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32M-97 (R2007)
An American National Standard
Specification for
Welding Shielding
Gases
Key Words-Argon, carbon dioxide, helium, ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, shielding An American National Standard
gases, welding gases
Approved by the
American National Standards Institute
December 8, 1997
Specification for
Welding Shielding Gases
Prepared by the
American Welding Society (AWS) A5 Committee on Filler Metals
Approved by the
AWS Board of Directors
Abstract
This specification for welding shielding gases specifies mininmm requirements for the composition and purity of the
most popular single-component shielding gases. Classification designators for both single and multicomponent gases are
introduced. Other topics include testing procedures, package marking, and general application guidelines.
This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). Since these are
not equivalent, each system must be used independently of the other.
International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-523-6
American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
1998 by American Welding Society
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Reaffirmed: January 22, 2007
Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright
owner.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or
educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate
fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:
<www .copyright.com>.
ii
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or
made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-
mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS
standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of
those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document
that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements
of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.
AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings
together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process
and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or
verify tl1e accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether
special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance
on this standard. A WS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information
published herein.
In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or
on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone
else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the
advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure tl1at they have the latest edition .
Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept
any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of
any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.
Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor. does it have the power to do so.
On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are posted
on the AWS web page (www.aws.org).
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,
in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,
Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, SSO N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Amlex B).
With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.
These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional
advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals
do not speak on behalf of A WS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of
AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the A WS AS Committee on Filler Metals. It must be reviewed every
five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or
deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to
AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals and
the author of the comments will be informed of tl1e Committee's response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend
all meetings of the AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of
an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of tl1e Technical Activities
Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, SSO N.W. LeJeune Road,
Miami, FL 33126.
iii
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
iv
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
Personnel (Reaffirmation)
AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials
D. A. Fink, Chair The Lincoln Electric Company
J. S. Lee, 1st Vice Chair CB&I
H. D. Wehr, 2nd Vice Chair Arcos Industries, LLC
R. Gupta, Secretary American Welding Society
J. M. Blackburn Department of the Navy
R. Brown RSB Alloy Applications, LLC
J. C. Bundy Hobart Brothers Company
R. J. Christoffel Consultant
D. D. Crockett The Lincoln Electric Company
J. J. DeLoach, Jr. Naval Swface Wmfare Center
D. A. DelSignore Consultant
J. DeVito ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
H. W. Ebert Consultant
D. M. Fedor The Lincoln Electric Company
J. G. Feldstein Foster Wheeler North America
S. E. Ferree ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
G. L. Franke Naval Swface Wmfare Center
R. D. Fuchs Bohler Thyssen Welding USA, Incorporated
C. E. Fuerstenau Lucas-Milhaupt, Incorporated
J. A. Henning Deltak
R. M. Henson 1. W Harris Company, Incorporated
M. Q. Johnson Metallurgy Group
S.D. Kiser Special Metals
P. J. Konkol Concurrent Technologies Cmporation
D. J. Kotecki The Lincoln Electric Company
L. Kvidahl Nm1hrup Grumman Ship Systems
A. S. Laurenson Consultant
W. A. Marttila DaimlerChrysler Cmporation
R. Menon Stoody Company
M. T. Merlo Edison Welding Institute
D. R. Miller ABS Americas Materials Department
B. Mosier Polymet Cmporation
C. L. Null Consultant
M.P. Parekh Consultant
R. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy Cmporation
S.D. Reynolds, Jr. Consultant
P. K. Salvesen Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
K. Sarnpath Consultant
W. S. Severance ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
M. Sullivan NASSCO-National Steel & Shipbuilding
R. C. Sutherlin AT! Wah Chang
R. A. Swain Euroweld, Limited
R. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Thomas and Company
K. P. Thornberry Care Medical, Incmporated
L. T. Vernam AlcoTec Wire Corporation
F. J. Winsor Consultant
v
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
AWS ASS Subcommittee on Gases for Gas Shielded Arc Welding and Cutting
J. DeVito, Chair ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
E. Colvin, Vice Chair Consultant
R. Gupta, Secretary American Welding Society
J. F. Donaghy M G Industries
D. B. Letumo Praxair
B. M. O'Neill Consultant
J. M. Zawodny Linde Gas LLC
Advisor to the ASS Subcommittee on Gases for Gas Shielded Arc Welding and Cutting
R. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Thomas and Company
Special Contributor
F. A. Schweighardt Air Liquide America, LP
vi
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
Personnel (Original)
t.
\l!lll
J. G. Feldstein
S. E. Ferree
L. Flasche
C. E. Fuerstenau
G. A. Hallstrom, Jr.
W. S. Howes
R. B. Kadiyala
Foster Wheeler Energy International, Cmporation
ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
Haynes International, !ncmporated
Alloy Ring Service
Hallstrom Consultants
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Techalloy Company
D. J. Kotecki The Lincoln Electric c;ompany
D.Y.Ku American Bureau of Shipping
N. E. Larson Compressed Gas Industries
A. S. Laurenson Consultant
J. S. Lee Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Incmporated
G. H. MacShane MAC Associates
W. A. Marttila Cluysler Cmporation
R. Menon Stoody Company
M. T. Merlo Select Arc, !ncmporated
A. R. Mertes Ampco Metal, Incmporated
M.D. Morin ABB Power Generation
C. L. Null Naval Sea Systems Command
J. J. Payne Sverdrup Technology, !ncmporated
R. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy Corporation
E. W. Pickering, Jr. Consultant
M. A. Quintana The Lincoln Electric Company
*H. F. Reid Consultant
*S. D. Reynolds, Jr. Consultant
L. F. Roberts Canadian Welding Bureau
P. K. Salvesen Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
J. M. Sawhill, Jr. Newp011 News Shipbuilding
Advisor
vii
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
A WS AS Committee on Filler Metals (Continued)
A. P. Seidler Armco Steel
W. S. Severance ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
*W. A. Shopp Consultant
M. S. Sierdzinski ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
*R. G. Sim Lincoln Electric Company (Australia)
E. R. Stevens Fisher Controls International, Incorporated
*R. W. Straiton Bechtel C01poration
R. A. Sulit Sulit Engineering
R. A. Swain Euroweld, Limited
R. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Thomas and Company
K. P. Thornberry J. W. Harris Company, Inc01porated
*R. Timerman Conarco, S.A.
S. Tsutsumi Kobe Steel Limited- Welding Division
L. T. Vemam AlcoTec Wire Company
G. J. Vytanovych Mobil Technology Company
T. R. Warren Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc01porated
H. D. Wehr Arcos Alloys
*F. J. Winsor Consultant
K.G. Wold Siemens Power C01poration
viii
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
Foreword
This foreword is not part of ANSIIAWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007), Specification for
Welding Shielding Gases, but is included for informational purposes only.
This is a new issue of a specification that has been discussed and drafted many times over the last ten years. Thanks
to the persevering efforts of Chair Nils Larson and the rest of the Subcommittee on Shielding Gases, the new
ANSIIAWS A5.32/A5.32M, Specification for Welding Shielding Gases, is now a reality. The simplicity of its classifica-
tion system is readily apparent. The requirements are clear and concise and reflect the safest and most economical prod-
uct for the application.
This document makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). The measure-
ments are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining val-
ues in any way. In selecting rational metric units, ANSI/AWS Al.l, Metric Practice Guide for the Welding lndustly, is
used where suitable. Tables and figures make use of both U.S. Customary and SI units, which with the application of the
specified tolerances provide for interchangeability of products in both the U.S. Customary and SI Units.
A typographical error was corrected by changing 32.8 to 3.28 on page 4, Table 3, Dew Point Conversion Chart, third
colunm with colunm heading "ppm" at the time of publishing reaffirmed edition ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97
(R2007).
This is the first publication of this document.
Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,
AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
ix
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
X
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
Table of Contents
Page No.
Pers01znel (Reaffirmation) ............................................................................................................................................ v
Personnel (Original) .................................................................................................................................................. vii
Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................................... ix
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................. xii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. xii
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Part A-General Requirements
2. Normative References ........................................................................................................................................ 1
3. Classification ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
4. Acceptance .......................................................................................................................................................... 1
5. Certification ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
,.
6. Units of Measure and Rounding-Off Procedure ............................................................................................. 2
Part B-Tests, Procedures, and Requirements
7. Summary ofTests ............................................................................................................................................... 2
1h
~ 8. Retest ................................................................................................................................................................... 2
9. Chemical Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 3
10. Dew Point Determination .................................................................................................................................. 3
Part C-Manufacture, Packaging, and Identification
11. Method ofManufacture ..................................................................................................................................... 3
12. Packaging ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
13. Identification ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
14. Marking of High-Pressure Cylinders, Liquid Containers, and Bulk Vessels ............................................... 6
Annex A-Guide to AWS Specification for Welding Shielding Gases ...................................................................... 7
Annex B-Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries ............................................................................. 17
AWS Filler Metal Specifications by Material and Welding Process ......................................................................... 19
AWS Filler Metal Specifications and Related Documents ....................................................................................... 21
xi
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
list of Tables
Thb~ PageN~
Gas Type, Purity, and Dew Point Requirements for Shielding Gas Components .......................................... 2
2 Tests Required for Classification .................................................................................................................... 3
3 Dew Point Conversion Chart ........................................................................................................................... 4
4 AWS Classifications for Typical Gas Mixtures .............................................................................................. 5
Al Additional Information .................................................................................................................................. l6
list of Figures
Figure Page No.
Classification System for a Single Gas ........................................................................................................... 5
2 Classification System for Multicomponent Shielding Gases .......................................................................... 5
3 Classification System for Special Multicomponent Shielding Gases ............................................................. 5
4 Classification System for "X" Designator Shielding Gases ............................................................................ 5
xii
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
1
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
AWS
Table 1
Gas Type, Purity, and Dew Point Requirements for Shielding Gas Components
Product
Minimum
Purity
Maximum
Moisture a
Dew Point
Maximum Moisture
at I Atmosphere
Gas Classification State (%) (ppm) op oc CGA Class
5. Certification
By affixing the AWS specification and classification
6.2 For the purpose of determining conformance with
this specification, values shall be rounded to the nearest
unit in accordance with the rounding-off method given in
designations on the packaging enclosing the product, the ASTM E29, Standard Practice for Using Significant
supplier (manufacturer) certifies that the product meets Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with
all of the requirements of the specification. 4 Specifications.
2
ANSIIAWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
If the results of one or both retests fail to meet the re- 11.1 Cylinder Residual Gases. All gas containers shall
quirement, the gas being tested shall be considered as not either be evacuated or, if not evacuated, residual gases
meeting the requirements of this specification for that shall be analyzed for composition and purity prior to
classification. filling. 5
In the event that appropriate procedures were not fol-
lowed in preparing the test sample(s) or in conducting
the tests, the test shall be considered invalid, without re- 12. Packaging
gard to whether the test was actually completed, or
Gases and gas mixtures shall be packaged in accor-
whether test results met or failed to meet the require-
dance with Department of Transportation (DOT) regula-
ment. In this case, the requirement for two retests of the
tions for protection during shipment and normal storage
gas sample does not apply.
conditions. 6 Cylinder sizes shall be as agreed upon be-
tween purchaser and supplier. Cylinders shall be labeled
in accordance with Sections 13 and 14.
9. Chemical Analysis
Samples of gas(es) for chemical analysis shall be
drawn from an individual cylinder, vessel or from the gas 13. Identification
outlet source. The sample shall be analyzed by accept-
13.1 Individual gas components are identified by the fol-
able methods. Results of chemical analysis of a specific
lowing codes:
gas(es) shall comply with the requirements of Table 1 for
the gas being analyzed. The referee method for chemical A-Argon
analysis of gases shall be ASTM E 260, Standard Prac- C - Carbon Dioxide
tice for Packed Column Gas Chromatography. When He-Helium
mixed gases are being analyzed, the volumetric percent- H-Hydrogen
age of minor components shall be within 10 percent rel- N -Nitrogen
ative to the nominal percentage of the minor component 0-0xygen
of the classification. See 13.1 and 13.3 for examples.
Any standard dew point measurement method may be portation, NASSIF Building, 400 7th Street S.W., Washington,
used. Dew point may be expressed in F at one atmo- DC 20590.
3
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007}
Table 3
Dew Point Conversion Chart
(1 Atmosphere) (70F @ 14.7 psia/21 ac @ 760 mm [Hg])
4
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
L
{ centages. The classification designators remain the same
for both U.S. Customary Units and the SI units. The
SHIELDING GASJ BASE GAS
shielding gas classification system is composed of the DESIGNATOR DESIGNATOR
following designator and number arrangement:
(1) SG-Shielding Gas Designator. The letters SG
at the beginning of each classification designation identi-
Figure 1-Classification System
fies the product as a shielding gas. These letters are fol-
lowed by a hyphen.
for a Single Gas
(2) SG-J!-Base Gas Designator. Shielding gases
are classified according to chemical composition. The let-
ter in1mediately to the right of SG- indicates the singular
SG-B X-% 2 COMPONENT MIX
or major gas in the shielding gas or mixture (see Figure 1).
(3) SG-B XYZ-Minor Gas Component Designa-
tors. The letter(s) immediately following the base gas in- I SG -B XY-%/% 3 COMPONENT MIX
SG- B XYZ- %/%/% 4 COMPONENT MIX
J
component shall be as agreed upon between the pur- SG-B-Gl
chaser and supplier. See Figure 3. The "X" designation
shall be used when a gas mixture component is not cov-
ered by the six base gases specified. The gas represented
SHIELDING
GAS
I
BASE GAS
SPECIAL GAS
DESIGNATOR
by the "X" must appear in parentheses after the "G". See DESIGNATION DESIGNATION
ONLY
Figure 4.
AWS classifications for typical gas mixtures are
shown in Table 4.
Figure 3-Classification System for Special
Multicomponent Shielding Gases
Table 4
AWS Classifications for
SG BX G (X= SPECIFIC GAS)
Typical Gas Mixtures
Typical Gas EXAMPLE:
AWS Mixtures
Classification (%) Gas SHIELD BASE SPECIFIC
GAS GAS GAS
SG-AC-25 75/25 Argon + Carbon Dioxide
SG-A0-2 98/2 Argon+ Oxygen
SG-AHe-10 90/10 Argon + Helium
SG-AH-5 95/5 Argon+ Hydrogen Note: When "X" is used in the classification, the designator gas
SG-HeA-25 75/25 Helium + Argon represented by "X" must be disclosed within parentheses after
SG-HeAC-7.5/2.5 9017.5/2.5 Helium + Argon + the letter "G".
Carbon Dioxide
SG-AC0-8/2 90/8/2 Argon+ Carbon Dioxide
+Oxygen Figure 4-Classification System for
SG-A-G Special Argon +Mixture "X" Designator Shielding Gases
5
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
2 X 0.1 = 0.2
2-0.2 = 1.8 This product conforms to AWS A5.32, classified
2 + 0.2 = 2.2 as SG-AC-25
Ar with 1.8 to 2.2% 0 2
6
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
Annex A (Informative)
Guide to AWS Specification for Welding Shielding Gases
This annex is not part of ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007), Specification for
Welding Shielding Gases, but is included for informational purposes only.
eral" because not all of the particular requirements speci- classification for a certain application, the purchaser will
fied for each of the other classifications are met. The have to arrange for that information with the supplier of
7
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
the product. The purchaser will have to establish with the preceding year with the agenda for each Committee
that supplier just what the testing procedures and the ac- on Filler Metals meeting. Any other publication of re-
ceptance requirements are to be for that test. The pur- quests that have been completed will be at the option of
chaser should specify that information in the purchase the American Welding Society, as deemed appropriate.
order.
A2.2.3 Request for Shielding Gas Classification
A2.2.3.1 When a shielding gas cannot be classified
A3. Acceptance
according to some classification other than a "G" classi- Acceptance of all shielding gases classified under this
fication, the manufacturer may request that a classifica- specification is in accordance with the tests and require-
tion be established for that shielding gas. The ments of Part B and C of this specification. Any testing a
manufacturer may do this by following the procedure purchaser requires of the supplier, for gases shipped in
given here. When the manufacturer elects to use the "G" accordance with this specification, shall be clearly stated
classification, the Committee on Filler Metals recom- in the purchase order. In the absence of any such state-
mends that the manufacturer still request that a classifi- ment in the purchase order, the supplier may ship the
cation be established for that shielding gas, as long as the gases with whatever testing the supplier normally con-
shielding gas is of commercial significance. ducts on gases of that classification. In such cases, accep-
tance of the material shipped will be in accordance with
A2.2.3.2 A request to establish a new shielding gas
those requirements.
classification shall be a written request, and it needs to
provide sufficient detail to permit the Committee on
Filler Metals or the Subcommittee to determine whether
a new classification or the modification of an existing A4. Certification
classification is more appropriate, and whether either is
necessary to satisfy the need. The request needs to state The act of placing the AWS specification and classi-
the variables and their limits, for such a classification or fication designations on the packaging enclosing the
modification. The request should contain some indica- product, constitutes the supplier's (manufacturer's) certi-
tion of the time by which completion of the new classifi- fication that the product meets all of the requirements of
cation or modification is needed. the specification.
The only testing requirement implicit in this "certifi-
A2.2.3.3 The request should be sent to the Secre- cation" is that the manufacturer has actually conducted
tary of the Committee on Filler Metals at AWS Head- the tests required by the specification on material that is
quarters. Upon receipt of the request, the Secretary will representative of that being shipped, and that that mate-
do the following: rial met the requirements of the specification. "Certifica-
(1) Assign an identifying number to the request. This tion" is not to be construed to mean that tests of any kind
number shall include the date the request was received. were necessarily conducted on samples of the specific
(2) Confirm receipt of the request and give the identi- material shipped. Tests on such material may or may not
fication number to the person who made the request. have been conducted. The basis for the "certification" re-
(3) Send a copy of the request to the Chair of the quired by the specification is the classification test of
Committee on Filler Metals and the Chair of the particu- "representative material" cited above, and the "Manufac-
lar Subcommittee involved. turer's Quality Assurance Program" in ANSIIAWS
(4) File the original request. A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines.?
(5) Add the request to the log of outstanding requests.
A2.2.3.4 All necessary action on each request will
be completed as soon as possible. If more than 12 months AS. Ventilation During Welding
lapse, the Secretary shall inform the requestor of the
status of the request, with copies to the Chairpersons of AS.l Five major factors govern the quantity of fumes in
the Committee and Subcommittee. Any request out- the atmosphere to which welders and welding operators
standing after 18 months shall be considered not to have are exposed during welding. They are the following:
been answered in a "timely manner" and the Secretary (1) Dimensions of the space in which the welding is
shall report it to the Chair of the Committee on Filler done (with special regard to the height of the ceiling).
Metals for action.
7 AWS standards are published by the American Welding
A2.2.3.5 The Secretary shall include a copy of the
log of all requests pending and those completed during Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
8
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
(2) Number of welders and welding operators work- A7. Description and Intended Use of
ing in that space.
the Shielding Gases
(3) Rate of evolution of fumes, gases, or dust, accord-
ing to the materials and processes used. A7.1 Single Gases. All single gases described in this
(4) The proximity of the welders or welding operators specification may be purchased either as a liquid or as a
to the fumes, as these fumes issue from the welding zone, gas. If liquid, the material must be gasified prior to being
and to the gases and dusts in the space in which they are supplied to the welding area.
working.
A7.1.1 SG-A (Argon). Argon is a chemically inert
(5) The ventilation provided to the space in which the
gas which is used both singularly and in combination
welding is done.
with other gases to achieve desired arc characteristics for
A5.2 American National Standard ANSI/ASC Z49.1, the welding of both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Al-
Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (pub- most all arc welding processes can use argon or mixtures
lished by the American Welding Society), discusses the containing argon to achieve good weldability, mechani-
ventilation that is required during welding and should be cal properties, arc characteristics and productivity. Argon
referred to for details. Attention is drawn particularly to is used for welding of nonferrous materials such as alu-
the sections on "Health Protection and Ventilation." minum, nickel, copper, magnesium alloys, and reactive
metals, which include zirconium and titanium. The low-
ionization potential of argon creates an excellent cmTent
A6. Welding Considerations path and superior arc stability. In the GMAW process,
argon produces a constricted arc column at a high current
The properties of gases affect the performance of all density which causes the arc energy to be concentrated in
arc welding processes. The ionization potential of the a small central area of the weld pool. The result is a
shielding gas influences the ease of arc initiation and sta- depth of fusion profile which may have a distinct finger-
bility. Thermal conductivity of a gas determines the volt- like shape. Argon is also used for single-side melt-
age and energy constant of the arc. Gases such as carbon through welding with or without consumable inserts.
9
ANSI/AWS A5.321A5.32M-97 (R2007)
to be maximized, a carbon dioxide and argon mixture is A7.2.1.1 SG-A0-1 (Ar + 1% 0 2). This mixture is
often recommended. primarily used for spray transfer on stainless steels. One-
percent oxygen is usually sufficient to stabilize the arc,
A7.1.3 SG-N (Nitrogen). Shielding gases containing increase the droplet rate and provide good fluidity of the
nitrogen are not recommended for welding carbon steel. weld pool.
Nitrogen will combine with other elements at high tem-
peratures which is why it is not recommended as a pri- A7.2.1.2 SG-A0-2 (Ar + 2% 0 2). This mixture is
mary gas, but is used in combination with other gases for used for spray arc welding on carbon steels, low-alloy
selected applications. Nitrogen is often used as a gas to steels and stainless steels. It provides additional wetting
protect the weld root from atmospheric contamination. action over SG-A0-1. Weld mechanical properties and
Nitrogen root shielding of stainless steel welds may corrosion resistance (stainless steels) of welds made
cause problems in those applications where control of the using the SG-A0-2 and SG-A0-1 shielding gases are
ferrite content is critical. Increased nitrogen content of comparable.
the weld may reduce the ferrite level. Small additions A7.2.1.3 SG-A0-5 (Ar + 5% 0 2). This mixture
(:::;3%) of nitrogen have been combined with argon for provides a more fluid but controllable weld pool. It is the
GMA and GTA welding of duplex stainless steel. most commonly used argon plus oxygen mixture for gen-
eral carbon steel welding. The additional oxygen permits
A7.1.4 SG-He (Helium). Helium, a chemically inert
gas, is used for weld applications requiring higher heat higher travel speeds on some weld applications.
inputs. Helium may improve wetting action, depth of fu- A7.2.1.4 SG-A0-8 (Ar + 8% 0 2). This mixture
sion, and travel speeds. It does not produce the stable arc provides additional depth of fusion over SG-A0-5.
provided by argon. Helium has higher thermal conductiv- Slightly lower arc voltage or increased wire feed speed
ity and a wider arc column than argon. The higher volt- should be used. The higher weld pool fluidity and lower
age gradient increases heat input compared with argon, spray transition current of this mixture are advantageous
promoting increased weld pool fluidity and better wetting on some applications. This mixture can be used in the
action. This is an advantage when welding aluminum- short circuiting and spray modes of transfer. Greater oxi-
based, magnesium-based, and copper-based alloys. Using dation of tl1e weld metal, with increased loss of manga-
GMAW, 100-percent helium will only produce globular nese and silicon, should be expected.
transfer. The argon percentage must be at least 20 percent
when mixed with helium to produce and maintain a sta- A7.2.2 SG-AC (Argon + Carbon Dioxide Mix-
ble spray transfer. tures). The additions of carbon dioxide to argon can pro-
duce a wide range of welding characteristics from high-
A7.1.5 SG-0 (Oxygen). Oxygen is never used as a current spray transfer to low-current short circuiting
base component of a shielding gas. It can be used as a transfer.
minor component. The dissociation of carbon dioxide in the arc provides
oxygen for improved wetting and arc stabilization. The
A7.1.6 SG-H (Hydrogen). Hydrogen (H2) is chemi- high thermal conductivity of carbon dioxide tends to in-
cally active and most commonly used at low percentages crease the width of fusion as compared to SG-AO mix-
(1 to 35%) as the minor component in a gas mixture (see tures.
Section A8, General Safety Considerations). When using GMAW with solid carbon steel wires,
SG-AC mixtures containing more than 20 percent carbon
A7.2 Binary Shielding Gas Mixtures
dioxide will not support spray transfer.
A7.2.1 SG-AO (Argon + Oxygen Mixtures). The
A7.2.2.1 SG-AC-1 through 10 (Ar + 1 to 10%
addition of oxygen to argon with the GMAW process im- C02). Mixtures in this range may produce all modes of
proves the arc characte1istics and increases weld pool metal transfer useful on a variety of steel thiclmesses.
fluidity by reducing the surface tension of the weld Depth of fusion is improved and porosity may be re-
metal. Oxygen is an active gas which intensifies the arc duced when using SG-AC compared to SG-AO.
plasma, increasing heat input, travel speed, depth of fu-
In the 5 to 10 percent carbon dioxide range the arc
sion, and wetting. In GMAW, the addition of small
column becomes more defined. These mixtures are ef-
amounts (1 to 8%) of oxygen to argon stabilizes the
fective on material with mill scale. SG-AC-5 is com-
welding arc, increases the filler metal droplet rate, lowers
monly used with GMAW for heavy-section low-alloy
the spray arc transition current, and influences bead
steel welding.
shape. The weld pool is more fluid allowing improved
weld bead wetting. Oxygen is not used with GTAW be- A7.2.2.2 SG-AC-11 through 20 (Ar + 11 to 20%
cause of its detrimental effect on the tungsten electrode. C02). This mixture range has been used with various
10
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
and improve arc starting characteristics. As argon per- transfer. These mixtures produce good welding charac-
centages increase, the arc voltage, spatter, and weld teristics and mechanical properties on carbon and low-
11
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
alloy steels. On thin-gauge base metals, the oxygen con- welding low-alloy, high-strength steel base metals, and
stituent improves arc stability at low current levels (30 to they have been used on carbon steel for high-productiv-
60 A) permitting the arc to be kept short and controlla- ity welding.
ble. This helps minimize excessive melt-through and dis-
tortion by lowering the total heat input into the weld
ARGON, CARBON DIOXIDE, HELIUM,
zone.
AND NITROGEN HAZARD:
A7.3.2 SG-AHeC and SG-HeAC (Argon+ Helium
Argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen can dis-
+ Carbon Dioxide Mixtures). Helium and carbon diox-
place oxygen in a worker's breathing zone which can
ide additions to argon increase the heat input to the weld,
result in asphyxiation, and possibly death, when re-
increasing bead wetting and fluidity. The weld bead pro-
leased in poorly vented, confined work areas. Argon
file becomes flatter and wider.
and carbon dioxide cause a special concern since they
A7.3.2.1 SG-AHeC-10 through 40/1 through 15 are heavier than air and may concentrate in low areas
(Ar + 10 to 40% He+ 1 to 15% C02). Mixtures in this such as in the bottom of pressure vessels, tanks, pits,
range have been developed for pulsed spray welding of and ships.
carbon, low-alloy, and stainless steels. These mixtures
Unless adequate ventilation and breathing air are sup-
are most often used on heavy sections, in positions other
plied, care must be taken with any of these gases
than flat. Good mechanical properties and weld pool
when they are released in enclosed areas or confined
control are characteristic of these mixtures.
spaces. A safety watch should be provided and in at-
A7.3.2.2 SG-HeAC-25 through 35/1 through 5 tendance anytime a worker is using any of these gases
(He+ 25 to 35% Ar + 1 to 5% C02). These mixtures in a vessel.
are used for short circuit GMAW of high-strength steels
Additional information can be found in ANSI!ASC
and stainless steels, especially for welding positions
Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pro-
other than flat. The carbon dioxide content is kept low to
cesses, CGA publications, and from suppliers of the
insure good weld metal toughness. The helium provides
aforementioned gases.
the heat necessary for good weld pool fluidity.
mechanical properties, and can be used throughout a
taste.
wide range of deposition rates. Their major application is .
12
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
13
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
A8.3 Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and al- (3) The results of an AWS-funded study, Fumes and
lied processes produce fumes and gases which may be Gases in the Welding Environment, is available from the
harmful to health. Fumes are solid particles which origi- American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,
nate from welding filler metals and fluxes, the base Miami, FL 33126.
metal, and any coatings present on the base metal. Gases
are produced during the welding process or may be pro- A8.4 Radiation. Welding, cutting, and allied operations
duced by the effects of process radiation on the surround- may produce radiant energy (radiation) harmful to
ing environment. Management personnel and welders health. One should become acquainted with the effects of
alike should be aware of the effects of these fumes and this radiant energy.
gases. The amount and composition of these fumes and Radiant energy may be ionizing (such as x-rays), or
gases depend upon the composition of the filler metal, nonionizing (such as ultraviolet, visible light, or infra-
shielding gas, base metal, welding process, current level, red). Radiation can produce a variety of effects such as
arc length, and other factors. skin burns and eye damage, depending on the radiant en-
The possible effects of overexposure range from ini- ergy's wavelength and intensity, if excessive exposure
tation of eyes, skin, and respiratory system to more se- occurs.
vere complications. Effects may occur immediately or at
some later time. Fumes can cause symptoms such as nau- A8.4.1 Ionizing Radiation. Ionizing radiation is pro-
sea, headaches, dizziness, and metal fume fever. The duced by the electron beam welding process. It is ordi-
possibility of more serious health effects exists when es- narily controlled within acceptable limits by use of
pecially toxic materials are involved. In confined spaces, suitable shielding enclosing the welding area.
the shielding gases and fumes might displace breathing
air to cause asphyxiation. A8.4.2 Nonionizing Radiation. The intensity and
wavelengths of nonionizing radiant energy produced
Various gases are generated during welding. Some are
depend on many factors, such as the process, welding
a product of the decomposition of fluxes and electrode
parameters, electrode and base-metal composition,
coatings. Others are formed by the action of arc heat or
fluxes, and any coating or plating on the base metal.
ultraviolet radiation emitted by the arc on atmospheric
Some processes such as resistance welding and cold
constituents and contaminants. Potentially hazardous
pressure welding ordinarily produce negligible quantities
gases include carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen,
of radiant energy. However, most arc welding and cutting
ozone, and decomposition products of chlorinated hydro-
processes (except submerged arc when used properly),
carbons, such as phosgene.
laser beam welding and torch welding, cutting, brazing,
One's head should always be kept out of the fumes. or soldering can produce quantities of nonionizing radia-
Sufficient ventilation, exhaust at the arc, or both, should tion such that precautionary measures are necessary.
be used to keep fumes and gases from one's breathing Protection from possible harnlful effects caused by
zone and the general area. nonionizing radiant energy from welding include the fol-
In some cases, natural air movement will provide lowing measures:
enough ventilation. Where ventilation may be question- (1) One should not look at welding arcs except
able, air sampling should be used to determine if correc- through welding filter plates which meet the require-
tive measures should be applied. ments of ANSI/ASC Z87.1, Practice for Occupational
More detailed information on fumes and gases pro- and Educational Eye and Face Protection, published by
duced by the various welding processes may be found in American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42
the following: Street, New York, NY 10036. It should be noted that
(1) The permissible exposure limits required by OSHA transparent welding curtains are not intended as welding
can be found in CFR Title 29, Chapter XVII, Part 1910. filter plates, but rather are intended to protect passersby
The OSHA, General Industry Standards, is available from incidental exposure.
from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- (2) Exposed skin should be protected with adequate
ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. gloves and clothing, as specified in ANSIIASC Z49.1,
(2) The recommended threshold limit values for these Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, pub-
fumes and gases may be found in Threshold Limit Values lished by the American Welding Society.
.;
for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the (3) Reflections from welding arcs should be avoided,
Workroom Environment, published by the American and all personnel should be protected from intense re-
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists flections. (Note: Paints using pigments of substantially
(ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Suite 600, Cin- zinc oxide or titanium dioxide have a lower reflectance
cinnati, OH 45240-1634. for ultraviolet radiation.)
~
14
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
15
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
Table A1
Additional Information
Code Title
CGA-G4 Oxygen
CGA-GS Hydrogen
CGA-G6 Carbon Dioxide
CGA-G6.3 Carbon Dioxide Cylinder Filling and Handling Procedures
CGA-P-9 The Inert Gases Argon, Nitrogen, and Helium
P-1 Safety Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers
P-12 Safety Handling of Cryogenic Liquids
P-14 Accident Prevention in Oxygen-Rich and Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres
SB-2 Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres
C5.10-94b Recommended Practices for Shielding Gases for Welding and Plasma Arc Cutting
16
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
Annex 8 (Informative)
Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries
This annex is not part of ANSI!AWS AS .32/A5 .32M-97 (R2007), Specification for
Welding Shielding Gases, but is included for informational purposes only.
17
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
be. Following the subcommittee's development of the for an official interpretation of any AWS standard with
response, the inquiry and the response are presented to the information that such an interpretation can be
the entire committee for review and approval. Upon obtained only through a written request. Headquarters
approval by the committee, the interpretation is an official staff cannot provide consulting services. However, the
interpretation of the Society, and the secretary transmits staff can refer a caller to any of those consultants whose
the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal names are on file at AWS Headquarters.
for publication.
18
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
Carbon Steel A5.2 AS.l AS. IS A5.20 A5.17 A5.25 A5.26 A5.8, A5.31
Low-Alloy Steel A5.2 A5.5 A5.28 A5.29 A5.23 A5.25 A5.26 A5.8, A5.31
Copper Alloys
Titanium Alloys
Zirconium Alloys
Magnesium Alloys
Tungsten Electrodes
Surfacing Alloys
Consumable Inserts
Shielding Gases
19
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
20
ANSI/AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97 (R2007)
21