EccentricLoading

Eccentricloadingmayresultfromaloadappliedoffthecenterofthefootingorfromaconcentricload
plusabendingmoment.Forthepurposeofdeterminimgthepressureunderthefootingthemoment
may be removed by shifting the vertical load to a fictitious location with an eccentricity e=moment /
verticalload.

Forthepurposedofstructuraldesign,thepressureagainstthebottomofthefooting,commonlycalled
contactpressure,isassumedtohaveaplanardistribution.Whentheloadisappliedwithinthekernof
footingarea,commonflexuralformulaeareapplied.

P Mx M
Pmax z z x 1
A Ix Iz

Where,

Pmax=contactpressureatagivenpoint(x,z).

P=Verticalload.

A=Areaoffooting.

xandz=coordinatesofthepointatwhichthecontactpressureiscalculated.

Mx,Mz=loadPmultipliedbyeccentricityparalleltoxandzaxesrespectively.

Ix,Iz=momentofinertiaofthefootingareaaboutthexandzaxesrespectively.

Equation1isvalidwhenoneofthefollowingconditionsexists.

(a) Thefootingissymmetricalaboutxandzaxes.

(b) Thefootingissymmetricaboutxaxisandex=0

(c) Thefootingissymmetricaboutzaxisandez=0

Forrectangularfooting,


B=widthoffooting

L=lengthoffooting

A=areaoffooting=BxL

Ix=MomentofinertiaaboutXXaxis=BxL3/12

Iz=MomentofinertiaaboutZZaxis=LxB3/12

z=L/2

x=B/2

Zxx=SectionmodulusaboutXXaxis=Ix/z=BxL2/6

Zzz=SectionmodulusaboutZZaxis=Iz/x=LxB2/6

ForrectangularfootingEquation1canbewrirrtenas,

P Mx Mz
Pmax
A Z xx Z zz

1 6M x 6M z
Pmax P
BL L B

M x P ez and M z P ex

P 6ez 6ex
Pmax 1 2
A L B
Whenexandezexceedsacertainlimitequation1and2givesanegativevalueofPmaxwhichindicates
tension between the soil and bottom of footing. Unless the footing is weighted down by surcharge
loads, the soil can not be relied upon for bonding to the footing and offering tensile resistance.
Therefore,theflexuralformulaeEq.1and2areapplicableonlywhentheloadisappliedwithinalimited
areawhichisknownasthekern.

Calculationforkerndistance

P 6ez
Pmin 1 puttingPmin=0forminimumpressure
A L

L B
ez similarly ex
6 6

The procedure for determination of soil pressure when load is applied outside the kern is simple in
principlebutlaboriousbecauseneitherthepositionnorthedirectionofneutralaxiscorrespondingtoa
givenpositionofthe loadis known. Thismethodisbased ontheassumptionthatthepressure varies
lineraly with the distance to the neutral axis from zero at the neutral axis to maximum at the most
remote point and on the requirement of statical equilibrium that the resultant of the soil pressure
shouldlieonthelineofactionoftheappliedloadP.


LetaprismofanysectionbeloadedatanypointP.GuessthepositionoftheneutralaxisNN.Drawfrom
NNtothemostremotefiberqtheperpendicularaq.ThatpartofthesectionontheloadsideofNNis
undercompression,andtheintensityofstressvarieslinearlyfrom0(zero)atNNtoPmaxatq.Dividethe
stressed area into narrow strips of uniform width dy running parallel to NN. The total stress on any
stripactsatthecenterofthatstripandisproportionaltotheareaofthestripw.dyandtoitsdistancey
fromNN.wiswidthofstripconsidered.Drawthelocusofthecentersofthestripsbcqandmarkoffa
lengthofstripextending.w.y/xtoeachsideofthislocus.Thisportionofthestrip,ifitsustainedaunit
stress,wouldcarrythesametotal loadasdoes thewholestripwhensustainingtheactualunitstress
Pmax.y/xandmaybecalledtheeffectiveportionofthestrip.Theeffectiveportionsofallstripscombine
toformtheeffectivearea,shownasthe shadedportionofFig. Now ifthe assumedposition of NN is
correct,thecentroidofthiseffectiveareawillcoincidewiththepointPandthemaximumstressPmax
will then be equal to the load P divided by the effective area. Obviously the chance of guessing the
positionofNNcorrectlyatthefirstattemptisremote,andanumberoftrialsarelikelytobenecessary.
Eachtrial,however,enablesthepositionofNNtobeestimatedmoreclosely.

