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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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Chapter # 5

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Review

BJT

EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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Review

BJT as an Amplifier

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Amplification is the process of linearly increasing the

amplitude of an electrical signal and is one of the major
properties of a transistor.

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We know that Transistor

Amplifies current
=

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The forward-biased BE-

junction presents a very
low resistance to the ac
signal.
This internal ac emitter
resistance is designated

Voltage gain:

= =

Since



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In Active region
When BE junction is forward Bias &
BC junction reverse Bias

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What will happen if we apply AC (e.g. Audio signal) directly

on Base without any DC bias? Will it be amplified?

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Bias establishes the dc operating point (Q-point) for proper

linear operation of an amplifier.
If an amplifier is not biased with correct dc voltages on the
input and output, it can go into saturation or cutoff when an
input signal is applied.

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is adjusted to produce = 200

= = 20

= = 5.6

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is increased to produce = 300

= = 30

= = 3.4

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is increased to produce = 400

= = 40

= = 1.2

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The dc operation of a transistor circuit can be described graphically using a

dc load line.
This is a straight line drawn on the characteristic curves from the saturation
value where = / on the y-axis to the cutoff value where =
on the x-axis

The point at which the load line intersects a characteristic curve represents the
Q-point for that particular value of .

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Solution

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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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Generally, voltage-divider bias circuits are

designed so that the base current is much
smaller than the current (2 ) through R2

A voltage divider in which the base current is

small compared to the current in R2 is said to
be a stiff voltage divider.

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Once we know the base voltage, we can find

the voltages and currents in the circuit.
=
and

=

then
=

Once we know and , we can determine

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() =

as

() =

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() =

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1 2 2
= =
1 + 2 1 + 2

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Applying KVL around the equivalent base-
emitter loop gives
= 0

= + +

= + +

As =


= ( + ) +

=

+

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a pnp transistor requires bias polarities opposite to the npn.

This can be accomplished with a negative collector supply
voltage, or with a positive emitter supply voltage,

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Applying KVL
+ + = 0

by Thevenins theorem

2 1 2
= =
1 +2 1 +2

The base current

=

+
=

+

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Applying KVL
+ + = 0

1 1 2
= =
1 +2 1 +2

+
=

+

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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram