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The BJT is constructed with three doped semiconductor regions

separated by two pn junctions.
The three regions are called emitter, base, and collector.

The term bipolar refers to the

use of both holes and electrons
as current carriers in
the transistor structure.

npn pnp
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The Two Types of BJT Transistors:

npn pnp
E
n p n C E p n p C

C C
B B
B B

npn Symbol pnp Symbol

E E

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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

 BJT Current - Equations 6

C C

+
-
VCB
VBC IC IC
-
IB -

+
+
IB
B VEC
B VCE
+

+
-
IE
IE VEB
VBE

+
- E
E
npn pnp
IE = IB + IC IE = IB + IC

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BJT for operation as an amplifier (forward-reverse bias):

BE junction is forward-biased
BC junction is reverse biased

EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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The DC current gain of a transistor is the ratio of the dc

collector current ( ) to the dc base current ( ) and is
designated dc beta ( )
Typical values: 20 200
= In datasheet:

=

The ratio of the dc collector current ( ) to the dc emitter

current ( ) is the dc alpha ( ). The alpha is a less-used
parameter than beta in transistor circuits.

= Typical values: 0.95 0.99

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Three transistor dc currents and three dc voltages can be

identified.

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When the base-emitter junction is
forward-biased, it is like a forward-
biased diode and has a nominal forward
voltage drop of

= 0.7

=
Also, by Ohms law,
= =
Substituting
=
=

=

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When = 0
Under this condition, there is a very small amount of collector
leakage current, , mainly due to thermally produced carriers.
Because is extremely small, it will usually be neglected in
circuit analysis so that = .

In cutoff, both BE and

BC junctions are
reversed bias

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Saturation Region:
When Both Junctions are
forward Bias

Active region
When BE junction is forward Bias
& BC junction reverse Bias

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BJT as an Amplifier

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DC Uppercase Subscripts
, , , , , and

AC lowercase subscript
, , , , , and

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Amplification is the process of linearly increasing the

amplitude of an electrical signal and is one of the major
properties of a transistor.

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We know that Transistor

Amplifies current
=

The base current is very small

compared to collector and emitter
currents.

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The forward-biased BE-

junction presents a very
low resistance to the ac
signal.
This internal ac emitter
resistance is designated

Voltage gain:

= =

Since



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BJT as a Switch

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In part (a), the transistor is in the cutoff region because the BE-junction is not
forward-biased. In this condition, there is, ideally, an open between collector
and emitter,

()
() = () =

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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram