests not used much on small contracts. Suitability tests on working anchors .
Investigation or suitability tests may optionally check RSLS;d (NA)
All grouted anchors must have acceptance tests
Acceptance tests may check RULS;d and/or RSLS;d (NA)

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 Small factor ga;ULS

Take the worst

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 CEN value: xULS = 1.0

CEN value: ga;ULS = 1.1

So RULS;m = 1.1RULS;m 1.1EULS;d Fserv;k??

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21
 Eurocode 7 Section 8 Ground anchors:
Development of the UK National Annex
2
2 B. Simpson, M. Gavins, D. Mothersille

Paper no. 434

GE OSE RV E GLOBAL L T D
Bridging the gap

43a Burnham Green Road,

Burnham Green,
Hertf ordshire, AL6 ONL.

22 Tel: +44 (0)800 093 1453

Fax: +44 (0)1438 798 732
Email: theteam@geoserv eglobal.com
www.geoserv eglobal.com
Three European documents
EN 1537
Execution of special geotechnical work Ground anchors

EN ISO 22477-5
Geotechnical investigation and testing Testing of geotechnical structures Part 5:
Testing of anchorages

Eurocode 7 EN 1997-1 Section 8 Anchors + UKNA

And the revised British code

BS 8081 Ground anchorages

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 BS 8081 Fserv;k x 3

Anchor ULS: EULS;d = max (FULS;d , Fserv;d)

force Proof
load, Pp Sufficient to prevent supported structure FULS;d
exceeding ULS
Check
behaviour FServ ;d
2 gServ

4 FServ;k Sufficient to prevent

Lock-off supported structure
Pre-load and testing load, P0 SLS exceeding SLS
FServ ;k
EN 22477-5
BS 8081
FULS;d
Working life

Time

24
 BS 8081 Fserv;k x 3

Anchor ULS: EULS;d = max (FULS;d , Fserv;d)

force Proof
Large surcharge x gQ=1.3; overdig; gM
load, Pp Sufficient to prevent supported structure FULS;d
exceeding ULS
Check
behaviour FServ ;d
2 gServ

5 FServ;k Sufficient to prevent

Lock-off supported structure
Pre-load and testing load, P0 SLS exceeding SLS
FServ ;k
EN 22477-5
BS 8081
FULS;d
Working life

Time

25
 BS 8081 Fserv;k x 3

Anchor ULS: EULS;d = max (FULS;d , Fserv;d)

force Proof
Large surcharge x gQ=1.3; overdig; gM
load, Pp Sufficient to prevent supported structure FULS;d
RULS;m
exceeding ULS= 1.5 Fserv;k
Check
behaviour FServ ;d
2 gServ

6 FServ;k Sufficient to prevent

Lock-off supported structure
Pre-load and testing load, P0 SLS exceeding SLS
FServ ;k
EN 22477-5
BS 8081
FULS;d
Working life

Time

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 CEN value: xULS = 1.0
UK value: xULS = 1.35 Fserv;k/EULS;d
< 1.0, if EULS;d > 1.35Fserv;k

CEN value: ga;ULS = 1.1 = UK value

So RULS;m = 1.1xRULS;d 1.1EULS;d Fserv;k??

So RULS;m = 1.1x (RULS;d EULS;d)x1.35 Fserv;k/EULS;d 1.5FServ;k

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 UKNA Table A.NA.20

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 RULS;m = 1.1x RULS;d 1.1xEULS;d x1.35 Fserv;k/EULS;d = 1.5FServ;k
xULS
RSLS;m = Fserv;k

Advice on design of anchors to achieve these

performance requirements is provided in
BS 8081 (2015) use high overall FOS.

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 Discussion points
The combination of gj' =1.25, gQ=1.3 and overdig
may be too severe.

3 recommends an ultimate resistance of

UK practice
3 x FServ;k
0.
- Is that necessary?

This high resistance is usually calculated, rarely

measured.
- Is that good?

Is it necessary to have an acceptance test on every

working anchor?
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32
 Small factor ga;ULS

Take the worst

Investigation or suitability tests must be used to check RULS;d

Investigation tests not used much on small contracts. Suitability tests on working anchors .
Investigation or suitability tests may optionally check RSLS;d (NA)
All grouted anchors must have acceptance tests
Acceptance tests may check RULS;d and/or RSLS;d (NA)

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 Small factor ga;ULS

Take the worst

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36
37
 CEN value: xULS = 1.0

CEN value: ga;ULS = 1.1

So RULS;m = 1.1RULS;m 1.1EULS;d Fserv;k??

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 CEN UKNA

Anchor
calculations to
EC7 + UKNA
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