Based on above assumptions and principles, for solid rectangular footing, depending upon different
locationandorientationofneutralaxisthevalueofmaximumpressure(Pmax)andcorrespondingcontact
areacanbecalulatedasexplainbelow.

ConsidedafootingofwidthBandlengthL.NAbethedistanceofneutralaxisfrompointO.'be
the angle of inclination on neutral axis. Pmax is the pressure at point O reducing to 0 (zero) at NA.
ConsidedanunitstripofthicknessdyatadistanceyfrompointO.Thepressureintensityatdistance
yfromOwillbePmax(NAy)/NA.

CASEIWhenNAL.cosandNAB.sin

x1 y1 x2 y2

y y
0 0
cos sin

Stripwidth= x2 x1 2 y1 y 2 2 = y

sin cos

C.G.ofstripalongXX x 2 x1 y

(fromO) 2 2 sin
 C.G.ofstripalongZZ y1 y 2 y

(fromO) 2 2 cos

B y
Eccentricityex
2 2 sin

L y
Eccentricityez
2 2 cos

P max NA y
NA
y
Force(P)
0
NA

sin cos
dy

P max NA y L y
NA
y
Moment(Mx)
0
NA

2 2 cos sin cos
dy

P max NA y B y
NA
y
Moment(Mz) 0
NA

2 2 sin sin cos
dy

NA
y
ContactArea
0
sin cos
dy

SolutiontoaboveIntegration

NA 2 Pmax
P
6 cos sin

NA 2 Pmax 2 L cos NA
Mx
24 cos 2 sin

NA 2 Pmax 2 B sin NA
Mz
24 cos sin 2

NA 2
Area
2 sin cos

CASEIIWhenNAL.cosandNA>B.sin

x1 y1 x2 y2

y y
0 0
cos sin

x3 y3 x4 y4

y y B. sin
0 B
cos cos

Stripwidth
x2 x1 2 y1 y 2 2 = y

(from0toBsin) sin cos

Stripwidth
x4 x3 2 y3 y 4 2 = B

(fromBsintoNA) cos
C.G.ofstripalongXX x 2 x1 y

(fromOtoBsin) 2 2 sin

C.G.ofstripalongXX x 4 x3 B

(fromBsintoNA) 2 2

C.G.ofstripalongZZ y1 y 2 y

(fromOtoBsin) 2 2 cos

C.G.ofstripalongZZ y3 y 4 y B sin
y4
(fromBsintoNA) 2 cos 2 cos

Eccentricityex B y

(fromOtoBsin) 2 2 sin

Eccentricityex B B
0
(fromBsintoNA) 2 2

Eccentricityez L y

(from0toBsin) 2 2 cos

Eccentricityez L y B sin

(fromBsintoNA) 2 cos 2 cos

P max NA y P max NA y
B sin NA
y B
Force(P)
0
NA

sin cos
dy
B sin
NA

cos
dy

P max NA y L y
B sin
y
0
NA

2 2 cos sin cos
dy

Moment(Mx)
P max NA y L y B sin
NA
B

B sin
NA

2 cos 2 cos cos
dy

P max NA y B y
B sin
y
Moment(Mz)
0
NA

2 2 sin sin cos
dy
 P max NA y B B
NA
B

B sin
NA

2 2 cos
dy

B sin NA
y B
ContactArea
0
sin cos
dy
B sin
cos
dy

SolutiontoaboveIntegration

B Pmax NA B sin B 2 Pmax sin 3 NA 2 B sin

2

P
2 NA cos 6 NA cos

Mx

B 2 Pmax sin 3 B 2 sin 2 4 B NA sin 6 L NA cos 4 B L cos sin
24 NA cos 2

B Pmax NA B sin 2 NA B sin 3 L cos
2

12 NA cos 2

B 3 Pmax sin 2 NA B sin

Mz
24 NA cos

B NA B sin B 2 sin
Area
cos 2 cos

CASEIIIWhenNA>L.cosandNAB.sin

x1 y1 x2 y2

y y
0 0
cos sin
 x3 y3 x4 y4

y L. cos y
L 0
sin sin

Stripwidth
x2 x1 2 y1 y 2 2 = y

(from0toLcos) sin cos

Stripwidth
x 4 x3 2 y3 y 4 2 = L

(fromLcostoNA) sin

C.G.ofstripalongXX x 2 x1 y

(from0toLcos) 2 2 sin

C.G.ofstripalongXX x 4 x3 y L cos
x3
(fromLcostoNA) 2 sin 2 sin

C.G.ofstripalongZZ y1 y 2 y

(from0toLcos) 2 2 cos

C.G.ofstripalongZZ y3 y 4 L

(fromLcostoNA) 2 2

Eccentricityex B y

(from0toLcos) 2 2 sin

Eccentricityex B y L cos

(fromLcostoNA) 2 sin 2 sin

Eccentricityez L y

(from0toLcos) 2 2 cos

Eccentricityez L L
0
(fromLcostoNA) 2 2

P max NA y P max NA y
L cos NA
y L
Force(P)
0
NA

sin cos
dy
L cos
NA

sin
dy
 P max NA y L y
L cos
y
0
NA

2 2 cos sin cos
dy

Moment(Mx)
P max NA y L L
NA
L

L cos
NA

2 2 sin
dy

P max NA y B y
L cos
y

0
NA

2 2 sin sin cos
dy

Moment(Mz)
P max NA y B y L cos
NA
L

L cos
NA

2 2 sin 2 sin sin
dy

L cos NA
y L
ContactArea
0
sin cos
dy
L cos
sin
dy

SolutiontoaboveIntegration

L Pmax NA L cos L2 Pmax cos 3 NA 2 L cos

2

P
2 NA sin 6 NA sin

L3 Pmax cos 2 NA L cos

Mx
24 NA sin

Mz

L2 Pmax cos 3 L2 cos 2 4 L NA cos 6 B NA sin 4 B L cos sin
24 NA sin 2

L Pmax NA L cos 2 NA L cos 3 B sin
2

12 NA sin 2

L NA L cos L2 cos
Area
sin 2 sin

CASEIVWhenNA>L.cosandNA>B.sinandNALcos+BsinandLcosBsin

 x1 y1 x2 y2

y y
0 0
cos sin

x3 y3 x4 y4

y L. cos y
L 0
sin sin

x5 y5 x6 y6

y L. cos y B. sin
L B
sin cos

Stripwidth
x2 x1 2 y1 y 2 2 = y

(from0to sin cos
Lcos)

Stripwidth
x 4 x 3 2 y 3 y 4 2 =
L

(fromLcosto sin
Bsin)

Stripwidth
B sin L cos y
x 6 x 5 2 y 5 y 6 2 =
(fromBsinto sin cos
NA)

C.G.ofstrip
alongXX x 2 x1 y

(from0to 2 2 sin
Lcos)

C.G.ofstrip
alongXX x 4 x3 y L cos
x3
(fromLcosto 2 sin 2 sin
Bsin)

C.G.ofstrip
x5 x6 B y L cos
alongXX x5
2 2 2 sin 2 sin
(fromBsinto
 NA)

C.G.ofstrip
alongZZ y1 y 2 y

(from0to 2 2 cos
Lcos)

C.G.ofstrip
alongZZ y3 y 4 L

(fromLcosto 2 2
Bsin)

C.G.ofstrip
alongZZ y5 y6 L y B sin
y6
(fromBsinto 2 2 2 cos 2 cos
NA)

Eccentricityex
B y

(from0to 2 2 sin
Lcos)

Eccentricityex
B y L cos

(fromLcosto 2 sin 2 sin
Bsin)

Eccentricityex
L cos y

(fromBsinto 2 sin
NA)

Eccentricityez
L y

(from0to 2 2 cos
Lcos)

Eccentricityez
L L
(fromLcosto 0
2 2
Bsin)
Eccentricityez
B sin y

(fromBsinto 2 cos
NA)

P max NA y P max NA y
L cos B sin
y L

0
NA

sin cos
dy
L cos
NA

sin
dy

Force(P)
P max NA y B sin L cos y
NA

B sin
NA

sin cos
dy

P max NA y L y
L cos
y
0
NA

2 2 cos sin cos
dy

P max NA y L L
B sin
L
Moment(Mx)
L cos
NA

2 2 sin
dy

P max NA y B sin y B sin L cos y

NA

B sin
NA

2 cos

sin cos
dy

P max NA y B y
L cos
y

0
NA

2 2 sin sin cos
dy

P max NA y B y L cos
B sin
L
Moment(Mz)
L cos
NA

2 2 sin 2 sin sin
dy

P max NA y L cos y B sin L cos y

NA

B sin
NA

2 sin

sin cos
dy

L cos B sin
B sin L cos y
NA
y L
ContactArea
0
sin cos
dy
L cos
sin
dy
B sin
sin cos
dy

SolutiontoaboveIntegration

L2 Pmax cos 3 NA 2 L cos L Pmax B sin L cos B sin 2 NA L cos

P
6 NA sin 2 NA sin
P NA B sin B sin NA 3 L cos
2

max
6 NA cos sin

 L3 Pmax cos 2 NA L cos Pmax NA B sin B sin NA 2 L cos
3

Mx
24 NA sin 24 NA cos 2 sin

L Pmax B sin L cos

3

Mz
12 NA sin 2

P NA B sin B 2 sin 2 2 B L cos sin 6 L2 cos 2 4 L NA cos NA 2
max
2

24 NA sin 2 cos

L2 Pmax cos 3 L2 cos 2 6 B NA sin 4 L NA cos 4 B L cos sin
24 NA sin 2

L2 cos NA B sin B sin NA 2 L cos

Area B L
2 sin 2 sin cos

CASEVWhenNA>L.cosandNA>B.sinandNALcos+BsinandBsinLcos

 x1 y1 x2 y2

y y
0 0
cos sin

x3 y3 x4 y4

y y B. sin
0 B
cos cos

x5 y5 x6 y6

y L cos y B. sin
L B
sin cos

Stripwidth
x2 x1 2 y1 y 2 2 = y

(from0to sin cos
Bsin)

Stripwidth
x4 x3 2 y3 y 4 2 = B

(fromBsin cos
toLcos)

Stripwidth
x6 x5 2 y5 y 6 2 = B sin L cos y
(fromLcos sin cos
toNA)

C.G.ofstrip
alongXX x 2 x1 y

(fromOto 2 2 sin
Bsin)

C.G.ofstrip
alongXX x 4 x3 B

(fromBsinto 2 2
Lcos)

C.G.ofstrip
x5 x6 B y L cos
alongXX x5
2 2 2 sin 2 sin
(fromLcos
 toNA)

C.G.ofstrip
alongZZ y1 y 2 y

(fromOto 2 2 cos
Bsin)

C.G.ofstrip
alongZZ y3 y 4 y B sin
y4
(fromBsinto 2 cos 2 cos
Lcos)

C.G.ofstrip
alongZZ y5 y6 L y B sin
y6
(fromLcos 2 2 2 cos 2 cos
toNA)

Eccentricityex
B y

(fromOto 2 2 sin
Bsin)

Eccentricityex
B B
(fromBsinto 0
2 2
Lcos)

Eccentricityex
L cos y

(fromLcos 2 sin
toNA)

Eccentricityez
L y

(from0to 2 2 cos
Bsin)

Eccentricityez
L y B sin

(fromBsinto 2 cos 2 cos
Lcos)
Eccentricityez
B sin y

(fromLcos 2 cos
toNA)

P max NA y P max NA y
B sin L cos
y B

0
NA

sin cos
dy
B sin
NA

cos
dy

Force(P)
P max NA y B sin L cos y
NA

L cos
NA

sin cos
dy

P max NA y L y
B sin
y
0
NA

2 2 cos sin cos
dy

P max NA y L y B sin
L cos
B
Moment(Mx)
B sin
NA

2 cos 2 cos cos
dy

P max NA y B sin y B sin L cos y

NA

L cos
NA

2 cos

sin cos
dy

P max NA y B y
B sin
y

0
NA

2 2 sin sin cos
dy

P max NA y B B
L cos
B
Moment(Mz)
B sin
NA

2 2 cos
dy

P max NA y L cos y B sin L cos y

NA

L cos
NA

2 sin

sin cos
dy

B sin L cos
B sin L cos y
NA
y B
ContactArea
0
sin cos
dy
B sin
cos
dy
L cos
sin cos
dy

SolutiontoaboveIntegration

B 2 Pmax sin 3 NA 2 B sin B Pmax B sin L cos B sin 2 NA L cos

P
6 NA cos 2 NA cos
P NA L cos L cos NA 3 B sin
2

max
6 NA cos sin

 B Pmax B sin L cos
3

Mx
12 NA cos 2

Pmax NA L cos D 2 cos 2 2 B L cos sin 6 B 2 sin 2 4 B NA sin NA 2
2

24 NA cos 2 sin

B 2 Pmax sin 3 B 2 sin 2 6 L NA cos 4 B NA sin 4 B L cos sin
24 NA cos 2

B 3 Pmax sin 2 NA B sin Pmax NA L cos L cos NA 2 B sin

3

Mz
24 NA cos 24 NA sin 2 cos

B 2 sin NA L cos L cos NA 2 B sin

Area B L
2 cos 2 sin cos

ForUniaxialBending

Case1NAB(i.e.whenMx=0,hanceez=0and=90o)

 x1 y1 x2 y2

y L y 0

Stripwidth L

C.G.ofstrip
y
alongXX

B
Eccentricityex y
2
NA
Pmax NA y
Force(P)
0
NA
Ldy

NA
Pmax NA y B
Moment(Mz)
0
NA
L y dy
2

NA

ContactArea Ldy
0

SolutiontoaboveIntegration

Pmax L NA
P
2

Pmax L NA
Mz 3 B 2 NA
12

Area L NA

Case2NAL(i.e.whenMz=0,hanceex=0and=0o)

x1 y1 x2 y2

0 y B y

Stripwidth B

C.G.ofstripalongXX y

L
Eccentricityex y
2
NA
Pmax NA y
Force(P)
0
NA
Bdy

NA
Pmax NA y L
Moment(Mz)
0
NA
B y dy
2

NA

ContactArea Bdy
0

SolutiontoaboveIntegration

Pmax B NA
P
2

Pmax B NA
Mx 3 L 2 NA
12

Area B NA
Using above equations, calculations for different cased has been performed using Microsoft EXCEL.
Outcome of the values hsa ben comparied with Tengs Chart OR Eslings Table. Calculations for
differentcasesareshownbelow.

Ref:TengsChart(Chapter6Pg133)

CASEIWhenNAL.cosandNAB.sin

BasicInputvalues CalculatedValues FromTengsChart

Widthoffooting(B)= 4m (CASEIV)

Lengthoffooting(L)= 3m G=B/2ex=0.5m

VerticalLoad(P)= 200kN H=L/2ex=0.5m

Pmax=3Q/(8GH)
Moment@XX(Mxx)= 200kN Pmax=300kN/m2
=300kN/m2

Moment@ZZ(Mzz)= 300kN =45o =tan1(H/G)=45o

ex=Mzz/P= 1.50m NA=1.41m NA=4Gxsin=1.41m

ex=Mxx/P= 1.00m

ex/B= 0.375

ez/L= 0.333

CASEIIWhenNAL.cosandNA>B.sin

BasicInputvalues CalculatedValues FromTengsChart

Widthoffooting(B)= 4m (CASEIII)

Lengthoffooting(L)= 3m D=B/2ex=1.125m

VerticalLoad(P)= 200kN A=L/2ez=0.625m

Moment@XX(Mxx)= 175kN R=0.115

Moment@ZZ(Mzz)= 175kN M=2.497

ex=Mzz/P= 0.875m N=0.287

6Q
Pmax
ez=Mxx/P= 0.875m Pmax=106.5kN/m2 LM (1 R R 2 )

=106.5kN/m2

=tan1((MN)/B)=
ex/B= 0.219 =28.9o
28.9o

ez/L= 0.292 NA=2.19m NA=Mxcos=2.19m

CASEVWhenNA>L.cosandNA>B.sinandNALcos+BsinandBsinLcos

BasicInputvalues CalculatedValues FromTengsChart

Widthoffooting(B)= 4m (CASEII)

Lengthoffooting(L)= 3m x=0.72m

VerticalLoad(P)= 300kN y=0.64m

Moment@XX(Mxx)= 175kN Bx=2.880

Moment@ZZ(Mzz)= 200kN Ly=1.920

ex=Mzz/P= 0.667m K=3.51

KQ
Pmax =
ez=Mxx/P= 0.583m Pmax=90.63kN/m2 BL

87.75kN/m2

ex/B= 0.167 =33.20o =tan1(Ly/Bx)=33.69o

NA ( L cos B sin )
ez/L= 0.194 NA=3.06m B x sin

=4.71.59=3.10m